Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of observations from a larger population to make inferences about that population. There are different types of sampling designs, including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Probability sampling aims to select a representative sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Nonprobability sampling relies on available subjects and does not aim for representativeness. The goal is to generalize findings from the sample to the larger population with an understanding of sampling error and confidence intervals.