1. Research Methods, 9th Edition
Theresa L. White and Donald H. McBurney
Chapter 8
NonExperimental Research, Part 1:
Observational, Archival, and
Case Study Research

2. 2
前言
 實驗法 : 研究行為科學之因果關係最佳之方法
 但並不是每個情境都可採用實驗法
 非實驗方法 nonexperimental research

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Non-Experimental Research
 Research in which the experimenter does not
manipulate the variables or assign subjects to
conditions.
 Also called qualitative research or
correlational research
 Hermeneutic Approach
 Asks what the behavior means rather than
why it happened.

4. 4
nonexperimental research
 實驗方法
 研究者可操控自變數
 研究者對研究情就具有控制力
 決定受試者在甚麼時間，接受到甚麼條件
 Manipulation
 In an experiment, conditions or variables
assigned or presented to a participant
 Assignment
 In an experiment, pairing a subject with a
condition or variable, according to the
experimenter’s plan

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nonexperimental research
 Observation
 The record of a behavior
 特徵
 1. 研究者無法對受試者、研究條件進行控制與
操控
 2. 又稱質性研究 qualitative study, correlation
research
 質性研究較少研究因果關係，較常研究 : 人們如何
瞭解自己 ( 或某標的 ) 、對某標的的看法與見解
 相關研究 : 只能找出變數間連動關係，無法有效證
明因果

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nonexperimental research
 種類
 1. observational research
 study method in which the researcher observed
and records ongoing behavior but does not
attempt to change it
 2. archival research
 Study method that examines existing records to
obtain data and test hypotheses
 3. case study
 Exploratory study of an existing situation as a
means of creating and testing a hypothesis
 4. survey

7. 7
Observational Research
 Watching and recording behavior, but not trying to
change it.
 Also called unobtrusive or nonreactive research
 Naturalistic Observation
 Subjects watched in natural environment
 Subjects disturbed as little as possible.
 Laboratory Observation
 Subjects watched in the laboratory
 Physical trace( 物理性痕跡 ) method examines
evidence left behind by behavior

8. 8
Participant Observer
Research
 Observer joins a group in order to record
behavior.
 Most useful when studied group is small or
remote
 侵犯 participants’ privacy
 Potential experimenter objectivity difficulties
 Changing results simply by being a member
of the group.

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Archival Research
 Attempting to answer research questions from
data that already exists - archival data
 Archival Data
 factual information in existing records or archives
Limitations of Archival Research
 Data collected for some other purpose
 Ruling out alternative hypotheses may be difficult
 檔案資料可能無法包含所有研究變數

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Case Studies
 Observation of a distinctive situation, usually
involving a single individual (person, animal,
institution, or group).
 Characterized by the uniqueness of the
individual.
 檢視某個組織、個人、現象
 可能包含多種研究方法，觀察、問卷、檔案…

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Case Studies
 Narrative Case Study
 Story told first hand that reflects meaning
 常用於探索性問題，研究者剛好可分析此研究
情境，一旦錯過，可能無法再研究。
 埔里作礁
 柯達效應