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Ch.16 russia and the caucasus
- 1. Next World Geography Chapter 16 Physical Geography The Big Idea Russia is big and cold with vast plains and forests; whereas the Caucasus countries are small, mountainous, and warmer. Main Ideas •The physical features of Russia and the Caucasus include plains, mountains, and rivers. •Climate and plant life change from north to south in Russia and vary in the Caucasus. •Russia and the Caucasus have a wealth of resources, but many are hard to access. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
- 2. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 1: The physical features of Russia and the Caucasus include plains, mountains, and rivers. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous • Continents of Europe and Asia meet at the Ural Mountains. • Russia is the world’s largest country. –Twice the size of the United States • South of Russia is a region known as the Caucasus. –Includes three smaller countries—Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan
- 3. World Geography Chapter 16 Landforms Russia’s capital, Moscow, is located in the Northern European Plain, which stretches across western, or European, Russia. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous
- 4. World Geography Chapter 16 Rivers • Volga River, in western Russia Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous –Longest river in Europe Lakes • Russia has some 200,000 lakes. • Lake Baikal, in south-central Siberia, is world’s deepest lake. – Deep enough to hold all the water in all five of the Great Lakes Bodies of Water
- 5. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 2: Climate and plant life change from north to south in Russia and vary in the Caucasus. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous • Russia has short summers and long, snowy winters due in part to its location along Arctic Circle. • Taiga, a vast forest of evergreen trees, covers about half of Russia.
- 6. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 3: Russia and the Caucasus have a wealth of resources, but many are hard to access. Natural Resources Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous • Fertile soil for farming in Northern European plain and steppe • Wood from taiga for building and paper products • Metals and precious gems Energy Resources • Main energy resources include coal, hydroelectricity, natural gas, and oil. • Russia and Azerbaijan have large oil and gas fields.
- 7. World Geography Chapter 16 History and Culture of Russia The Big Idea Strict rule, unrest, and ethnic diversity have shaped Russia’s history and culture. Main Ideas •The Russian Empire grew under powerful leaders, but unrest and war led to its end. •The Soviet Union emerged as a Communist superpower with rigid government control. •Russia’s history and diversity have influenced its culture. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous
- 8. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 1: The Russian Empire grew under powerful leaders, but unrest and war led to its end. • The Slavs settled in Eastern Europe • AD 800s—Viking, or Rus, traders from Scandinavia invaded the Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Slavs. –Shaped the first Russian state, Kievan Rus, centered around the city of Kiev
- 9. World Geography Chapter 16 Empire In the 1540s Ivan IV crowned himself czar, or emperor, and became known as Ivan the Terrible for his cruel leadership. Strong czars built Russia into a huge empire and world power. Russia remained largely a country of poor farmers, while the czars and nobles had most of the wealth. In the early 1900s Russians began demanding improvements and unrest grew. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous
- 10. World Geography Chapter 16 War and Revolution World War I Russian Revolution Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous •Russia entered World War I in 1914. – Suffered huge losses and severe food shortages •When the czar seemed to ignore the people’s hardship, they rose against him. •The czar was forced to give up his throne in 1917. • Later that year the Bolsheviks, a radical Russian Communist group, seized power in the Russian Revolution. • In 1922 the Bolsheviks formed a new country, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union.
- 11. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 2: The Soviet Union emerged as a Communist superpower with rigid government control. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Cold War and Collapse •During World War II the Soviet Union fought with the Allies. •Opposition between the Soviet Union and the United States led to the Cold War. •In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed and broke into 15 independent countries, including Russia. Soviet Union under Stalin •Soviet Union led by Lenin became a Communist country. •Joseph Stalin took power after Lenin’s death in 1924. •Stalin was a brutal and paranoid dictator and punished anyone who spoke out against the government.
- 12. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 3: Russia’s history and diversity have influenced its culture. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Arts and Sciences •Russia’s ballet companies are world famous. People and Religion •Population: more than 140 million •About 80 percent are ethnic Russians.
- 13. World Geography Chapter 16 Russia Today The Big Idea Russia is a federal republic with a growing market economy but faces tough challenges. Main Ideas •The Russian Federation is working to develop democracy and a market economy. •Russia’s physical geography, cities, and economy define its many culture regions. •Russia faces a number of serious challenges. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous
- 14. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 1: The Russian Federation is working to develop democracy and a market economy. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Economy •Russia is moving toward a market economy, based on free trade and competition. •The Russian government has greatly reduced its control of the economy. Government •Russian leaders have struggled to change from communism to democracy. •The Russian Federation is a federal republic, a system in which power is divided between national and local governments.
- 15. World Geography Chapter 16 City and Rural Life City Life Rural Life Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous • About 75 percent of all Russians live in cities. • Most live in small apartments in high-rise buildings. • About 25 percent of all Russians live in rural areas. • Many live in houses. • Many richer Russians own dachas, or Russian country houses.
- 16. World Geography Chapter 16 Siberia and the Russian Far East Siberia • Winters long and severe • Remote region with many valuable, but difficult to access, resources. • Main industries are lumber, mining, and oil production. • Jobs there pay high wages, but few people chose to live there. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Russian Far East • Long coastline region along the Pacific Ocean • Land is heavily forested
- 17. World Geography Chapter 16 The Caucasus The Big Idea In an area long ruled by outside groups, the Caucasus republics are struggling to strengthen their economies and to deal with ethnic unrest. Main Ideas •Many groups have ruled and influenced the Caucasus during its long history. •Today the Caucasus republics are working to improve their economies but struggle with ethnic unrest and conflict. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous
- 18. World Geography Chapter 16 Main Idea 1: Many groups have ruled and influenced the Caucasus during its long history. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous • After World War I Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia gained independence—but not for long. • Finally in 1991 the Caucasus republics achieved true independence when the Soviet Union fell.
- 19. World Geography Chapter 16 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Azerbaijan •Capital: Baku •About 90 percent are Azeri and most are Muslim. Caucasus Today Georgia •Capital: Tbilisi •About 70 percent are ethnic Georgians and most belong to Georgian Orthodox Church. Armenia •Capital: Yerevan •Almost all the people are ethnic Armenian and most people belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church.