Methane (CH4) is the primary component of natural gas and biogas. As South Africa seeks to diversify its energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, natural gas and biogas are becoming increasingly important. Gas engines, which run on gases like natural gas and biogas, are used for power generation. Oil analysis is a valuable tool for monitoring gas engine health and reliability by detecting abnormal wear, contamination, and oil degradation early on. It provides insights into potential problems before costly repairs are needed.
The document discusses alternative fuels, including ethers like dimethyl ether (DME) which is produced from natural gas and used as a fuel additive. Electric and hybrid vehicles are also covered. Future fuels may include synthetic fuels produced from coal, biomass or natural gas via processes like coal-to-liquid (CTL), biomass-to-liquid (BTL), and gas-to-liquid (GTL). Biodiesel is discussed and compared to conventional diesel. The document outlines important properties for fuels including energy density, combustion quality, toxicity and availability. Requirements for gasoline as a fuel for spark-ignition engines are also provided.
Introduction To Alternative Fuels For Atlanta Technical Collegeuniversalffg
Yvonne Gamble, CEO of 9TWO5 Motoring Alternative Fuels taught an “Introduction to Alternative Fuels” class, which kicked-off Atlanta Technical College “Green Technology” fall series. The introductory class designed for students entering college and for high school seniors and juniors gave students an industry definition, an understanding of alternative fuels national growth trends; introduction to alternative energy technology, and provided an in-depth look at alternative energy employment.
The document discusses alternative fuels to traditional energy sources. It covers renewable and non-renewable alternative energy options like bioenergy, geothermal, and tidal energies. Specifically, it examines biomass as a source of bioenergy, listing wood, waste, and gases as biomass fuels. The document also explains that biomass can be converted into alternative fuels through thermal, chemical, and biochemical conversion processes and names biodiesel, ethanol using biomass, and methanol as examples of biomass conversions.
The document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in vehicles with little modification to current engines. It describes some key alternative fuels like alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils/biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas that can help reduce emissions and reliance on crude oil. Alcohols in particular can be produced from biomass and waste and are discussed in detail, with their use in gasoline and potential for diesel engines. The document also outlines important parameters to consider for alternative fuels like energy density and ease of transportation and storage.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
FIRST INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN BIO-FUELS SEMINAR - 14.12.2009 to 16.12.2009ksreeramamurthy
The document discusses ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative. It describes ethanol's properties and suitability as a motor fuel. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline without engine modifications and provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels. The document outlines the historical use of ethanol as fuel and factors driving the ethanol market, including national energy security and rural economic development.
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
This lecture discusses transportation energy use and alternatives to petroleum. It recaps that transportation accounts for over 25% of total US energy use and over 90% comes from petroleum. The document outlines problems with petroleum dependence including economic costs, geopolitical issues, and environmental impacts. It then discusses various alternative fuels and vehicles including electric, hybrid, biofuels, natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cells. The lecture notes the complex challenges involved in transitioning away from near-exclusive reliance on oil for transportation.
The document discusses alternative fuels, including ethers like dimethyl ether (DME) which is produced from natural gas and used as a fuel additive. Electric and hybrid vehicles are also covered. Future fuels may include synthetic fuels produced from coal, biomass or natural gas via processes like coal-to-liquid (CTL), biomass-to-liquid (BTL), and gas-to-liquid (GTL). Biodiesel is discussed and compared to conventional diesel. The document outlines important properties for fuels including energy density, combustion quality, toxicity and availability. Requirements for gasoline as a fuel for spark-ignition engines are also provided.
Introduction To Alternative Fuels For Atlanta Technical Collegeuniversalffg
Yvonne Gamble, CEO of 9TWO5 Motoring Alternative Fuels taught an “Introduction to Alternative Fuels” class, which kicked-off Atlanta Technical College “Green Technology” fall series. The introductory class designed for students entering college and for high school seniors and juniors gave students an industry definition, an understanding of alternative fuels national growth trends; introduction to alternative energy technology, and provided an in-depth look at alternative energy employment.
The document discusses alternative fuels to traditional energy sources. It covers renewable and non-renewable alternative energy options like bioenergy, geothermal, and tidal energies. Specifically, it examines biomass as a source of bioenergy, listing wood, waste, and gases as biomass fuels. The document also explains that biomass can be converted into alternative fuels through thermal, chemical, and biochemical conversion processes and names biodiesel, ethanol using biomass, and methanol as examples of biomass conversions.
The document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in vehicles with little modification to current engines. It describes some key alternative fuels like alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils/biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas that can help reduce emissions and reliance on crude oil. Alcohols in particular can be produced from biomass and waste and are discussed in detail, with their use in gasoline and potential for diesel engines. The document also outlines important parameters to consider for alternative fuels like energy density and ease of transportation and storage.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
FIRST INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN BIO-FUELS SEMINAR - 14.12.2009 to 16.12.2009ksreeramamurthy
The document discusses ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative. It describes ethanol's properties and suitability as a motor fuel. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline without engine modifications and provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels. The document outlines the historical use of ethanol as fuel and factors driving the ethanol market, including national energy security and rural economic development.
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
This lecture discusses transportation energy use and alternatives to petroleum. It recaps that transportation accounts for over 25% of total US energy use and over 90% comes from petroleum. The document outlines problems with petroleum dependence including economic costs, geopolitical issues, and environmental impacts. It then discusses various alternative fuels and vehicles including electric, hybrid, biofuels, natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cells. The lecture notes the complex challenges involved in transitioning away from near-exclusive reliance on oil for transportation.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in engines, including alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It provides information on producing some of these fuels and their properties. When used in engines, some alternative fuels like alcohols have higher compression ratios and produce fewer emissions than gasoline but have lower energy content. The document also discusses modifications needed for engines running on different alternative fuels and presents data on performance and emissions of engines using various alternative fuels.
The document discusses the increasing reliance on fossil fuels for energy needs and the finite nature of these resources. It states that approximately 90% of energy requirements are met by fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which are expected to deplete within the next 200-300 years and few decades respectively. To avoid future scarcity, the document emphasizes the need to develop alternative renewable energy sources like hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol, and biomass, which are more environmentally friendly and sustainable than fossil fuels.
This document discusses alternative fuels and energy security. It notes that global energy use is unsustainable and dependent on crude oil. It explores various alternative fuels like alcohols, LPG, hydrogen, CNG, LNG, and vegetable oils. It also examines fossil fuel reserves like oil, natural gas, and coal. It discusses issues with widespread use of coal and nuclear energy. The document emphasizes that ensuring stable, affordable, and environmentally friendly energy is vital for continued economic growth.
The document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process called trans-esterification. Biodiesel offers benefits like being renewable, less polluting, and providing energy security. It can be blended with petroleum diesel. The production of biodiesel involves mixing oils or fats with methanol and a catalyst, producing biodiesel and glycerin as a byproduct. While biodiesel provides advantages, it also has drawbacks like higher production costs and poor performance at low temperatures.
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
The document discusses various types of future fuels that could replace fossil fuels as their resources are depleted. It describes biodiesel, which is made from vegetable oils and animal fats; hydrogen, which is emission-less and can be produced through processes like steam reforming; and alcohol fuels like methanol and ethanol, which are renewable fuels produced through fermentation. Nuclear power is also discussed as a potential pollution-free fuel source that uses nuclear reactions to generate electricity or power vehicles. Radioisotopes can be used in radiothermal generators to produce electricity through heat and decay processes, making them useful alternative fuels for space applications.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
This document discusses the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel to gasoline. It notes that petroleum reserves are limited and non-renewable, so countries are prioritizing replacing gasoline with liquid fuels from renewable sources like ethanol. Ethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass and has properties that improve engine performance and reduce emissions compared to gasoline. However, pure ethanol also has some drawbacks. The document then discusses India's growing energy demand and dependence on oil imports, highlighting the need to diversify energy sources and ensure energy security through increased use of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Tables are included comparing physical and chemical properties of ethanol and gasoline.
hydrogen as a fuel , ecosystem and future initiativeSaquib Khursheed
This document discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel source and its potential role in the future energy ecosystem and climate change mitigation. It outlines how hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis of water or from natural gas and coal. The document categorizes different types of hydrogen based on their greenhouse gas emission profiles. It also discusses the technological aspects and applications of hydrogen including in transportation, power generation, and industries like petrochemicals and electronics. The document presents opportunities for SANMARG Projects Pvt Ltd in the hydrogen sector including in quality supervision, engineering, and project management consultancy services.
Alternative Fuels Presentation for Middle SchoolersETCleanFuels
From the negative effects of air pollution and oil dependence to the benefits of biodiesel and ethanol, this presentation covers many of the aspects of using alternative fuels.
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
OAT- 551 Automotive System - Alternative fuel Introduction S. Sathishkumar
This document discusses various alternatives to gasoline as vehicle fuels, including biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, and propane. For each alternative, the document outlines what it is, its benefits such as being renewable and lowering emissions, and practical considerations. The conclusion states that alternative fuels generally lower emissions and many are renewable, which could lessen dependence on petroleum, and that developing fuel cell technology will enable greater use of these alternative fuels.
Alternative fuels can be used like traditional fuels but don't contaminate the environment and are renewable. Biomass fuels come from living organisms and provide 1.4% of US electricity through burning. Ethanol is most often used as a motor fuel but increased food prices, while methanol can cause injury or death if ingested but is used in plastics, paints, and windshield washer fluid. Biodiesel is made from vegetable or animal fats and is non-toxic and biodegradable. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, biomass, or electrolyzing water and allows for virtually pollution-free transportation independence from imported oil. Propane infrastructure is widespread and it is used for fuel and
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on various alternative fuels including ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, methanol, and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass. Natural gas can be used as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. Propane is produced as a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Electricity can power hybrid or electric vehicles. Methanol is made from natural gas or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, and can be blended with
IRJET- CFD Modelling and Analysis of Dual Fuel (Diesel + Methanol) Combustion...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to analyze dual fuel combustion (diesel and methanol) in an engine. Simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent software coupled with chemical kinetics mechanisms. Specifically:
1) CFD was used to model combustion performance in a compression ignition engine running on diesel fuel blended with ethanol and methanol.
2) Formation rates of nitrogen oxides were accurately predicted using an extended chemical kinetics mechanism.
3) Different blends of diesel, ethanol and methanol were modeled and compared in terms of combustion efficiency and emissions. The 70% diesel, 15% ethanol, 15% methanol blend showed the best results with lower emissions.
CNG, or compressed natural gas, is made by compressing methane gas and storing it in hard cylinders at high pressure. It is a cheaper substitute for diesel, petrol, and propane. CNG produces less carbon emissions than these fossil fuels and has several advantages, such as lower maintenance costs and reduced pollution. However, it requires more storage space in vehicles. Despite this disadvantage, CNG has grown popular due to its environmental and economic benefits and over 14 million natural gas vehicles worldwide use CNG as of 2011.
HHO (Oxy-Hydrogen) is non-toxic gas, used as a supplement to any traditional fuels such as Petrol (Gasoline), Diesel, Heavy oil, Acetylene, Propane, Kerosene, LPG etc to.
Increse Engine Performance, Milage
Polution Free Exhaust
www.watercar.in
The document summarizes key aspects of oil analysis that can be used to detect oil degradation in gas engines. It discusses several techniques including measuring kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, total base number, total acid number, and initial pH. These metrics provide information about oxidation, nitration, additive depletion, and corrosion protection. Regular oil analysis is important for gas engines using fuels like biogas that can vary in quality, to assess oil condition and determine optimal drain intervals.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
This document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in engines, including alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It provides information on producing some of these fuels and their properties. When used in engines, some alternative fuels like alcohols have higher compression ratios and produce fewer emissions than gasoline but have lower energy content. The document also discusses modifications needed for engines running on different alternative fuels and presents data on performance and emissions of engines using various alternative fuels.
The document discusses the increasing reliance on fossil fuels for energy needs and the finite nature of these resources. It states that approximately 90% of energy requirements are met by fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which are expected to deplete within the next 200-300 years and few decades respectively. To avoid future scarcity, the document emphasizes the need to develop alternative renewable energy sources like hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol, and biomass, which are more environmentally friendly and sustainable than fossil fuels.
This document discusses alternative fuels and energy security. It notes that global energy use is unsustainable and dependent on crude oil. It explores various alternative fuels like alcohols, LPG, hydrogen, CNG, LNG, and vegetable oils. It also examines fossil fuel reserves like oil, natural gas, and coal. It discusses issues with widespread use of coal and nuclear energy. The document emphasizes that ensuring stable, affordable, and environmentally friendly energy is vital for continued economic growth.
The document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process called trans-esterification. Biodiesel offers benefits like being renewable, less polluting, and providing energy security. It can be blended with petroleum diesel. The production of biodiesel involves mixing oils or fats with methanol and a catalyst, producing biodiesel and glycerin as a byproduct. While biodiesel provides advantages, it also has drawbacks like higher production costs and poor performance at low temperatures.
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
The document discusses various types of future fuels that could replace fossil fuels as their resources are depleted. It describes biodiesel, which is made from vegetable oils and animal fats; hydrogen, which is emission-less and can be produced through processes like steam reforming; and alcohol fuels like methanol and ethanol, which are renewable fuels produced through fermentation. Nuclear power is also discussed as a potential pollution-free fuel source that uses nuclear reactions to generate electricity or power vehicles. Radioisotopes can be used in radiothermal generators to produce electricity through heat and decay processes, making them useful alternative fuels for space applications.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
This document discusses the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel to gasoline. It notes that petroleum reserves are limited and non-renewable, so countries are prioritizing replacing gasoline with liquid fuels from renewable sources like ethanol. Ethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass and has properties that improve engine performance and reduce emissions compared to gasoline. However, pure ethanol also has some drawbacks. The document then discusses India's growing energy demand and dependence on oil imports, highlighting the need to diversify energy sources and ensure energy security through increased use of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Tables are included comparing physical and chemical properties of ethanol and gasoline.
hydrogen as a fuel , ecosystem and future initiativeSaquib Khursheed
This document discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel source and its potential role in the future energy ecosystem and climate change mitigation. It outlines how hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis of water or from natural gas and coal. The document categorizes different types of hydrogen based on their greenhouse gas emission profiles. It also discusses the technological aspects and applications of hydrogen including in transportation, power generation, and industries like petrochemicals and electronics. The document presents opportunities for SANMARG Projects Pvt Ltd in the hydrogen sector including in quality supervision, engineering, and project management consultancy services.
Alternative Fuels Presentation for Middle SchoolersETCleanFuels
From the negative effects of air pollution and oil dependence to the benefits of biodiesel and ethanol, this presentation covers many of the aspects of using alternative fuels.
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
OAT- 551 Automotive System - Alternative fuel Introduction S. Sathishkumar
This document discusses various alternatives to gasoline as vehicle fuels, including biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, and propane. For each alternative, the document outlines what it is, its benefits such as being renewable and lowering emissions, and practical considerations. The conclusion states that alternative fuels generally lower emissions and many are renewable, which could lessen dependence on petroleum, and that developing fuel cell technology will enable greater use of these alternative fuels.
Alternative fuels can be used like traditional fuels but don't contaminate the environment and are renewable. Biomass fuels come from living organisms and provide 1.4% of US electricity through burning. Ethanol is most often used as a motor fuel but increased food prices, while methanol can cause injury or death if ingested but is used in plastics, paints, and windshield washer fluid. Biodiesel is made from vegetable or animal fats and is non-toxic and biodegradable. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, biomass, or electrolyzing water and allows for virtually pollution-free transportation independence from imported oil. Propane infrastructure is widespread and it is used for fuel and
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on various alternative fuels including ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, methanol, and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass. Natural gas can be used as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. Propane is produced as a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Electricity can power hybrid or electric vehicles. Methanol is made from natural gas or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, and can be blended with
IRJET- CFD Modelling and Analysis of Dual Fuel (Diesel + Methanol) Combustion...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to analyze dual fuel combustion (diesel and methanol) in an engine. Simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent software coupled with chemical kinetics mechanisms. Specifically:
1) CFD was used to model combustion performance in a compression ignition engine running on diesel fuel blended with ethanol and methanol.
2) Formation rates of nitrogen oxides were accurately predicted using an extended chemical kinetics mechanism.
3) Different blends of diesel, ethanol and methanol were modeled and compared in terms of combustion efficiency and emissions. The 70% diesel, 15% ethanol, 15% methanol blend showed the best results with lower emissions.
CNG, or compressed natural gas, is made by compressing methane gas and storing it in hard cylinders at high pressure. It is a cheaper substitute for diesel, petrol, and propane. CNG produces less carbon emissions than these fossil fuels and has several advantages, such as lower maintenance costs and reduced pollution. However, it requires more storage space in vehicles. Despite this disadvantage, CNG has grown popular due to its environmental and economic benefits and over 14 million natural gas vehicles worldwide use CNG as of 2011.
HHO (Oxy-Hydrogen) is non-toxic gas, used as a supplement to any traditional fuels such as Petrol (Gasoline), Diesel, Heavy oil, Acetylene, Propane, Kerosene, LPG etc to.
Increse Engine Performance, Milage
Polution Free Exhaust
www.watercar.in
The document summarizes key aspects of oil analysis that can be used to detect oil degradation in gas engines. It discusses several techniques including measuring kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, total base number, total acid number, and initial pH. These metrics provide information about oxidation, nitration, additive depletion, and corrosion protection. Regular oil analysis is important for gas engines using fuels like biogas that can vary in quality, to assess oil condition and determine optimal drain intervals.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
The practice of lube analysis has been proven time and again to be an effective approach to reduce maintenance and downtime costs. However many lube analysis programs do not deliver outstanding results. Join Tim Nelson as he explores some of the most common reasons why lube analysis programs fail and what you can do to help ensure yours will succeed. By focusing on the reasons for failure, you will learn how to avoid them and create a world-class lube analysis program. Tim Nelson has more than 30 years experience working in the maintenance and reliability disciplines. Much of his knowledge and experience was gained while managing the Lubrication and Oil Analysis programs for a major chemical plant.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals including tribology, lubrication functions, lubrication films and regimes, base oils, additives, greases, lubricant failures, and oil analysis basics. It discusses topics such as how lubricants are formulated using base oils and additives, common lubricant types, mineral and synthetic base oil properties, grease consistency, grease thickeners, and ways that lubricants can fail through contamination, oxidation, thermal degradation, and additive depletion.
This document provides an overview of lubricants presented by Md. Arman Hossain of SAJ Engineering & Trading Company. It defines lubricants as substances that reduce friction between surfaces. The presentation covers the functions of lubricants, properties, classifications, types (mineral-based, synthetic, semi-synthetic), brands and institutes. It provides details on mineral oils, additives, and limitations while emphasizing advantages of synthetic lubricants. Pertamina lubricants and their approvals from automobile and equipment manufacturers are highlighted. The presentation stresses the importance of using quality lubricants for engine protection and performance.
The document discusses lubrication systems for engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting from wear, removing impurities, forming seals, and serving as a coolant. The main lubrication systems are mist, wet sump, and dry sump. Mist lubrication uses oil mixed with fuel for 2-stroke engines. Wet sump systems include splash and circulating pumps or pressure systems. Properties of lubricants that are important include viscosity, flash point, pour point, and additives that improve properties.
Oil analysis involves sampling machine lubricants and analyzing them to monitor lubricant health, equipment health, and contamination levels. It can detect wear in components, coolant leakage, and filter effectiveness. Common tests analyze viscosity, water content, acidity, additives, and wear particles. Together these provide information on lubricant condition, equipment operation, and maintenance strategy effectiveness to optimize service intervals and avoid unexpected breakdowns.
The cylinder liner forms the cylindrical space in the engine where the piston reciprocates. It is manufactured separately from the cylinder block using an alloy that has better wear resistance at high temperatures. This allows for replacement of just the liner if it wears. The liner is cooled, often with tangential bore cooling, to maintain an optimal temperature for lubrication and reducing thermal stresses. Proper lubrication and minimizing abrasive particles are important to reduce liner wear over the life of the engine.
The document discusses engine components and how they wear over time, focusing on the role of electronics and the electronic control module in monitoring key engine functions like temperature and pressure. It provides details on features and benefits of electronic engine controls as well as what options exist if the ECM or sensors fail. The document also compares Cat engine parts to competitors' parts, noting Cat's emphasis on precision, quality materials and rigid tolerances that lead to better performance and reliability.
This document provides an overview of industrial lubricants. It defines lubricants as substances introduced between moving surfaces to reduce friction. Lubricants typically contain 90% base oil and less than 10% additives. Additives include anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear agents, and foam inhibitors. The document outlines the types, features, uses, applications, functions, and marketing strategies of industrial lubricants. It also lists some major companies that manufacture lubricants.
The document discusses the basics of lubricants and lubrication. It defines lubrication as using a material between surfaces to reduce friction. The two main methods of lubrication are hydrodynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication. It also describes different types of lubricants including liquids, solids, and gases. It provides examples of typical lubricants and their applications.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine systems. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then discusses various engine families and the locations where they are built. It provides information on common engine components and systems, including the combustion process, cylinder head, crankshaft, piston assembly, and turbocharger. It also outlines expected engine wear items and different service strategies for rebuilding engines. The document aims to familiarize the reader with diesel engine workings and components.
The document discusses the functions and components of diesel engine fuel, air intake, and exhaust systems. It describes how the fuel system meters and regulates fuel delivery to control power and emissions. The document outlines the evolution of fuel systems from mechanical to electronic control and various injection technologies. It also discusses the role of the air intake and exhaust systems in providing combustion air and removing exhaust gases. The potential causes of wear and failure in these systems are explained.
Lubricants are fluids introduced between moving parts to reduce friction, heat, and wear. Lubrication functions include reducing friction, wear, corrosion, and improving machine efficiency. Good lubricants have high boiling points, viscosity, oxidation resistance and thermal stability. Lubrication types include thick film hydrodynamic, thin film boundary, and extreme pressure lubrication. Lubricants are classified as liquid, semi-solid, or solid and their properties like viscosity, viscosity index, and flash point determine their performance and applications.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine systems. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then discusses various engine families and the locations where they are built. It provides information on common engine components and systems, including the combustion process, cylinder head, crankshaft, piston assembly, and turbocharger. It also outlines expected engine wear items and different service strategies for rebuilding engines. The document aims to familiarize the reader with diesel engine workings and components.
The document describes the purpose and components of an engine lubrication system. The key purposes of lubrication are to reduce friction, seal components, clean the engine, cool the engine, absorb shocks, and absorb contaminants. The main types of lubrication systems are mist/petrol-oil premix, autolube, splash, and pressure-fed wet or dry sump systems. The document outlines the components of these systems including the oil sump, pump, pickup, pressure regulator, filter, galleries, and indicators. It explains how each component functions to circulate oil through the engine.
A report published by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions in June 2013 which looks at how the use of natural gas can be paired with renewable energy sources in the coming years to further reduce so-called greenhouse gas emissions--carbon and methane--which theoretically will help reduce (don't laugh), "climate change." Of course the climate changes all the time, but don't tell the politicians and Mother Earth worshipers that.
Bent Sorensen (Auth.)-Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. Emerging Technologies and Appl...ZeenathulFaridaAbdul1
This document discusses hydrogen production methods. Steam reforming of natural gas is currently the dominant industrial process, involving reacting methane and water vapor over a catalyst at high temperature to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A water-gas shift reaction further converts some carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide to increase hydrogen yield. Steam reforming has high costs due to heat integration requirements. Electrolysis of water using electricity is also discussed as an alternative production method, especially if the electricity comes from renewable sources.
The document analyzes alternative fuels for maritime applications from a well-to-propeller perspective. It finds that liquefied natural gas (LNG) reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 9-11% compared to conventional fuels. Liquefied petroleum gas can also be promising due to its emissions levels and price. Sustainable biofuels like ethanol and rapeseed diesel could be viable future options if prices become attractive. The well-to-tank portion of a fuel's lifecycle contributes 10-20% of its overall greenhouse gas emissions, while for biofuels it represents 100% of emissions. Currently, LNG is the most promising alternative due to available volumes, emissions benefits, price competitiveness, and infrastructure maturity
The oil and gas industry has a huge need for power generation equipment to provide electricity and mechanical drive. Combustion engines are well-suited to meet this need due to their high efficiency, ability to run on various liquid and gas fuels, and reliability. Wärtsilä engines in particular can run on associated gas, crude oil, or other fuels available at oil and gas sites. Their modular design allows power plants to scale as needed. Engines also provide significant fuel savings compared to gas turbines due to higher efficiency even during part-load operation and lack of derating over time. This makes them preferable for power generation, pumping, and gas compression applications in the oil and gas industry.
Investigation Of Exhaust Gas Recovery System In SI EngineIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— In our venture that creation of fumes gas recuperation framework for preheating in takes air on IC petroleum motor. The inexorably overall issue in regards to quick economy advancement and are lative deficiency of vitality, the interior ignition motor fumes squander warm and ecological contamination has been more accentuated vigorously as of late. Out of the aggregate warmth provided to the motor as fuel, roughly, 10 to15%isconvertedinto helpful mechanical work; the rest of the warmth is ousted to nature through fumes gasses and motor cooling frameworks, coming about into entropy rise and genuine ecological contamination, so it is required to used waste warmth into valuable work. The recuperation and use of waste warmth monitors fuel (non-renewable energy source) as well as decreases the measure of waste warmth and nursery gasses damped to condition. The has been recognized that there are extensive possibilities of vitality reserve funds using waste warmth recuperation advances.
Squander warm recuperation characterizes catching and reusing the waste warmth from inner burning motor for warming .It would likewise perceive the change in execution and emanations of the motor.
Keywords— Squander warm recuperation, Waste Warmth Monitors Fuel, Waste Warmth Recuperation.
Reduction of Carbon Footprints in Shipping Industry-Nirjhar Sarkar-GUNI-Gujar...nirjharsarkar20
To reduce the carbon footprints the current shipping industry is open up to a lot options. However, the point is that which option is more efficient, cost effective and preferable. All the options have its own pros and cons.
The shipping industry is already on verge of adopting an alternate source of power to reduce the carbon emissions. The only awaiting factor is which alternate fuel develops faster and is made available in market and how much efficient is it compared to its other competitors. The pace with which the developments are ongoing and efforts that are been put on to reduce the carbon emissions by 2050, its not going to be further before which the transition is going to complete.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
1-DEVELOPMENT of Dimethylether ( Dme ) Synthesis from Natural Gas as an Alter...Carrie Tran
This document summarizes the potential for dimethyl ether (DME) produced from natural gas as an alternative fuel in Japan. DME has properties making it suitable as a cleaner substitute for liquefied petroleum gas and diesel fuel. TotalFinaElf is participating in a new project in Japan to develop large-scale DME synthesis technology from natural gas. Potential markets for DME in Japan include use as fuel for power generation, as a substitute for LPG in homes and industry, and as an alternative fuel for diesel vehicles.
1-DEVELOPMENT of Dimethylether ( Dme ) Synthesis from Natural Gas as an Alter...Sandra Valenzuela
This document summarizes the potential for dimethyl ether (DME) produced from natural gas to serve as an alternative fuel in Japan. It outlines three major routes for converting natural gas to liquid fuels, including DME. DME has properties making it suitable as a cleaner substitute for liquefied petroleum gas and diesel. The document identifies the major potential markets for DME in Japan as fuel for power generation, in the liquefied petroleum gas market, and as a diesel fuel. It provides estimates of the potential market size for DME in power generation and liquefied petroleum gas in Japan within the next decade.
Green Hydrogen Energy Fuel for the Future in Indiaijtsrd
Hydrogen has an important potential role in a net zero economy as it has no carbon emissions at the point of use. Hydrogen fuels are versatile, capable of being produced and used in many ways, including production from renewable sources and applications to decarbonize challenging areas, such as heavy transport, industry, and heat, as well as the storage and transport of energy. It is already widely used in industry and agriculture, but their current production carries a high greenhouse gas footprint. Significant greenhouse gas emission reductions could be achieved through decarbonization of production for both existing and new applications. However, it currently faces challenges that require technological advances, including in their generation, storage, and use, particularly the costs involved in achieving net zero life cycle emissions. Further research, development, demonstration, and deployment are required to identify the areas where hydrogen can make a critical difference in practice. Dr. Arvind Kumar | Prabhash Kumar "Green Hydrogen - Energy Fuel for the Future in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52815.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/52815/green-hydrogen--energy-fuel-for-the-future-in-india/dr-arvind-kumar
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace gasoline and diesel in the future due to concerns over depletion of fossil fuels and harmful emissions. It describes some of the key alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, and gases. Ethanol shows promise because it can be produced from agricultural waste at low cost and reduces harmful emissions from engines. The document also discusses the various ways these alternative fuels can be used in engines and their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, it examines the need to shift to alternative fuels and provides an overview of some of the most promising options.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
This document provides an overview of energy from waste (EfW) technologies for decision-makers. It describes the different EfW technologies including combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas capture. It explains that EfW can help reduce the UK's dependency on energy imports, reduce carbon emissions, and contribute to renewable energy targets. However, barriers to the uptake of EfW include difficulties obtaining planning permission for large EfW plants and inconsistencies in financial incentives like the Renewable Heat Incentive that need to be addressed.
A Review Paper on "Performance of Different Fuels inInternal Combustion Engine"IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on the performance of different fuels in internal combustion engines. It discusses conventional fuels like petrol, diesel, and CNG as well as alternative fuels like bio-diesel, ethanol, hydrogen, and ethanol-petrol blends. Each alternative fuel has different effects on engine performance. The review finds that ethanol has a higher octane number than petrol but can reduce brake power and increase fuel consumption compared to petrol. Hydrogen increases combustion efficiency and reduces emissions, but producing hydrogen requires energy. CNG has lower exhaust temperature and higher thermal efficiency than petrol but also the highest torque and brake power. The document provides an overview of various fuels and their properties for use in internal combustion engines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended wi...ijtsrd
The waste management of scrap tyre causes impact on environment due to its non-degradable property. Therefore the recycling of tyre scrap is to be considered for improving the energy conversion from solid waste management. The objective of this project is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel blended with Tyre Prolysis Oil(TPO) in direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The tyre oil obtained at 713 K through pyrolysis process of waste tyre. The synthesized oil is then processed by desulphurization to reduce the sulphur content and transesterification for blending it with diesel. The various blends of composition 10%TPO and 90% diesel, 20%TPO and 80% diesel is prepared. Through these blends the improvement of performance and emission characteristics such as NOX, CO2, HC were identified and compared with conventional diesel fuel. K. Saravanan | Pon. Azhagiri | Dr. T. Senthil Kumar"Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended with Diesel in Diesel Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14362.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14362/performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-pyrolysed-fuel-of-tyre-blended-with-diesel-in-diesel-engine/k-saravanan
The document is a brochure from ITM Power plc that discusses power-to-gas (P2G) energy storage solutions using hydrogen. It notes that P2G can help integrate renewable energy by storing excess electricity from intermittent sources like wind in the form of hydrogen injected into existing gas pipelines. This provides grid balancing services while also decarbonizing gas supplies. The brochure highlights a project with Thüga Group in Germany and argues that a proposed increase to UK limits of hydrogen in gas networks could facilitate more renewable energy storage through P2G.
2 nd Generation Pure Plant Oils from Decentralized Oil Mills as Future Fuel f...IOSRJMCE
Pure plant oil was closest to the diesel engine at the time of its invention. It is well known that Rudolf Diesel himself displayed a diesel engine running on groundnut oil at the Paris world exhibition in 1896. Up to now the quality of fuel and combustion engines increased constantly. Sustainable plant oils are an affordable, safe, social and environmentally friendly fuel supply, especially at countries of its origin, not only for generators and tractors but also for transport vehicles. State of the art today is an innovative decentralise production method for 2 nd generation plant oil complying with DIN 51623 fuel quality and an engine technology for pure plant oil, biodiesel and diesel. Such innovative flex-fuel engines can be used for electricity production in standalone gen-sets or within a hybrid system of different renewable energies like wind power, photovoltaic, hydro power. Such a flex-fuel engine technology John Deere Europe has assigned for their tractors as future transportation concept for agriculture. Both, the new fuel quality and production method and the innovative flex-fuel engines can provide agriculture and remote areas with 100 % renewable energy for electricity and a wide range of sustainable plant oil fuels for tractors and rural machinery.
World energy consumption has steadily increased due to population growth, development, and increased transportation. Conventional energy sources like coal, oil, and gas are limited, while renewable sources like solar and wind could meet future demand. It is important to research alternative fuels to avoid resource scarcity and reduce pollution, global warming, and import costs. Alternative fuels need properties like suitable combustion, low emissions, and ease of storage and handling to serve as substitutes for conventional fossil fuels.
Similar to CH4 can be worth so much more P1 WearCheck TB62 (20)
ALTERNATIVE FUELS Lecture 5, Fuel Tech-ll - Copy.pptx
CH4 can be worth so much more P1 WearCheck TB62
1. ISSUE60
CH4
CAN BE
WORTH SO MUCH MORE
The role of oil analysis in gas engine reliability (part 1 of 2)
by Steven Lara-Lee Lumley, N6 Mech.Eng.
It is said that energy is the blood that runs through
the veins of every economy. It is to the survival of an
economy what water is to the survival of the human
body. Without energy, the wheels of the economy
literally do not turn. Energy is consequently a
facilitator of economic development and stability.
According to the South African department of
energy (DoE), energy security within the South
African context means ensuring that diverse energy
resources, in sustainable quantities and at affordable
prices, are available to the South African economy
in support of economic development and poverty
alleviation, taking into account environmental
management requirements.
In considering this definition of energy security, it
is apparent that the mitigation of climate change
through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and the
incorporation of renewable energy into the South
African energy portfolio is also necessary.
In 2008 more than 90% of South Africa’s electricity
was produced from coal, with nuclear energy making
Mrs Steven Lara-Lee Lumley (HND N6 MLA II),
(Technical Development) WearCheck Africa
235MW Aggreko power plant running on natural gas at Ressano Garcia Mozambique – Image courtesey of Aggreko South Africa
WearCheck is a registered ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and ISO 17025 company
Condition Monitoring Specialists
2. 2
up most of the balance. Growing energy demand and concerns over
the environmental impact of coal-fired power generation has led
the DoE to develop programmes like the Integrated Resource Plan
(IRP), the Integrated Energy Plan (IEP) and the Renewable Energy
Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPP)
which are all aimed at diversifying South Africa’s energy portfolio
through the incorporation of alternative energy technologies, both
renewable and non-renewable.
These alternative technologies will also include the utilisation of
natural gas and landfill gas for power generation.
Development of regional gas-fields will lead to natural gas becoming
a more significant fuel source in South Africa. With the availability of
natural gas in neighbouring countries like Mozambique and Namibia,
and the discovery of offshore gas reserves in South Africa, the gas
industry in Southern Africa is set to undergo a renaissance.
This notion is further supported by the DoE’s imminent release of its
Gas Utilisation Master Plan (GUMP) which sets the tone for the role
natural gas could conceivably play in electricity output in South
Africa. Natural gas, while not renewable, is an abundant, clean low-
carbon fossil fuel that is projected to become a significant fossil
energy medium in the next fifty years.
Similarly The DoE’s target of incorporating 17.8GW of renewable
energy capacity by 2030 into the South African energy mix also
includes the use of biogas for power generation, albeit to a lesser
extent than the allocations made to other renewable technologies.
So what do these two scenarios have to do with something called
CH4
you might ask? Well, at the heart of both natural and landfill
gas is CH4
.
CH4
is the chemical formula for methane and it is the main
component in natural gas and biogas. Methane is produced by
the breakdown of biodegradable material in landfills, waste water
treatment plants (sewage works), swamps and marshes but is also
found in oil, gas and coal deposits.
Natural gas originates from plant and animal matter which
decomposed millions of years ago and is now located in reservoirs
under the earth’s surface. Natural gas is primarily comprised of
methane with other gases in smaller proportions.
The composition of natural gas can vary significantly from one
location to another. Dry natural gas consists nearly entirely of
methane. Wet natural gas contains less than 85% methane but has
a higher percentage of liquid natural gases (LNGs) such as ethane
and butane. Natural gas can be further classified as sweet or sour
depending on sulphur compounds present in the gas.
The combustion of natural gas produces around 40 to 50% less
carbon dioxide than when coal is burned to produce the same
amount of energy and it is for this reason that it is often referred to
as the cleanest fossil fuel.
Durban solid waste landfill gas to electricity plant courtesey of Clark Energy
3. 3
generation units but can also function as peaking plants to meet
fluctuations in local electricity demand. They can generate
electricity in parallel with the local electricity grid, in island mode
operation, or for power generation in remote areas.
Gas engines operate on similar principles as petrol (spark ignition)
engines but there are some differences in the construction and
operation of gas engines compared with other types of internal
combustion engines. For one thing, gas engines usually operate at a
lower compression ratio and higher combustion temperatures than
the average diesel engines. Added to that, the volumetric efficiency
of gas engines is generally lower than petrol engines because the
volume of the gas required to achieve the same energy output is
considerably larger than that for liquid fuels. This also means that
the gas engine is slower to respond to rapid fluctuations in demand.
In terms of the lubricants they use, the primary difference between
gas engine lubricants and other internal combustion engine oils is
the need to withstand the various levels of oil degradation caused
by the higher operating temperatures, as well as the combustion
process of gas fuels that contain varying impurities depending on
the source and quality of the gas fuel. As a result of these higher
operating temperatures, oil degradation modes like oxidation and
nitration need to be monitored closely. Gas engines also tend to
burn cleaner than diesel engines, with no soot contamination,
which allows their lubricants to be formulated with lower ash levels
and, as they burn gaseous fuel, there is no danger of fuel dilution.
Even though gas engines may differ in many areas, their objectives
in terms of condition monitoring remain the same as that of any
internal combustion engine. Gas engine OEMs acknowledge the
importanceofmonitoringequipmenttoimproveplantreliabilityand
reduce costs, as even the most comprehensive routine maintenance
programme cannot stop faults developing in machinery.
One of the most effective and least expensive condition-
monitoring techniques available to gas engine operators and
OEMs is oil analysis, as it provides a wealth of information about
the lubricant’s condition, contaminants and the mechanical wear
taking place. When oil analysis results are trended over a period of
time, potential problems can be identified and this, in turn, helps
machine-operators schedule the appropriate maintenance and
avoid costly repairs and reduce machine downtime.
In this Technical Bulletin, we will look at what oil analysis can
measure in terms of the first three functions of oil analysis, which
are: to detect abnormal wear, contamination and oil degradation.
Active monitoring of the above provides early warning of abnormal
operating conditions that can lead to catastrophic failures in gas
engines if not detected and corrected.
Detecting abnormal wear
Commercial oil laboratories employ varying techniques when it
comes to detecting (quantifying and classifying) wear particles in
oil, each with its own strengths and limitations. The most widely
used and OEM-requested laboratory techniques will be described
below.
Biogas, on the other hand, is a form of renewable energy produced
from organic matter through a biological process. It is typically
derived from anaerobic digestion or fermentation processes and
can be produced from various organic feedstocks including biomass,
wastewater sludge, agricultural waste and municipal waste. Landfill
gas (LFG) is a type of biogas that is produced from municipal solid
waste.
LFG is a natural by-product of the decomposition of organic
material in municipal solid waste under anaerobic conditions. LFG
consists of roughly 50% methane and 50% carbon dioxide, with less
than 1% of non-methane organic compounds and trace amounts of
inorganic compounds.
Behind the struggle to address global warming and climate change
lies the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. While
carbon dioxide is typically painted as the bad boy of greenhouse
gases, methane is considerably more potent as a heat-trapping gas
than carbon dioxide, so its prevention of escape from landfill sites
into the atmosphere and its utilisation as a renewable fuel source
for power generation is advantageous.
The search for inexpensive and reliable energy has prompted
interest in natural gas which, in turn, has increased the popularity of
stationarygasengines.Ithasalsoledtothegrowinguseofalternative
gases, such as LFG. As a result of this increased popularity, the use of
gas engines for power generation has become more prevalent and,
with estimates that up to 25% of worldwide electricity demand will
be generated from gas by 2025, this trend seems likely to continue.
But what exactly is a gas engine?
Well that depends on who you ask, but for the purposes of this
Technical Bulletin, a gas engine will refer to a heavy-duty industrial
engine used for power generation or cogeneration which is the
simultaneous production of electricity through the recovery and
the utilisation of heat generated from the engine.
Simply put, a gas engine is an internal combustion engine running on
gas such as natural gas, biogas, landfill gas or coal gas. Gas engines
are generally categorised as two stroke, four stroke and four stroke
duel fuel.
The basic stationary gas engine and generator used for the
production of power consists of four main components – an engine,
a generator, a heat exchanger or heat recovery system and finally a
control system.
Once the gas is burnt in the cylinders of the engine, the force
turns a crank shaft within the engine. The crank shaft turns an
alternator which results in the generation of electricity. Heat from
the combustion process is released from the cylinders. The released
heat is either recovered and used in a combined heat and power
configuration (CHP) or dissipated via radiators. Lastly, there are
electronic control systems which manage the whole process to
ensure optimum performance of the generator set.
Gas engines are normally operated as stationary continuous
4. 4
Spectrometric analysis
The spectrometer is used to determine the presence and
concentration of different elements in the oil. These are
measured in ppm (parts per million). This is a very small unit
and 1 ppm = 1/10 000th of 1%. The measured elements are
usually divided into three broad categories: wear metals such
as iron, contaminants such as silicon and oil additives such as
calcium.
Another important function of oil analysis is to verify the oil
in use and this can be done by comparing the physical and
chemical characteristics of the in-service lubricant to those of
the unused product. The spectrometer is one of the laboratory
tests that can be used to verify the oil in use as it measures the
concentration of additives in the oil.
This is an important function in any application, but especially
in gas engines, as the formulation of a gas engine oil is a
delicate balancing act that hinges on ensuring that the correct
concentration of additives is present in the oil, while at the
same time limiting the resultant ash content of the oil.
Since every engine burns a small amount of lubricating oil,
and since many types of alkaline additives are ash-producing
when burnt, they contribute to the formation of ash deposits
in the combustion chamber. As natural gas engines can burn
large quantities of lubricating oil during operation, engine
manufacturers limit the amount of ash-producing additives in
the oil.
The ash is the portion of the lubricant that is left behind as
a deposit after complete burning of the oil during operation.
It is a whitish-grey deposit and comes from calcium and
magnesium containing detergent additives. The amount of
ash deposits that form in an engine is related to a lubricant’s
formulation and oil consumption of the engine.
Gas engines do not produce soot and there is no liquid fuel to
help lubricate the intake and exhaust valves. As a result of this,
gas engines are dependent on the lubricant ash to provide
lubrication between the hot valve face and its mating seat.
Too little ash can accelerate valve wear, while too much ash
may lead to valve guttering and subsequent valve torching.
Added to this, excessively high concentrations of certain zinc
or phosphorus containing anti-wear additives can also be
harmful to catalyst-equipped natural gas engines, as these
additives may deactivate the exhaust catalyst by forming
glassy-amorphous deposits which prevent the exhaust gas
from reaching the active surfaces of the catalyst, which in turn
impairs the catalyst’s ability to control harmful emissions.
Ensuring the correct oil in use can help minimise downtime as
a result of unscheduled maintenance and ultimately promote
optimal engine performance.
Unfortunately, the spectrometer can only measure very small
particles in the oil, usually less than eight microns in size. The
instrument cannot “see” larger particles that might indicate
that a severe wear situation is developing. It is for this reason
that the following two tests should also be performed as part
of a standard gas engine oil analysis programme.
PQ (Particle Quantifier)
The PQ index or ferrous debris monitor provides a measure
of the total ferrous content of the oil sample and from this
measurement, the total amount of ferrous (iron) debris can be
determined irrespective of the particles’ size.
Wear metal particles detected by spectroscopy are typically
less than eight microns in size. These small particles can be
generated by benign rubbing wear. Larger particles are
From left to right pictures of a good valve, a torched valve and a recessed valve courtesy of Infinium International Limited
5. 5
generated by more severe wear modes such as fatigue wear,
cutting wear and sliding wear. These larger ferrous particles
present in the used oil sample can be detected by using the
PQ method.
MPE(MicroscopicParticleExamination)
In terms of wear particles, their morphology and quantity
provide direct insight into overall engine health.
An MPE is performed by filtering the oil through a membrane
patch of a known micron rating and any debris present
is examined under a microscope. The membrane patch is
examined for wear, contamination and colour.
An MPE can provide clues to the source of the debris and
the potential severity of a problem that may be causing it.
The individual particles themselves are not categorised, but
instead observations are recorded for trending purposes using
a size and concentration reference matrix.
Detect contamination
The third major function of oil analysis is to monitor levels
of contamination. Contaminants can be classified as either
internal or external. Internal contaminants are generated
within the mechanical system, such as fuel dilution and by-
products of combustion, like soot, in the case of a diesel
engine. However, because gas engines tend to burn cleaner
than their diesel counterparts, they do not produce soot and
as the fuel used is gaseous in nature, fuel dilution is not a
concern.
External contaminants are substances that exist in the
environment but should not be in the oil. The most common
ones are dirt and water. Contaminants can be directly
damaging to the machinery being lubricated; dirt is abrasive
and can cause components to wear abnormally; and water
causes metals to rust. Contaminants can also cause the oil
to degrade which, in turn, may have an adverse effect on a
mechanical system.
Siloxanes
Silicon detected in the oil by the spectrometer can have
many sources – as a wear element, air-born dust, additive,
or silicone-based gasket compounds. However, in engines
running on biogas, the silicon detected in the oil could also be
a combustion by-product.
New and siloxane coated piston courtsey of Clark Energy
6. 6
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You might not have heard of siloxanes (silicone-containing
compounds), but there is no doubt that you have come across them
in your everyday life. They play an important behind-the-scenes
role in our daily lives; they wash our hands, brush our teeth, clean
our clothes and even print our newspapers.
Siloxanes are most widely used in the cosmetics industry but are
also used in the manufacturing of plastic products and even in
the food industry as an oil substitute to create low-kilojoule food
products for the diet-conscious.
When siloxane-containing products are disposed of into anaerobic
treatment systems, they volatilise into the biogas.
These siloxanes are found with the methane and carbon dioxide
produced from the decomposing organic matter in anaerobic
digesters and at landfill sites, and contaminate the gas which is used
to fuel engines for power generation.
Biogas and landfill gas can contain one or more species of siloxanes
depending on the organic feedstock used to produce the gas. When
these gases are burned as fuel in gas engines, deposits of solid
silica or silicates will adhere to the cylinder heads, pistons and heat
exchanger surfaces, causing a variety of problems.
These piston and cylinder head deposits are very abrasive, reduce
clearances between the piston ring and liner, and subsequently
alter the compression ratios, resulting in unburned fuel which can
cause damage in severe cases through back-firing, but generally
contaminates the exhaust gas and increases undesirable emissions
to the atmosphere.
Siloxane damage can be severe, causing unscheduled maintenance,
reduced generation capacity, increased operating costs and
ultimately engine failure. It is for this reason that many gas OEMs
recommend direct monitoring of silicon build-up in the engine oil.
Water
Water can exist in three phases in oil: dissolved, emulsified and free.
Different oils have different water-contamination handling abilities
depending on the base stock and additives used during formulation.
The amount of water an oil can carry in solution is known as the
saturation point. Once this point is reached, any additional water
added will form an emulsion or fall out of suspension as free water.
Water is one of the most destructive contaminants in a lubricant and
can cause a wide range of operational problems and significantly
affect engine reliability and longevity. It causes additive depletion,
base oil oxidation and impairs the oil’s film strength. Water
contamination also sharply increases the corrosive potential of
acids found in gas engine oils.
Water contamination of gas engine oils usually leads to the
formation of an emulsion, which reduces the overall usefulness
of the oil. Water leads to increased wear and ultimately reduced
engine life.
In the next instalment of this two-part Technical Bulletin, we will
be detailing which oil analysis techniques can be used to detect oil
degradation of gas engine oils.
Information correct at time of going to print. Sharon Fay Public Relations 04/2015