The document provides an overview of the physical geography and human-environment interactions in the United States and Canada. It describes the countries' vast and varied landforms including coastal plains, mountains, interior lowlands, and western plateaus and basins. It also discusses the climate and vegetation zones as well as abundant natural resources. Finally, it outlines how human settlement, agriculture, urbanization, and transportation infrastructure have dramatically shaped the landscape over time.

1. Physical Geography of the United States and Canada:
A Land of Contrasts
North America’s vast and varied landscape and
abundant resources have attracted immigrants and
shaped the development of the United States and
Canada.
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2. SECTION 1 Landforms and Resources
SECTION 2 Climate and Vegetation
Physical Geography
Looking at the Earth
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SECTION 3 Human-Environment Interaction

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Section 1
Landforms and
Resources
• The United States and Canada have vast
lands and abundant resources.
• These two countries share many of the same
landforms.

4. Landscape Influenced Development
Anglo America
• U.S., Canada: former British colonies, most people
speak English
• Strong economic and political ties with one another
Landforms and Resources
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Continued . . .
Vast Lands
• Canada second largest country in the world by area;
U.S. third
• Together they cover one-eighth of the earth’s land
surface

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Abundant Resources
• Landmass and natural resources attract immigrants
to both countries
• U.S. and Canada have developed into global
economic powers
continued Landscape Influenced Development

6. Many and Varied Landforms
Major Landforms
• All major landforms are found in U.S. and Canada
• The two countries share mountain chains and
interior plains
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Continued . . .
The Eastern Lowlands
• Atlantic Coastal Plain extends from Delaware down
to Florida
• Gulf Coastal Plain goes from Florida, along Gulf of
Mexico, to Texas
• Piedmont—low plateau between coastal plains,
Appalachian Highlands

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The Appalachian Highlands
• Appalachian Mountains run 1,600 miles from
Newfoundland to Alabama
- include Green and Catskill mountains in the
north
- Blue Ridge and Great Smoky mountains in
the south
• More than 400 million years old
• Erosion has created gentle slopes, peaks from
1,200–2,400 feet
• The Appalachian Trail is a scenic hiking path along
the chain
continued Many and Varied Landforms
Continued . . .

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The Interior Lowlands
• Glaciers leveled the land, left fertile soil
• Interior Plains extend from Appalachians to
Missouri River
• Great Plains extend from Missouri River to
Rocky Mountains
• Canadian Shield—vast, flat area around Hudson
Bay
continued Many and Varied Landforms
Continued . . .

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The Western Mountains, Plateaus, and
Basins
• Rocky Mountains run 3,000 miles from Alaska to
New Mexico
• Relatively young: 80 million years old
• Less erosion means rugged, 12,000-foot, snow-
covered peaks
• Continental Divide—the line of highest points along
the Rockies
- separates rivers that flow eastward from those
that flow westward
continued Many and Varied Landforms
Continued . . .

10. The Western Mountains, Plateaus, and Basins
• Other Pacific mountain ranges: Sierra Nevada,
Cascade
• Continent’s highest peak: Mt. McKinley in Alaska
• Major earthquake activity in Pacific ranges
• Between ranges and Rockies: cliffs, canyons, basins
(low desert)
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continued Many and Varied Landforms
The Islands
• Canada’s large, northern islands: Ellesmere,
Victoria, Baffin
• U.S.: Aleutians (Alaska), Hawaiian (politically, not
geographically)

11. Resources Shape Ways of Life
Oceans and Waterways
• U.S. and Canada are bounded by:
- Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic oceans
- Gulf of Mexico
• Countries have many large, inland rivers and lakes
that provide:
- transportation, hydroelectric power, irrigation,
fresh water, fisheries
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Continued . . .

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Oceans and Waterways
• Great Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie,
and Superior
• Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio river system:
continent’s longest, busiest
• Mackenzie River: longest in Canada, crosses
Northwest Territories
continued Resources Shape Ways of Life
Continued . . .

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Land and Forests
• Fertile soil helps make North America world’s
leading food exporter
• Large forests yield lumber and other products
Minerals and Fossil Fuels
• Mineral quantity and variety make rapid
industrialization possible
- Canadian Shield: iron ore, nickel, copper,
gold, uranium
- Appalachians, Great Plains: coal
- Gulf of Mexico: oil, natural gas
• U.S.: biggest energy consumer; gets most of
Canada’s energy exports
continued Resources Shape Ways of Life

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Section 2
Climate and Vegetation
• Almost every type of climate is found in the
50 United States because they extend over
such a large area north to south.
• Canada’s cold climate is related to its
location in the far northern latitudes.

15. Shared Climates and Vegetation
U.S. and Canada Climates
• U.S. has more climate zones than Canada
• U.S.: moderate mid-latitudes, Canada: colder high
latitudes
Climate and Vegetation
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Continued . . .
Colder Climates
• Arctic coast is tundra: huge, treeless plain with long,
cold winters
- some permafrost—permanently frozen ground
• Rockies and Pacific ranges are highland: colder,
sparse vegetation
- affect weather in lower areas: block Arctic air, trap
Pacific moisture

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Moderate Climates
• North central, northeast U.S, southern Canada
are humid continental
- cold winters; warm summers; heavy agriculture
• Pacific coast has marine west coast climate
- warm summers; long, mild, rainy winters;
mixed vegetation
- climate affected by ocean currents, coastal
mountains, westerlies
- prevailing westerlies—middle-latitude winds
blowing west to east
continued Shared Climates and Vegetation

17. Differences in Climate and Vegetation
Milder Climates
• Much of U.S. located south of 40 degrees N latitude
- milder, dry, and tropical climates
• Southern states are humid subtropical
- hot summers; mild winters; long growing season
for variety of crops
• Central, southern California coasts have
Mediterranean climate
- dry, warm summers; mild, rainy winters; fruits,
vegetables grow well
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Continued . . .
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Dry Climates
• Great Plains, northern Great Basin semiarid: dry
with short grasses
• Southwest is hot, dry desert, including Mojave
and Sonoran deserts
continued Differences in Climate and Vegetation
Tropical Climates
• Hawaii is tropical wet: rain forests, temps around 70
degrees F
- Mount Waialeale on Kauai Island is one of the
wettest spots on earth
• South Florida is tropical wet and dry: warm with tall
grasses
- Everglades—swampland covering 4,000
square miles

19. Effects of Extreme Weather
Natural Hazards
• Warm Gulf air clashes with cold Canadian air over
the Great Plains
- creates thunderstorms, tornadoes, blizzards
• Hurricanes sweep the Gulf and Atlantic coasts in
summer and fall
• Heavy rains cause floods along big rivers like the
Mississippi
• Heat, lack of rain bring droughts, dust storms, forest
fires
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Section 3
Human-Environment
Interaction
• Humans have dramatically changed the
face of North America.
• European settlements in the United States
and Canada expanded from east to west.

21. Settlement and Agriculture Alter the Land
Settlement
• Before humans, land changed due to natural forces:
weather, erosion
• Human settlers adapted to, and changed, the
environment
• First North Americans were nomads, moving from
place to place
- migrated from Asia over Beringia, a land bridge
from Siberia to Alaska
- hunted, fished, and gathered plants; settled near
rivers and streams
Human-Environment Interaction
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Continued . . .

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Agriculture
• Agriculture replaced hunting and gathering
3,000 years ago
• Settlements became permanent
- cut down trees for houses, plow fields, dig
irrigation ditches
- plant corn, beans, squash
• Today U.S. and Canada are leading agriculture
exporters
continued Settlement and Agriculture Alter the Land

23. Building Cities
Where Cities Grow
• Water access a major factor in how towns begin,
develop
• Other factors: landscape, climate, weather, natural
resources
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Continued . . .
Montreal—Adapting to the Weather
• Canada’s second-largest city; major port located on
island in Quebec
- meeting of St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers make it
important trade site
• French build permanent settlement in 1642 at base
of Mount Royal
• Cold winters force people to stay inside and build
underground areas

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Los Angeles—Creating Urban Sprawl
• Mild climate and the ocean bring thousands to
area in early 1900s
- once-small Spanish settlement expanded into
valleys and foothills
• Becomes U.S.’s second-largest city in 1980s
- problems: air pollution, low water supply,
earthquake area
• Los Angeles has spread out over a large area
- city proper: 469 square miles; metropolitan
area: 4,060 square miles
continued Building Cities

25. Overcoming Distances
Trails and Inland Waterways
• First natives go east, south down Pacific coast;
some remain north
• Europeans colonize the east coast then go inland,
creating trails
- national and Wilderness roads, Oregon and Santa
Fe trails
- use Mississippi and Ohio rivers; build canals
- Erie Canal—first navigable water link between
Atlantic, Great Lakes
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Continued . . .

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Trails and Inland Waterways
• St. Lawrence Seaway—deepwater ship route
built by U.S. and Canada
• Connects Great Lakes to Atlantic by way of St.
Lawrence River
• Gated-off sections called locks raise and lower
the water and ships
• Large ocean vessels can get to industrial and
agricultural heartland
continued Overcoming Distances
Continued . . .

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Transcontinental Railroads
• Transcontinental—from the Atlantic Ocean to
the Pacific Ocean
• Builders of early-1800s railroads face many
natural barriers
- workers cut down forests, bridge streams,
tunnel through mountains
• First U.S. transcontinental railroad: 1860; first
Canadian: 1885
• Move goods, people; promote economic
development, national unity
• Today U.S. has world’s largest rail system;
Canada, third largest
continued Overcoming Distances
Continued . . .

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National Highway Systems
• Arrival of automobile spurs roadbuilding in early
20th
century
• Today U.S. has 4 million miles of roads, Canada
has 560,000 miles
• Large Canadian highways connect major southern
cities from east to west
- Trans-Canada Highway: 4,860 miles,
Newfoundland to British Columbia
• U.S. interstate highway system: 46,000-mile
network begun in 1950s
continued Overcoming Distances

29. NEXT
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