GSM Network Protocols
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GSM Network Architecture
GSM Network Component and Functions
PPT File (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zzRFNJGWDGuWL_kg-tb0iHPP0YHfWHyN/view?usp=sharing)
Reference: Eng. Waleed El-Safoury Presentations
Ch5 gsm network protocols
The document discusses various transmission and mobility management functions in GSM networks including power control, handover procedures, and location update processes. Power control helps balance signal strength between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Handover allows a call to be transferred between channels or cells to maintain quality of service. Location updates allow the network to track a mobile station's movement and route calls and messages appropriately.
Gsm Network
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
six
The document discusses several existing wireless systems including Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), and IS-41 standard. AMPS was one of the first cellular standards and uses FM to transmit voice and FSK for control signals. It divides coverage areas into cells using different frequency bands. GSM is a second-generation standard that aims for roaming between networks. It uses TDMA and operates between 890-960 MHz. IS-41 allows for roaming and handoffs between mobile switching centers.
GSM Radio interface
The GSM radio interface uses FDMA to divide the frequency band into channels and TDMA to divide each frequency channel into time slots to allow multiple users, with each user assigned a single time slot. The normal GSM burst carries digitized voice data or other information in a 57-bit data field, and includes guard periods and training sequences to help with timing synchronization and equalization between the mobile station and base transceiver station. GSM networks operate at different frequencies around the world, with GSM-900 being most common in Europe and other parts of the world.
Cellular radio network
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land through cells where each cell includes a fixed location transceiver known as base station.
GSM
This contains GSM arhcitecture, Entities, GSM Protocols, GSM Security, Mobility Management, GSM Frequency Selection, GSM address and identifers etc
GSM Traffic Cases
The document provides information on various GSM traffic cases including call setup, location updating, and call handover. It describes the processes for mobile originated and mobile terminated calls. Location updating includes normal location updating, IMSI attach, and periodic registration. It also outlines different types of call handover such as intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers.
Recommended
GSM Network Architecture
GSM Network Component and Functions
PPT File (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zzRFNJGWDGuWL_kg-tb0iHPP0YHfWHyN/view?usp=sharing)
Reference: Eng. Waleed El-Safoury Presentations
Ch5 gsm network protocols
The document discusses various transmission and mobility management functions in GSM networks including power control, handover procedures, and location update processes. Power control helps balance signal strength between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Handover allows a call to be transferred between channels or cells to maintain quality of service. Location updates allow the network to track a mobile station's movement and route calls and messages appropriately.
Gsm Network
The document provides an overview of the GSM network including its history, architecture, technical specifications, and applications. It discusses the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, logical and physical channels, and security features. The architecture consists of the mobile station, base station subsystem with BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem including the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AUC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA and operates in the 900/1800MHz spectrum. It provides voice and data services and allows international roaming.
six
The document discusses several existing wireless systems including Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), and IS-41 standard. AMPS was one of the first cellular standards and uses FM to transmit voice and FSK for control signals. It divides coverage areas into cells using different frequency bands. GSM is a second-generation standard that aims for roaming between networks. It uses TDMA and operates between 890-960 MHz. IS-41 allows for roaming and handoffs between mobile switching centers.
GSM Radio interface
The GSM radio interface uses FDMA to divide the frequency band into channels and TDMA to divide each frequency channel into time slots to allow multiple users, with each user assigned a single time slot. The normal GSM burst carries digitized voice data or other information in a 57-bit data field, and includes guard periods and training sequences to help with timing synchronization and equalization between the mobile station and base transceiver station. GSM networks operate at different frequencies around the world, with GSM-900 being most common in Europe and other parts of the world.
Cellular radio network
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land through cells where each cell includes a fixed location transceiver known as base station.
GSM
This contains GSM arhcitecture, Entities, GSM Protocols, GSM Security, Mobility Management, GSM Frequency Selection, GSM address and identifers etc
GSM Traffic Cases
The document provides information on various GSM traffic cases including call setup, location updating, and call handover. It describes the processes for mobile originated and mobile terminated calls. Location updating includes normal location updating, IMSI attach, and periodic registration. It also outlines different types of call handover such as intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers.
Bss Interface
The document discusses the interfaces used in GSM networks to transmit user and signalling data between network elements. It describes the A, A-ter, and A-bis interfaces. The A interface connects the MSC to the transcoder. The A-ter connects the transcoder to the BSC. The A-bis connects the BSC to the BTS. It then discusses the frame structure and data transmission across these interfaces, including how channels are mapped and what type of information is carried in each interface like voice data, signalling data and O&M alarms.
Gsm By Aziz
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a digital cellular network developed to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, and compatibility with other networks. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel at different time slots. The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and a network subsystem including mobile switching centers and databases like the home location register.
Module1 part2
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including its history, standards, architecture, entities, interfaces, addresses and identifiers. The main points are:
- GSM is a cellular network standard used by mobile phones that aims to support international roaming, good call quality, and low terminal/service costs.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem, a network switching subsystem, an operations support subsystem, and data infrastructure.
- Key entities include the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register.
- GSM
Switching and Traffic of Mobile Communication
The document discusses switching and traffic in mobile communication systems. It covers basic switching techniques including space-division switching and time-division switching. It also discusses cellular analog and digital switching equipment. Cellular switching equipment consists of processors, memory, switching networks and other components. Digital switching can be centralized, decentralized or use remote control. Special features for handling traffic in cellular systems include underlay-overlay arrangements, direct call retry, hybrid high-low site systems, intersystem handoffs, queuing, and support for roaming subscribers.
Gsm architecture and signalling techniques
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) including its key objectives, services offered, network architecture and components, operations, signaling, and other aspects. The main points are:
GSM aims to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, low-cost devices, high-quality voice calls, and support for new data services. The core network consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, network switching subsystems, and operation support subsystems. GSM uses TDMA/FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously and efficiently. Signaling in GSM networks allows for call establishment, management, and control between different network elements.
Cd
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) allows multiple users to access the same wireless channel simultaneously through the use of unique code assignments. All users transmit and receive over the same frequency band at the same time, differentiated by their unique spreading code. A CDMA signal is generated by digitizing the voice signal, compressing it, encoding it with a unique code, and converting it to a radio frequency for transmission. The forward link from the base station to mobile uses pilot, sync, paging, and traffic channels, while the reverse link uses access and traffic channels. CDMA networks utilize initialization, idle, access, and traffic modes for call processing.
Gsm signalling protocol
The document describes the GSM signaling protocol architecture, which includes protocols for radio resource management, mobility management, connection management, and the mobile application part (MAP). It focuses on the radio resource management layer, which handles radio channel configuration and handovers between cells and base stations. It also describes the control channels used for signaling between mobiles and base stations, and the mobility management layer, which handles location updates as subscribers move between different areas. Finally, it provides details on the BSS application part (BSSAP), which includes the direct transfer application part (DTAP) and BSS management application part (BSSMAP) to transfer messages between network components.
Paging and Location Update
This document discusses paging and location update procedures in cellular networks. It defines key terms like MSC, VLR, HLR, TMSI, LA, LAI, and describes how location areas are configured and how location updates and paging work. When a mobile moves to a new location area or PLMN, it performs a location update by sending a message to the new MSC/VLR, which updates the subscriber's HLR. Periodic and random location updates also allow the network to track mobile locations. Paging is used to find mobiles and deliver incoming calls based on location registration information.
gprs
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) was developed to address the inefficiencies of existing cellular data services by applying a packet radio principle to transfer user data packets in an efficient way. It allows users to be "online" for long periods of time while only being billed based on the volume of data transmitted. The GPRS architecture introduces new network nodes called SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) to route packet-switched data between mobile stations and external packet data networks. This results in faster data speeds and more efficient use of network resources compared to traditional circuit-switched cellular data services.
Cellular communication
Cellular communication has evolved from early radio technologies to today's cellular networks that allow communication anywhere. Major developments include the first commercial cellular network launching in 1979, the introduction of digital 2G networks in the 1990s, and current 4G networks that provide high-speed data. Cellular networks reuse frequencies across neighboring cells to improve efficiency. The network is divided into cells served by base stations, with handovers allowing calls to continue as users move between cells.
Gsm air interface
This document describes radio transmission techniques and channels in GSM networks. It discusses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and defines physical and logical channels. It provides details on different control channels like Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH). It also describes traffic channels and various burst types used in GSM frames.
Gsm system and radio frequency
The document describes the key components and architecture of the GSM system. It discusses the objectives of GSM including supporting international roaming and good speech quality. It then describes the hierarchy of the GSM system including the mobile station, radio subsystem with base stations and base station controllers, and the network and switching subsystem with mobile switching centers and databases. It also discusses the air interface including frequency allocation and channel structure.
Gsm network
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
GSM channels
Physical channels carry information over the air interface between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Logical channels map user data and signaling information onto physical channels. There are two main types of logical channels - traffic channels which carry call data, and control channels which communicate service information. Control channels include broadcast channels which transmit cell-wide information, common channels used for paging and access procedures, and dedicated channels for signaling during calls or when not on a call. Logical channels are mapped onto physical channels to effectively transmit information wirelessly between network components in a GSM system.
Systesm information layer 3 messages
System information messages contain data about the mobile network that mobile stations need to communicate with the network. There are 12 different types of system information messages that provide information like cell channel descriptions, neighboring cell information, location area identities, and parameters for random access channel control. These messages are continuously broadcast on common control channels to both idle and active mobile stations.
Is95 System Engineering
The document discusses several key topics in IS95 CDMA systems:
1) Orthogonal spreading sequences that have low cross-correlation and equal numbers of 1s and -1s are used to allow multiple signals to overlap in code and frequency without interfering.
2) Vocoders are used to compress speech for transmission, using techniques suitable for the limited bandwidth of wireless channels like ADPCM.
3) Power control on the forward and reverse links helps manage interference levels by adjusting mobile and base station transmission power.
4) Soft handoff allows signals from multiple base stations to be combined for better reception as a mobile moves between cells.
Tems parameters Telebeans
The document discusses various parameters that are important to monitor during drive testing of a cellular network. It provides definitions and explanations of key parameters in the "Current Channel" window including cell identity, frequency band, signal quality metrics, encryption information and more. It then explains parameters in the "Radio Parameters" window like received signal level, interference, power control, and quality metrics. Finally, it lists the information displayed in the "Serving + Neighbor" window about neighboring cells.
Properties of radio path
This document describes properties of the radio path in GSM including fast fading caused by multipath propagation which results in problems like inter-symbol interference. It discusses solutions like frequency hopping, channel coding, and antenna diversity. It also describes logical channels in the air interface like traffic channels and control channels, and different burst types like synchronization bursts, normal bursts and access bursts used to transmit different logical channels.
Signalling Techniques & Basics of CCS
Common channel signalling (CCS) and channel associated signalling (CAS) are the signalling techniques in telecommunication.
Gsm channels
The document discusses the different types of logical channels used in the GSM air interface, including traffic channels, control channels, and dedicated control channels. It provides details on the purpose and function of various control channels like the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Common Control Channels (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH). The BCCH broadcasts information about the cell and network. The CCCH includes channels like the Paging Channel (PCH) and Random Access Channel (RACH) for paging and call requests. The DCCH comprises channels like SDCCH, SACCH, and FACCH that are used for call setup and in-call signaling.
CDMA 1x Introduction to Power Control Issue2.1
One of the aims of the CDMA1X system is to maximize the number of its users. If each mobile station (MS) adjusts its transmitter power to minimize the signal noise received by the base transceiver station (BTS), the capacity of the system is maximized. Higher power brings higher interference and results in more capacity loss. Power control can adjust the transmission power of the MS and BTS, aiming to minimize the interference
After learning this course, you will learn the following：
The importance of the power control of the CDMA system
Categories and calculating theories of the power control
Data configuration of the power control
Chapter 1 Goals and Principles of Power Control
Chapter 2 Categories and Arithmetic of Power Control
Chapter 3 Data Configuration of Power Control
Each couple of customers is in a same room.
Each couple of customers speaks a language different from that spoken by other couples.
If the noise becomes louder, all the customers will raise their voices.
If the noise is too louder, the customers may go to other rooms.
The customer who speaks too loudly will affect the communication of others.
The transmission power of the control BTS and MS must ensure that the signal sent to the receiver through the complicated radio space can meet the threshold of correct demodulation.
When the first principle is satisfied, the transmission power of the BTS and MS is required to be lowered as much as possible to decrease the interference between users and best optimize the network performance.
The transmission power of the MS near the BTS is lower than that of the MS far from the BTS and of the MS in the fading areas.
Power Line Carrier Communication
This document summarizes power line carrier communication (PLCC), which is used for communication over medium and long distances in power networks. PLCC uses existing power lines as a communication medium. It provides a more economical and reliable communication method than alternatives like telephone lines or wireless systems. The key components of a PLCC system include transmitters, the power line channel, receivers, carrier signals in the audio frequency range, modulation techniques, and coupling arrangements like capacitors to introduce signals onto power lines. Modern PLCC systems can handle various functions like telemetry, signaling, control, and protection.
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Bss Interface
The document discusses the interfaces used in GSM networks to transmit user and signalling data between network elements. It describes the A, A-ter, and A-bis interfaces. The A interface connects the MSC to the transcoder. The A-ter connects the transcoder to the BSC. The A-bis connects the BSC to the BTS. It then discusses the frame structure and data transmission across these interfaces, including how channels are mapped and what type of information is carried in each interface like voice data, signalling data and O&M alarms.
Gsm By Aziz
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a digital cellular network developed to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, and compatibility with other networks. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel at different time slots. The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem including base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and a network subsystem including mobile switching centers and databases like the home location register.
Module1 part2
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses key aspects of GSM including its history, standards, architecture, entities, interfaces, addresses and identifiers. The main points are:
- GSM is a cellular network standard used by mobile phones that aims to support international roaming, good call quality, and low terminal/service costs.
- The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem, a network switching subsystem, an operations support subsystem, and data infrastructure.
- Key entities include the mobile station, base transceiver station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register.
- GSM
Switching and Traffic of Mobile Communication
The document discusses switching and traffic in mobile communication systems. It covers basic switching techniques including space-division switching and time-division switching. It also discusses cellular analog and digital switching equipment. Cellular switching equipment consists of processors, memory, switching networks and other components. Digital switching can be centralized, decentralized or use remote control. Special features for handling traffic in cellular systems include underlay-overlay arrangements, direct call retry, hybrid high-low site systems, intersystem handoffs, queuing, and support for roaming subscribers.
Gsm architecture and signalling techniques
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) including its key objectives, services offered, network architecture and components, operations, signaling, and other aspects. The main points are:
GSM aims to provide improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, low-cost devices, high-quality voice calls, and support for new data services. The core network consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, network switching subsystems, and operation support subsystems. GSM uses TDMA/FDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously and efficiently. Signaling in GSM networks allows for call establishment, management, and control between different network elements.
Cd
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) allows multiple users to access the same wireless channel simultaneously through the use of unique code assignments. All users transmit and receive over the same frequency band at the same time, differentiated by their unique spreading code. A CDMA signal is generated by digitizing the voice signal, compressing it, encoding it with a unique code, and converting it to a radio frequency for transmission. The forward link from the base station to mobile uses pilot, sync, paging, and traffic channels, while the reverse link uses access and traffic channels. CDMA networks utilize initialization, idle, access, and traffic modes for call processing.
Gsm signalling protocol
The document describes the GSM signaling protocol architecture, which includes protocols for radio resource management, mobility management, connection management, and the mobile application part (MAP). It focuses on the radio resource management layer, which handles radio channel configuration and handovers between cells and base stations. It also describes the control channels used for signaling between mobiles and base stations, and the mobility management layer, which handles location updates as subscribers move between different areas. Finally, it provides details on the BSS application part (BSSAP), which includes the direct transfer application part (DTAP) and BSS management application part (BSSMAP) to transfer messages between network components.
Paging and Location Update
This document discusses paging and location update procedures in cellular networks. It defines key terms like MSC, VLR, HLR, TMSI, LA, LAI, and describes how location areas are configured and how location updates and paging work. When a mobile moves to a new location area or PLMN, it performs a location update by sending a message to the new MSC/VLR, which updates the subscriber's HLR. Periodic and random location updates also allow the network to track mobile locations. Paging is used to find mobiles and deliver incoming calls based on location registration information.
gprs
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) was developed to address the inefficiencies of existing cellular data services by applying a packet radio principle to transfer user data packets in an efficient way. It allows users to be "online" for long periods of time while only being billed based on the volume of data transmitted. The GPRS architecture introduces new network nodes called SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) to route packet-switched data between mobile stations and external packet data networks. This results in faster data speeds and more efficient use of network resources compared to traditional circuit-switched cellular data services.
Cellular communication
Cellular communication has evolved from early radio technologies to today's cellular networks that allow communication anywhere. Major developments include the first commercial cellular network launching in 1979, the introduction of digital 2G networks in the 1990s, and current 4G networks that provide high-speed data. Cellular networks reuse frequencies across neighboring cells to improve efficiency. The network is divided into cells served by base stations, with handovers allowing calls to continue as users move between cells.
Gsm air interface
This document describes radio transmission techniques and channels in GSM networks. It discusses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and defines physical and logical channels. It provides details on different control channels like Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH). It also describes traffic channels and various burst types used in GSM frames.
Gsm system and radio frequency
The document describes the key components and architecture of the GSM system. It discusses the objectives of GSM including supporting international roaming and good speech quality. It then describes the hierarchy of the GSM system including the mobile station, radio subsystem with base stations and base station controllers, and the network and switching subsystem with mobile switching centers and databases. It also discusses the air interface including frequency allocation and channel structure.
Gsm network
This presentation is all about GSM (Global System for mobile Communication). All components, entities ,architecture ,advantages of GSM, future of GSM was the main focus.
Call routing for incoming and outgoing call is also included in the presentation.
GSM channels
Physical channels carry information over the air interface between the mobile station and base transceiver station. Logical channels map user data and signaling information onto physical channels. There are two main types of logical channels - traffic channels which carry call data, and control channels which communicate service information. Control channels include broadcast channels which transmit cell-wide information, common channels used for paging and access procedures, and dedicated channels for signaling during calls or when not on a call. Logical channels are mapped onto physical channels to effectively transmit information wirelessly between network components in a GSM system.
Systesm information layer 3 messages
System information messages contain data about the mobile network that mobile stations need to communicate with the network. There are 12 different types of system information messages that provide information like cell channel descriptions, neighboring cell information, location area identities, and parameters for random access channel control. These messages are continuously broadcast on common control channels to both idle and active mobile stations.
Is95 System Engineering
The document discusses several key topics in IS95 CDMA systems:
1) Orthogonal spreading sequences that have low cross-correlation and equal numbers of 1s and -1s are used to allow multiple signals to overlap in code and frequency without interfering.
2) Vocoders are used to compress speech for transmission, using techniques suitable for the limited bandwidth of wireless channels like ADPCM.
3) Power control on the forward and reverse links helps manage interference levels by adjusting mobile and base station transmission power.
4) Soft handoff allows signals from multiple base stations to be combined for better reception as a mobile moves between cells.
Tems parameters Telebeans
The document discusses various parameters that are important to monitor during drive testing of a cellular network. It provides definitions and explanations of key parameters in the "Current Channel" window including cell identity, frequency band, signal quality metrics, encryption information and more. It then explains parameters in the "Radio Parameters" window like received signal level, interference, power control, and quality metrics. Finally, it lists the information displayed in the "Serving + Neighbor" window about neighboring cells.
Properties of radio path
This document describes properties of the radio path in GSM including fast fading caused by multipath propagation which results in problems like inter-symbol interference. It discusses solutions like frequency hopping, channel coding, and antenna diversity. It also describes logical channels in the air interface like traffic channels and control channels, and different burst types like synchronization bursts, normal bursts and access bursts used to transmit different logical channels.
Signalling Techniques & Basics of CCS
Common channel signalling (CCS) and channel associated signalling (CAS) are the signalling techniques in telecommunication.
Gsm channels
The document discusses the different types of logical channels used in the GSM air interface, including traffic channels, control channels, and dedicated control channels. It provides details on the purpose and function of various control channels like the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Common Control Channels (CCCH), and Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH). The BCCH broadcasts information about the cell and network. The CCCH includes channels like the Paging Channel (PCH) and Random Access Channel (RACH) for paging and call requests. The DCCH comprises channels like SDCCH, SACCH, and FACCH that are used for call setup and in-call signaling.
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CDMA 1x Introduction to Power Control Issue2.1
One of the aims of the CDMA1X system is to maximize the number of its users. If each mobile station (MS) adjusts its transmitter power to minimize the signal noise received by the base transceiver station (BTS), the capacity of the system is maximized. Higher power brings higher interference and results in more capacity loss. Power control can adjust the transmission power of the MS and BTS, aiming to minimize the interference
After learning this course, you will learn the following：
The importance of the power control of the CDMA system
Categories and calculating theories of the power control
Data configuration of the power control
Chapter 1 Goals and Principles of Power Control
Chapter 2 Categories and Arithmetic of Power Control
Chapter 3 Data Configuration of Power Control
Each couple of customers is in a same room.
Each couple of customers speaks a language different from that spoken by other couples.
If the noise becomes louder, all the customers will raise their voices.
If the noise is too louder, the customers may go to other rooms.
The customer who speaks too loudly will affect the communication of others.
The transmission power of the control BTS and MS must ensure that the signal sent to the receiver through the complicated radio space can meet the threshold of correct demodulation.
When the first principle is satisfied, the transmission power of the BTS and MS is required to be lowered as much as possible to decrease the interference between users and best optimize the network performance.
The transmission power of the MS near the BTS is lower than that of the MS far from the BTS and of the MS in the fading areas.
Power Line Carrier Communication
This document summarizes power line carrier communication (PLCC), which is used for communication over medium and long distances in power networks. PLCC uses existing power lines as a communication medium. It provides a more economical and reliable communication method than alternatives like telephone lines or wireless systems. The key components of a PLCC system include transmitters, the power line channel, receivers, carrier signals in the audio frequency range, modulation techniques, and coupling arrangements like capacitors to introduce signals onto power lines. Modern PLCC systems can handle various functions like telemetry, signaling, control, and protection.
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- The general handover flow including measurement, reporting, and the RNC deciding whether to initiate a handover based on reports and algorithms.
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This document discusses key WCDMA wireless technologies including power control, handover, and RAKE receivers. It provides details on:
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3. The document is a reference for drive testing and troubleshooting mobile networks, outlining important factors that impact call quality and connectivity issues like call drops, handover failures, and interference.
08102014_Huawei handovers-handover-algo
The document discusses Huawei's handover algorithm II for cellular networks. It describes the different types of handovers considered in the algorithm (forced, emergency, intra-cell, inter-cell) and the procedures involved, including determining triggering conditions, selecting candidate cell lists, and performing a comprehensive decision to determine the best candidate cell. It also discusses related concepts like handover priority, penalty adjustments, and measurement report processing.
Telecommunications
This document summarizes information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the seventh largest telecommunications company in the world. It provides an overview of BSNL's services and sections within telephone exchanges, including the main distribution frame room, power room, PCM room, switch room, optical fiber cable section, broadband section, and mobile section. It also describes technologies used like DWDM, signaling, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, and defines key terms like STM.
Handover
The document discusses handover in mobile networks. Handover is the process of transferring a mobile device's connection from one base station to another as the device moves through the network coverage area. There are different types of handover including intra-cell, inter-cell, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. The base station controller monitors signal strength and quality and initiates a handover when the device would be better served by a new base station to avoid call drops and ensure quality of service.
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-55
UMTS Wireless Technology discusses several key technologies in 3G UMTS networks including power control, handover, code resource management, RAKE receiving, and call admission control/load control. Power control aims to reduce interference between users and increase capacity. Handover allows seamless transitions between cells. Code resource management allocates orthogonal codes efficiently. RAKE receiving combines multipath signals. Call admission control determines if a new call can be supported based on available resources while load control monitors system load.
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-55
UMTS Wireless Technology discusses several key technologies in 3G UMTS networks including power control, handover, code resource management, RAKE receiving, and call admission control/load control. Power control aims to reduce interference between users and increase capacity. Handover allows seamless transitions between cells. Code resource management allocates orthogonal codes efficiently. RAKE receiving combines multipath signals. Call admission control determines if a new call can be supported based on available resources while load control monitors system load.
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-55
UMTS Wireless Technology discusses several key technologies in 3G UMTS networks including power control, handover, code resource management, RAKE receiving, and call admission control/load control. Power control aims to reduce interference between users and increase capacity. Handover allows seamless transitions between cells. Code resource management allocates orthogonal codes efficiently. RAKE receiving combines multipath signals. Call admission control determines if a new call can be supported based on available resources while load control monitors system load.
Wmc ppt
Power control strategies are used in GSM and CDMA networks to optimize signal strength and minimize interference. In GSM, the base station and mobile station adjust their transmitted power based on measurement reports to maintain a desired signal quality and strength. The power control aims to save power, reduce interference, and increase network quality. It includes uplink and downlink power control performed independently. Power control regulates the signal power in steps of 2 dB and takes three periods or 480 ms to provide feedback from when a command is sent. This process helps control interference levels and prolongs battery life in cellular networks.
updated notes cds UNIT 6 and 7 communicationppt.pdf
The document discusses communication systems and their key components and concepts. It defines analog and digital signals, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. It explains the basic elements of a communication system, including the information source, transmitter, channel, and receiver. It also discusses different types of transmission such as simplex, full duplex, and half duplex. Modulation is introduced as a key concept for transmitting baseband signals over long distances.
Similar to GSM Network Protocols (20)
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
Wcdma p&o-c-en-wireless technology-2-201006-24
updated notes cds UNIT 6 and 7 communicationppt.pdf
updated notes cds UNIT 6 and 7 communicationppt.pdf
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一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
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(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
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cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
Convolutional Neural Network used for image classification
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Recently uploaded (20)
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
cnn.pptx Convolutional neural network used for image classication
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
GSM Network Protocols
- 1. Chapter 5 Network Protocols Eng. Ahmed Khaled
- 2. Main RR procedures: Power control Channel quality monitoring Handover Frequency hopping Discontinuous transmission Timing advance. MS, BTS and BSC are Concerned with transmission
- 3. Power Control: Enables power adaptation of MS and BTS. Main reasons for power control: Saving MS battery Power Improve CIR. Can be enabled or disabled. Performed separately for uplink and DL. Measurements on UL and DL are sent to BSC every 480 ms. Measurements in terms of: Signal strength in dBm. Signal quality in BER.
- 4. Power Control: Distance Power Increase Step MS Power (dBm) Max. Transmitted Power Distance Upper Threshold Lower Threshold Power Control Increase Command Signal Strength Measured at BTS
- 5. Handover Control: Automatic switching of a call from one TCH to another. Can be within the cell or between cells. Reasons for intra-cell handover: reduction of co-channel interference. Maintenance activity Handover occurs on TCH when call is in speech stage. Only started if power control is not helpful. Unique feature of mobile network.
- 6. Handover: Handover types: Inter cell handover: Involves change of carrier and BTS. Intra-cell handover: Involves change of carrier in same cell. MS MS MS MS BTS BTS BTS BTS BSC BSC BSC MSC MSC 1 2 3 4
- 7. Handover: BSC MSC-A BSC BSC MSC-B Inter-MSC HO Intra-Cell HO Inter-BSC HO Intra-MSC HO Intra-BSC HO
- 8. Handover: Requirements for Handover Execution speed Reliability • No excessive HO • No delayed HO • No early HO Transparent to users (not aware) Service-dependent (voice, data)
- 9. Handover: Criteria for Handover BSC receives measurement data from BTS and MS. The MS measures DL: Signal strength (dBm) Signal quality (BER) Signal strength of neighboring BTSs downlink The BTS measures UL: Signal strength received from MS. Signal quality received from MS. Distance between BTS and MS.
- 11. 1 2 𝐍 𝐜 𝐍 Handling of Handover: Reserved channel concept Some channels are reserved for HO New Calls Handover
- 12. Handover: N times retry Multiple request for Handover Handover queue HO wait for a free channel. Sub-rating algorithm Full rate TCH is split into 2 half rate TCHs.
- 13. Intra-BSC (Inter-cell) HO: Old BTS New BTS 2 34 5 6 1 5 2 BSC
- 14. Inter-BSC (Intra-MSC) Handover: MSC New BSC Old BSCOld BTS New BTS 2 4 7 4 9 3 7 1 4 8 4 56 7
- 15. Inter-MSC Handover: MSC-A Old BSC MSC-B New BSC 1 5 99 4 3 5 8 852 5 8 6 7 New BTS Old BTS PSTN GSM PLMN
- 16. Mobility Management (MM): Main task of MM is to support mobility. MM activities include: Location update Update HLR/VLR TMSI re-allocation. Authentication of MS.
- 17. Location Update in same MSC/VLR: HLR VLR MSCBSC 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 BTS
- 18. Location Update with New MSC/VLR: New VLR New MSC BSC Old VLR HLR 4 2 3 4 Old MSC 5 BTS When MS enters into new LA, location update. LA may belong to new MSC/VLR.
- 19. IMSI Attach: BSC MSC / VLR 4 2 3 4 1 BTS
- 20. Mobile Originated Call: BSC MSC / VLR 4 3 2 4 4 5 3 2 1 BTS 1
- 22. PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH FACCH FACCH FACCH FACCH TCH SDCCH Paging Request Immediate Assignment Authentication Request Cipher Mode Command Setup Assignment Command Connect Acknowledge Data Channel Request Paging Response Auth. Response Cipher Mode Comp. Call Confirmed Assignment Complete Alert BSS/MSC Data Connect MS