Pangea was a supercontinent that existed approximately 300-200 million years ago. It contained all the Earth's landmass as one single continent surrounded by a global ocean. Pangea began to break apart approximately 200 million years ago, eventually forming the modern continents and oceans we see today. There are seven continents on Earth today listed from largest to smallest: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Earthquakes occur when the crustal plates that make up the Earth's surface move and rocks break and slide past each other, releasing waves of energy. There are two main types of earthquakes: tectonic earthquakes caused by movement of the crust, and volcanic earthquakes caused by

1. Review
• What is Pangaea or Pangea?
Pangea was surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa, and
it was fully assembled by the Early Permian Epoch (some 299
million to 273 million years ago). The supercontinent began to
break apart about 200 million years ago, during the
Early Jurassic Epoch (201 million to 174 million years ago),
eventually forming the modern continents and
the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Pangea’s existence was first
proposed in 1912 by German meteorologist Alfred Wegener as a
part of his theory of continental drift. Its name is derived from
the Greek pangaia, meaning “all the Earth.”

2. What are the 7 continents of the Earth?
• Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe,
and Australia (listed from largest to smallest in size).

6. Earthquake
• earthquake is the shaking of the ground. Earthquakes happen when
the crustal plates move.
• As these plates move, some parts of the earth’s crust are pushed toward each other
or away from each other. Their movement causes nearby rocks to move as well.
These rocks break and slide past each other. When the rocks break, waves of energy
are released and sent out through the Earth.
• These waves trigger an earthquake. The motion of the ground during an
earthquake is measured by an instrument called a seismograph.

7. Types of Earthquake

10. Tectonic Earthquake
• is caused by the movement of the earth’s crust. A tectonic
earthquake may occur above ground or beneath the ocean.
• Earthquake and sudden upward movement of the seafloor during
faulting (crack) along a plate boundary cause the water to rush
upward then huge surface waves are created and can reach a nearby
coast. This is known as TSUNAMI – (a Japanese word for “bay or
harbor wave”) a gigantic wave sometimes 150 km. long traveling at
about 180 km/h and increases in height while traveling, rising as high
as 30m as it approaches shore. When a tsunami is about to come,
water is first observed to move out to sea uncovering long stretches
of coastal bottom. In a few minutes giant waves rush and carrying
everything within reach back to the sea.

11. Volcanic Earthquake
• happens with a strong volcanic eruption .
• When tectonic plates collide, massive rocks underground deform and
trigger a build-up of temperature and pressure.
• The high temperature and pressure results in the melting of rocks,
producing magma.
• Inside the volcano is a magma chamber.
• Molten rock inside this chamber is forcefully driven out by the intense
heat and pressure. The release of magma from the crater is called
volcanic eruption.
• The magma that flows out of the surface is called lava. When volcano
erupts, it throws out lava together with gases, rocks, and ashes.

12. Layers of the Earth where Earthquake mostly
occurs:

13. Volcano

14. Types of Fault

15. Quiz
• Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if not.
• 1. Volcanic eruptions can destroy properties and kill
people.
• 2. Ashes emitted by the volcano can make the soil more
fertile.
• 3. When a volcano is about to erupt, the nearby places
may also experience an earthquake.
• 4. The crust is the first layer of the Earth where
earthquakes happen.
• 5. Earthquake is the shaking and trembling of the ground.