1. Research Methods, 9th Edition
Theresa L. White and Donald H. McBurney
Chapter 8
NonExperimental Research, Part 1:
Observational, Archival, and
Case Study Research

2. 2
Theory Development and Testing in
observational and archival research
 一般研究方法
 提出假說
 實驗收集資料
 統計分析
 假說檢定

3. 3
Theory Development and Testing in
observational and archival research
 觀察研究
 有時甚至研究之初，還無明確之研究問題
 Process is more flexible with non-experimental
designs but still involves hypothesis testing
( 命題 , proposition).
 Two approaches:
 Mathematical approach toward combating threats
to internal validity
 Inductive process of hypothesis generation and
modification

4. 4
Theory Development and Testing in
observational and archival research
 觀察研究
 根據過去研究 / 觀察，建立假設
 收集資料
 透過觀察，持續收集新資料，修訂假設、理論

5. 5
Recording Methods
Field Notes
 Be systematic
 Categories of behavior
 Length of observation period
 Checklists
 Be selective
 Take samples of behavior
 Make use of recording devices
 評分者信度 (rater reliability)
 Use at least two coders to increase reliability

6. 6
Content Analysis
 Evaluation of a hypothesis using publicly
available pictures and language
 Manifest Content
 Measures the frequency of some word, image,
phrase, or action
 Latent Content
 Measures the appearance of themes, as
determined by the researcher
 評分者信度 (rater reliability)
 Use at least two coders to increase reliability

7. 6
Content Analysis
 Evaluation of a hypothesis using publicly
available pictures and language
 Manifest Content
 Measures the frequency of some word, image,
phrase, or action
 Latent Content
 Measures the appearance of themes, as
determined by the researcher
 評分者信度 (rater reliability)
 Use at least two coders to increase reliability