Ch6
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This document summarizes key aspects of human memory, including: 1. It discusses the different types of memory (sensory, working/short-term, and long-term) and what kinds of information each stores. 2. It covers concepts like encoding, storage, retrieval, decay theory, interference theory, and elaborative rehearsal which influence how information is processed and remembered. 3. It briefly touches on factors that can impact long-term memory like forgetting, repression, mood-dependent memory, and biological bases of memory in the brain.
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Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later retrieving information. Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored ,and retrieved when needed.
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7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docx
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
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Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
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Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
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Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
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Sensory.
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docx
7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
4
Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
Storage
Retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
Getting information out of memory storage
Information-Processing Model: Stages in Forming Memories
Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
6
Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
And so much active processing occurs in the short-term memory stage that many now prefer to call that stage working memory.
7
Working Memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
Incoming information
Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
8
Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
Building Memories
Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Effortful processing and explicit memories
Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory ...
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