Three major groups - native peoples, French, and English - have shaped Canada into a diverse nation. The document is divided into three sections that describe Canada's history, economy/culture, and subregions. Section 1 discusses French and British colonization and the establishment of Canada as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. Section 2 outlines Canada's transition to a highly industrialized, service-based economy and its multicultural population. Section 3 divides Canada into four subregions - the Atlantic, Core, Prairie, and Pacific provinces - which differ in their landscapes, industries, and populations.

1. Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples,
the French, and the English—have melded into a
diverse and economically strong nation.
NEXT

2. SECTION 1 History and Government of Canada
SECTION 2 Economy and Culture of Canada
Human Geography of Canada
Developing a Vast Wilderness
SECTION 3 Subregions of Canada
NEXT

3. Section 1
History and
Government of Canada
• French and British settlement greatly
influenced Canada’s political development.
• Canada’s size and climate affected economic
growth and population distribution.
NEXT

4. The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Early Peoples
• After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge
from Asia
- ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos); North
American Indians to south
• Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland) about A.D.
1000; later abandon
SECTION
1 History and Government of
Canada
Continued . . .
NEXT

5. SECTION
1
continued The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Colonization by France and Britain
• French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–
1600s as “New France”
• British settlers colonize the Atlantic Coast
• Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to
both countries
• Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763);
French settlers stay
NEXT

6. Steps Toward Unity
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• In 1791 Britain creates two political units called
provinces
- Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking,
Protestant
- Lower Canada (Quebec): French-speaking,
Roman Catholic
• Rupert’s Land a northern area owned by fur-trading
company
• Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City,
Montreal, Toronto
- railways, canals are built as explorers seek
better fur-trading areas
SECTION
1
Continued . . .
NEXT

7. SECTION
1
Establishing the Dominion of Canada
• Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North
America Act
- creates Dominion of Canada as a loose
confederation (political union)
- Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
- self-governed part of British Empire
• Expansion includes:
- Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British Columbia,
Prince Edward Island
- later: Yukon Territory, Alberta, Saskatchewan
- Newfoundland in 1949
continued Steps Toward Unity
NEXT

8. Continental Expansion and Development
From the Atlantic to the Pacific
• In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from
Montreal to Vancouver
• European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings
fortune hunters
- copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns,
railroads
SECTION
1
Urban and Industrial Growth
• Farming gives way to urban industrialization,
manufacturing
- within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate,
land, transportation
• Canada becomes major economic power in 20th
century
NEXT

9. Governing Canada
The Parliamentary System
• In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British
monarch is symbolic head
• Parliamentary government:
- parliament—legislature combining legislative
and executive functions
- consists of an appointed Senate, elected
House of Commons
- prime minister, head of government, is
majority party leader
• All ten provinces have own legislature and premier
(prime minister)
- federal government administers the territories
SECTION
1
NEXT

10. Section 2
Economy and Culture
of Canada
• Canada is highly industrialized and
urbanized, with one of the world’s most
developed economies.
• Canadians are a diverse people.
NEXT

11. An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Early Fur Trade
• Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known
as the First Nations:
- begin trade with European fishermen along
Atlantic coast
• French and English trappers and traders expand
westward
• Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport
pelts to trading posts
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
Economy and Culture of
Canada
NEXT

12. SECTION
2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
Canada’s Primary Industries
• Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross
domestic product
- Canada is the world’s leading exporter of forest
products
• Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver are exported
• Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most of
catch is exported
Continued . . .
NEXT

13. SECTION
2
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Manufacturing Sector
• 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create
1/5 of GDP
- make cars, steel, appliances, equipment
(high-tech, mining)
- centered in heartland, from Quebec City,
Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario
Continued . . .
NEXT

14. SECTION
2
Service Industries Drive the Economy
• Most Canadians work in service industries, which
create 60% of GDP
- finance, utilities, trade, transportation,
communication, insurance
- land’s natural beauty makes tourism the fastest
growing service
• Heavy trade with U.S.: same language, open border
(world’s longest)
- 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico
- 85% of Canadian exports go to U.S.
- 75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S.
continued An Increasingly Diverse Economy
NEXT

15. A Land of Many Cultures
Languages and Religions
• Mixing of French and native peoples created métis
culture
• Bilingual: English is most common, except in
French-speaking Quebec
• English Protestants and French Catholics dominate,
but often clash
- increasing numbers of Muslims, Jews, other
groups
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
NEXT

16. SECTION
2
Canada’s Population
• Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto,
Vancouver) and farmlands
• Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land
(near U.S. border)
• Urbanization: in 1900 33% of people lived in cities,
today it’s 80%
• Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas
- 75% of French Canadians live in Quebec
- many native peoples live on reserves—public
land set aside for them
- most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north
- many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on
West Coast
continued A Land of Many Cultures
NEXT

17. Life in Canada Today
Employment and Education
• Relatively high standard of living, well-educated
population
• Labor force is 55% men, 45% women
- 75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing
• Oldest university, Laval, established in Quebec by
French
• English universities founded in Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick in 1780s
• Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
NEXT

18. SECTION
2
Sports and Recreation
• Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing,
golf, hunting
- Canada has own football league; other pro
teams play in U.S. leagues
- native peoples developed lacrosse, European
settlers developed hockey
• Annual festivals include Quebec Winter Carnival,
Calgary Stampede
continued Life in Canada Today
Continued . . .
NEXT

19. SECTION
2
The Arts
• Earliest literature from oral traditions of First
Nations peoples
• Later writings from settlers, missionaries, explorers
• Early visual arts seen in Inuit carving, West Coast
totem poles
• Early 1900s painting: unique style of Toronto’s
Group of Seven
• Shakespeare honored at Ontario’s world-famous
Stratford Festival
continued Life in Canada Today
NEXT

20. Section 3
Subregions of Canada
• Canada is divided into four subregions: the
Atlantic, Core, and Prairie Provinces, and the
Pacific Province and the Territories.
• Each subregion possesses unique natural
resources, landforms, economic activities,
and cultural life.
NEXT

21. The Atlantic Provinces
Harsh Lands and Small Populations
• Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces:
- Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Newfoundland
• Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to rugged
terrain, harsh weather
• Most people live in coastal cities such as:
- Halifax, Nova Scotia
- St. John, New Brunswick
• 85% of Nova Scotia is rocky hills, poor soil
• 90% of New Brunswick is forested
• Newfoundland has severe storms
SECTION
3 Subregions of Canada
Continued . . .
NEXT

22. SECTION
3
Economic Activities
• New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging (lumber,
wood pulp, paper)
• Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood
for export
• Nova Scotia: logging, fishing, shipbuilding, trade
through Halifax
• Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro-
electric power
- supplies power to Quebec, parts of northeastern
U.S.
continued The Atlantic Provinces
NEXT

23. The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
The Heartland of Canada
• Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de
Champlain built fort in 1608
• 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces
Ontario and Quebec
- Ontario has largest population; Quebec has
largest land area
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
NEXT

24. SECTION
3
continued The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
Canada’s Political and Economic Center
• Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital
• Quebec has great political importance in French-
Canadian life
• Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of minerals,
70% of manufacturing
• Toronto the largest city, finance hub; Montreal
second largest city
NEXT

25. The Prairie Provinces
Canada’s Breadbasket
• Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Alberta
• 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of
mineral output
- Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90%
of Canada’s natural gas
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
NEXT

26. SECTION
3
continued The Prairie Provinces
A Cultural Mix
• Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians,
Ukrainians, Poles
• Saskatchewan’s population includes Asian
immigrants, métis
• Alberta’s diversity includes Indian, Japanese,
Lebanese, Vietnamese
NEXT

27. The Pacific Province and the Territories
British Columbia
• British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly
in Rocky Mountains
- 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, snowfields,
glaciers
• Most people live in southwest; major cities are
Victoria, Vancouver
• Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric
power
- Vancouver is Canada’s largest port, has
prosperous shipping trade
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
NEXT

28. SECTION
3
continued The Pacific Province and the Territories
The Territories
• The three northern territories account for 41% of
Canada’s land
• Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe
climate
- Yukon has population of 30,000; mostly
wilderness
- Northwest Territories has population of 41,000;
extends into Arctic
- Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories
in 1999; home to Inuit
• Territories’ economies include mining, fishing, some
logging
NEXT

29. This is the end of the chapter presentation of
lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.

30. Print Slide Show
1. On the File menu, select Print
2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint
If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue
to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format
you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint
presentation
CONTINUE