Practical Research

1. UNIT 1: NATURE OF
INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH
Practical Research 1 (Applied Subject)

2. Most Essential Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
Explain the importance of research in daily life;
Describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of
research;
Differentiate quantitative and qualitative research; and
Provide examples of research in areas of interest.

3. Topics:
Lesson 1: The Importance of Research in Daily Life
Lesson 2: The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics
of Research
Lesson 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Lesson 4: The Kinds of Research across Fields of
Inquiry

4. LESSON 1: THE IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE

5. What is Research?
Research is an organized investigation and
study of materials and sources to create facts and
reach new inferences. Research has come up with
developing appropriate solutions to improve the
individual’s quality of life. Although it may take place in
a different setting and may use different methods,
scientific research is universally a systematic and
objective search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).

6. What is Research?
In most cases, research helps society to answer
the WHAT and HOW questions. It must be a proper
investigation and should reach a valid conclusion that
would facilitate the finding of answers to the questions.
Some of these questions are:
How can research affect society?
What is the impact of the research to daily life?

7. What is Research?
Research can be categorized into two:
1. Basic Research
This is the type of research that is a purely direct
application but increasing the nature of understanding
about the problem. It develops the scientific theories
to be more understandable to the readers.

8. What is Research?
2. Applied Research
It is a type of research that needs an answer to a
specific question. It provides solutions and validation in
order to apply to the real setting.

9. Purpose of Research
1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

10. Importance of Research in Daily Life
1. Research directs us to inquire about the right
information by conducting further investigation of the
actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving
results and findings by proving lies and supporting the
truth.

11. Importance of Research in Daily Life
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and
discovers new things and issues in life. It helps us
solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology
and environment.

12. Importance of Research in Daily Life
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to
share valuable information to others as a way of
recognizing various concerns for public awareness.

13. LESSON 2: THE CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF
RESEARCH

14. Characteristics of Research
Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the
major characteristics of research:
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and experiments
of theories.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential
procedures, based on valid procedures and principles.
3. CONTROLLED - in research, all variables, except those
that are tested/experimented on, are kept constant.

15. Characteristics of Research
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts,
answers to questions and solutions to problems.
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering
the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study.
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are
logically based on real-life situations.
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination and
produces the data needed to complete the study.

16. The Seven Steps of the Research Process
Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research
Problem)
Q: What is the problem?
Step 2. Find background information about your
chosen topic (Review of Related Literature)
Q: What evidence is already presented?

17. The Seven Steps of the Research Process
Step 3. Plan your research design including your
sample (Methodology)
Q: Where will the study be shown and with what
population?
Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended
questions (Data Gathering Activities).
Q: Where do we find the data? How do we collect
data?

18. The Seven Steps of the Research Process
Step 5. Process and analyze data using thematic
analysis (for qualitative research)
Q: How do the data answer the research queries?
Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative
research) conclusions (for quantitative research) and
recommendations.
Q: What are the implications of the results?
Step 7. Define new problem.

19. Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a
research, you will follow codes and policies for
research:
1. Honesty
Maintain all communication. Data should not be faked.
2. Objectivity
Avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis,
interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

20. Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
3. Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements.
4. Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence.
5. Openness
Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.

21. Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
6. Confidentiality
Protect confidential communication.
7. Responsible Publication
Avoid duplicating publications.
8. Responsible Mentoring
` Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.

22. Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
9. Respect Colleagues
Treat all peers fairly.
10. Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm.
11. Non- Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or
others.

23. Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
12. Legality
Be informed and obey relevant laws and
institutional governmental policies.
13. Respect of Intellectual Property
Give proper acknowledgment or credits to all
researchers.
14. Human Subject
Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity,
and privacy.

24. Rights of Research Participants
1. Human Rights
They are moral principles or norms that describe
certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly
protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a
set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of
human dignity, inherent to all human beings.
2. Intellectual Property
It protects creations of the mind, which have both
a moral and a commercial value.

25. Rights of Research Participants
3. Copyright Infringement
It is the use or production of copyright-
protected material without permission of the
copyright holder. Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

26. Rights of Research Participants
4. Voluntary Participation
People must not be coerced into participating in
research process. Essentially, this means that
prospective research participants must be informed
about the procedures and risks involved in research
and must give their consent to participate.

27. Rights of Research Participants
5. Anonymity
It is the protection of people’s identity through not
disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It is
a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor known.
6. Privacy
It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters
and relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual
to seclude him from disturbance of any research
activity.

28. Plagiarism
Plagiarism refers to the act of using another
person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated
as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of
intellectual property rights.

29. Plagiarism
Three different acts are considered plagiarism:
1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation
marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your
own words.

30. LESSON 3: QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

31. Two Kinds of Research
Quantitative Research
is a positivist scientific
method which refers to a
general set of orderly
discipline procedures to
acquire information (Beck,
2004).
Mostly, it is concerned with
numbers and measurement.
Qualitative Research
is defined as the “naturalistic
method of research which
deals with the concern of
human difficulty by discovering
it straightly.” (Beck, 2004)
It is concerned with the
experiences, understanding
and words of the individual.

32. Difference in Objectives
Quantitative Research
The purpose is to test a
hypothesis or theory.
Measures problem using
rating scale and other
research parameters of
group similarities.
Qualitative Research
It aims to create new theory
based on the gathered data.
A fact-finding research used to
gain understanding of
individual differences in terms
of feelings and experiences.

33. Difference in Data Description
Quantitative Research
 Measurement setting
 Performs measures out of
a certain phenomenon.
 Uses numbers, scales,
hypotheses, calculations,
computations and statistics
tools
Qualitative Research
 Natural setting
 Making stories out of a
certain phenomenon.
 Uses pictures, words,
sentences, paragraphs,
compositions, narrations and
short stories

34. Difference in Sample Size
Quantitative Research
 Large sample
representatives of
population
Qualitative Research
 Small judgment (by decision)
sampling

35. Difference in Data Gathering
Quantitative Research
 Standardized/Structured
 Uses census, survey
questionnaire, checklist,
paper-pencil test and
experimentation.
Qualitative Research
 Unstructured or semi -
structured (flexible
processes)
 Uses interviews, participant
observation, group
discussions.
Ex: Case Study, field research

36. Difference in Data Gathering
Quantitative Research
 Uses closed ended
questions.
 This questions can only be
answered by selecting
from a limited number of
options, usually “multiple-
choice”, “yes or no”, or a
rating scale
Qualitative Research
 Uses open ended questions.
 It is a freeform survey
questions allow a participant
to answer in open-text
format, responses are
unlimited to a set of options.

37. Difference in Data Gathering
Quantitative Research
Sample Question:
Do you agree on
online modality class in
transitioning the new normal
of education?
a. Strongly agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree
Qualitative Research
Guide questions for the
interviews:
1. What was your experiences
during quarantine period on the
COVID-19 pandemic? How did
you handle the situation caused
by the pandemic?
2. Was the support of the
National and Local Government
enough for your basic needs?
Did they conduct evaluation for
those who were affected?

38. Difference in Data Discussions and Presentation
Quantitative Research
Uses both inductive and deductive
They are not mutually exclusive with each other in
research.
Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the
researcher starts discussions from the lowest and highest
means then explains the overall mean.
Deductive or “top-down” if discussion is from the overall
mean going to the lowest and highest means, deductive.
Qualitative Research

39. Difference in Data Analysis
Quantitative Research
 Statistical
 Objective
 The researcher employs
standard criteria in
analyzing data.
Qualitative Research
 Synthesize data, interpret,
thematic.
 Subjective
 Data analysis is influenced
by the personal experiences
and views.

40. Difference in Data Analysis
Quantitative Research
 Endorse a development.
 Has high output
replicability.
 Conclusion is formulated
towards the end of the
research process.
Qualitative Research
 Cultivates understanding with
high validity.
 There are no conclusions
formulated.

41. Similarities
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various
issues of life and in giving solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of
data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting
data.

42. LESSON 4: KINDS OF RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS

43. Arts-Based Research
Personal expression in various art forms is use as
a primary mode of inquiry.
Examples:
1. The Role of Arts in Student Achievement in Reading
2. How Classroom Artistic Structure Motivates Learning

44. Humanities Research
Deals with human culture such as philosophy,
religion, literature, linguistics and history. It also
includes ancient and modern languages, human
geography, laws, politics and other social sciences.
Examples:
1 Values Education in the Public Schools: Practices
and Challenges
2. Children In-Conflict with the Law: A Resolution and
Intervention

45. Sports Research
Intended for athletes to endure their health and
wellness goals through proven high quality products.
Examples:
1. Student Involvement in Athletics and their Academic
Performance
2. Sports and Fitness Support on Students in Public
Schools

46. Science Research
Discover laws, postulates theories that can
explain natural or social phenomena.
Applies systematic and constructed scientific
method to obtain, analyze and interpret data.
Examples:
1. Utilization of Garbage and other Waste Resources
as Cleaning Materials
2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out of Heat Transfer

47. Mathematics Research
Provides mathematics mastery topics and helps
develops confidence and interest to solve more
mathematical problems.
Examples:
1.Student Difficulties in General Mathematics:
Remediation and Interventions
2. A Systemic Approach to Changing Classroom
Practices for Enhancing Mathematics Outcomes

48. Agriculture Research
Improves productivity and quality of crops
irrigation, storage methods, effective farm management
and marketing of agricultural resources.
Examples:
1. Green Space in School: Social and Environment
Perspective
2. Is Urban Gardening as a Source of Well-Being?

49. Fisheries Research
Increase the productivity and management of
fishery resources to provide food: protect and maintain
different bodies of water for sustainable supply of
aquatic resources.
Examples:
1. Finding a Future: Sustaining Inland Fishery
2. Fishing for Change: Fishery Policy in the Philippines

50. Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) Research
Aim to adapt current technology advancement
which enhances development of resources.
Examples:
1.The Role of ICT in the New Normal Education
2.Exploring the Interactive Computer Simulation in
Public Schools

51. Business Research
Acquire information in business to maximize the
sales and profit. It aids business companies regulates
which product or service is most profitable or in
demand.
Examples:
1. Developing a Framework for Small Scale Business
2. Business Practices and Strategies of Small
Enterprises at Limketkai Mall

52. Social Science Research
Finds solutions for human behavior gathering
information about people and societies.
Examples:
1.The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment
Opportunities
2. Implementation of Enhanced Community
Quarantined in Low Risk Area of Misamis Oriental

53. Activity
Direction: For the following research titles, identify from
which field it belongs to by choosing your answers from
the box below.
A. Science Research
B. Fisheries research
C. Information &
Communication Technology
Research
D. Arts Based Research
E. Business Research
F. Humanities Research
G. Agriculture Research
H. Sports Research
I. Mathematics Research
J. Social Science Research

54. Activity
1 Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and
other Marine Animals
2.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
3. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
4. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
5.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners
Efficiency in Academics

55. Activity
6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School
Students
8. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom
Structuring
9. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth
of Selected Vegetables
10. Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single
Parents

56. Assignment:
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. What is the importance of research in your
education as a 21st Century learner?
2. As a learner, what do you want to research on?
Why?
3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and
ends with a new problem.