1. Research Methods, 9th Edition
Theresa L. White and Donald H. McBurney
Chapter 8
NonExperimental Research, Part 1:
Observational, Archival, and
Case Study Research
2. 2
Theory Development and Testing in
observational and archival research
一般研究方法
提出假說
實驗收集資料
統計分析
假說檢定
3. 3
Theory Development and Testing in
observational and archival research
觀察研究
有時甚至研究之初,還無明確之研究問題
Process is more flexible with non-experimental
designs but still involves hypothesis testing
( 命題 , proposition).
Two approaches:
Mathematical approach toward combating threats
to internal validity
Inductive process of hypothesis generation and
modification
4. 4
Theory Development and Testing in
observational and archival research
觀察研究
根據過去研究 / 觀察,建立假設
收集資料
透過觀察,持續收集新資料,修訂假設、理論
5. 5
Recording Methods
Field Notes
Be systematic
Categories of behavior
Length of observation period
Checklists
Be selective
Take samples of behavior
Make use of recording devices
評分者信度 (rater reliability)
Use at least two coders to increase reliability
6. 6
Content Analysis
Evaluation of a hypothesis using publicly
available pictures and language
Manifest Content
Measures the frequency of some word, image,
phrase, or action
Latent Content
Measures the appearance of themes, as
determined by the researcher
評分者信度 (rater reliability)
Use at least two coders to increase reliability
7. 6
Content Analysis
Evaluation of a hypothesis using publicly
available pictures and language
Manifest Content
Measures the frequency of some word, image,
phrase, or action
Latent Content
Measures the appearance of themes, as
determined by the researcher
評分者信度 (rater reliability)
Use at least two coders to increase reliability