Ch06
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The document discusses IP packet delivery and routing. It covers connection-oriented vs connectionless services, direct vs indirect delivery, static vs dynamic routing tables, and routing table structure. Examples are provided to illustrate how routing tables are constructed and how packets are routed based on destination addresses and routing table entries. Classless addressing is also introduced, which removes self-contained routing information from destination addresses.
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Output drops due to qo s on cisco 2960 3560 3750 switches
Output drops due to qo s on cisco 2960 3560 3750 switches
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Ch26
This document discusses using IP over ATM networks. It covers carrying IP datagrams in ATM cells, routing the cells through ATM networks, using ATMARP to map IP addresses to physical ATM addresses, and creating logical IP subnets (LIS) within ATM networks. Key points include fragmenting datagrams across multiple cells, using different protocol type field values to identify cell types, using entering and exiting routers to route cells, the ATMARP request/reply process to bind addresses, and dividing ATM networks into logical subnets each with their own ATMARP server.
Ch25
This document discusses the World Wide Web and its key components. It covers hypertext and hypermedia, browser architecture, static documents using HTML, dynamic documents using CGI, active documents using Java, and includes diagrams to illustrate these concepts. The chapter provides a high-level overview of the basic building blocks and technologies that make up the World Wide Web.
Ch24
HTTP uses TCP on port 80 to transmit request and response messages between clients and servers. Request messages use methods like GET and HEAD to request resources, and include a request line specifying the resource URL. Response messages return a status line indicating success or failure and can include header fields providing additional information. Examples demonstrate retrieving files, document information, and sending input data to the server using GET, HEAD, and POST methods respectively.
Ch23
The document discusses Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It describes SNMP's components including the Structure of Management Information (SMI) which defines naming rules and encoding of objects, and Management Information Bases (MIB) which define collections of objects and their relationships. It also discusses SNMP messages for reading and changing object values in SNMP packets, using UDP port 161 for communication.
Ch22
This document discusses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It covers topics such as user agents and addresses that send and receive email, commands and responses used to transfer messages between mail servers, and extensions like MIME that allow adding attachments and formatting. Diagrams show how email is transferred between user agents, mail transfer agents, and mail gateways in a store-and-forward fashion using SMTP.
Ch21
TFTP is a simple file transfer protocol that uses UDP on port 69 to transfer files. It uses RRQ and WRQ request messages to initiate read and write transfers, along with DATA and ACK messages to transfer file contents and acknowledge receipt. While simple, it provides limited security and is often used to transfer configuration or boot files due to its small code footprint.
Ch20
FTP uses TCP connections to transfer files between systems. It uses port 21 for the control connection to send commands and port 20 for the data connection to transfer files. FTP allows users to connect anonymously to access public files without needing a username and password.
Ch19
TELNET and Rlogin are general-purpose client-server application programs that allow for network virtual terminals and remote login. They negotiate options like character encoding and terminal type. TELNET uses escape characters and option negotiation for features like controlling servers and out-of-band signaling. Rlogin provides remote login capabilities over TCP port 513 and examples show how TELNET can be used for remote terminal sessions and logging into servers.
Ch17
This document discusses the BOOTP and DHCP protocols. It contains figures that illustrate the packet formats for BOOTP and DHCP as well as diagrams showing the operations and message exchanges of each protocol. Key aspects of BOOTP and DHCP such as client/server interactions and dynamic IP address allocation are examined.
Ch16
This document provides an overview of socket programming concepts including:
1) Definitions of sockets, byte ordering, address transformation, and functions for getting information about remote hosts.
2) Socket system calls for creating and managing sockets including connect, bind, listen, accept, send, receive and close.
3) Examples of connectionless and connection-oriented client-server programs using UDP and TCP including iterative and concurrent server models.
Ch14
This document discusses multicast routing protocols. It introduces concepts like multicast trees, reverse path forwarding, and describes several multicast routing protocols including DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM, and MBONE. DVMRP uses reverse path forwarding and pruning/grafting to efficiently route multicast traffic to multiple receivers. PIM comes in two variants - PIM-DM for dense networks and PIM-SM for sparser wide area networks. MBONE enables multicast routing over the Internet using logical tunneling between multicast routers.
Ch13
This document summarizes several routing protocols:
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), an interior gateway protocol that shares routing tables periodically and uses hop counts to determine best paths. It has issues with slow convergence and instability.
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), an IGP that uses link state routing to calculate shortest paths. Routers flood link state advertisements to maintain synchronized topological databases.
- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), an exterior gateway protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It uses path vector routing rather than link states.
Ch12
The document provides an overview of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It discusses TCP services like reliable in-order byte stream delivery and flow control using sliding windows. It also covers TCP features like error control using sequence numbers and acknowledgments, congestion control using timers and window sizing, segment formatting and options, checksum calculation, connection establishment and termination, and the TCP state machine.
Ch11
The document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a simple transport layer allowing processes to send messages called datagrams to other processes. UDP operates above IP and below transport protocols like TCP. It uses port numbers and IP addresses to deliver datagrams to the correct processes. UDP includes a checksum to detect errors but does not establish connections or guarantee delivery like TCP. The document provides examples of how UDP uses a control block table and queue numbers to deliver incoming datagrams to the proper processes.
Ch10
IGMP is a group management protocol that helps multicast routers create and update lists of members for each router interface. It uses query and report messages to manage multicast group membership. The IP protocol field value for an IGMP packet is 2. IGMP packets are encapsulated in IP packets and use class D mapping to Ethernet addresses for delivery within local networks.
Ch09
The document summarizes Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) which is used to report errors and provide diagnostic functions for IP. It describes various ICMP message types including error messages like destination unreachable and time exceeded to report packet delivery problems. It also covers query messages like echo request/reply for reachability testing, and timestamp and mask messages for functions like clock synchronization between hosts. Checksums are used to validate ICMP packets.
Ch08
This document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) including:
- IP uses datagrams to transmit data in packets across networks and handles fragmentation and reassembly.
- The IP header contains fields for version, header length, type of service, total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, time to live, protocol, header checksum, source address and destination address.
- IP supports options for functions like record route, strict/loose source routing, and timestamps.
- IP uses checksums to detect errors in packet transmission. The sender calculates the checksum over the packet and it is verified by the receiver.
Ch07
The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). It provides examples of how ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on local networks and how RARP is used for the opposite mapping. It also includes diagrams of ARP and RARP packets and operations. The examples show how ARP and RARP are used and how their data structures are updated as new address mappings are learned or cached entries time out.
Ch05
This document discusses subnetting, supernetting, and classless addressing. It provides examples of how to calculate subnet masks, subnet addresses, supernet masks, and address ranges for subnets and supernetworks. It also discusses variable length subnetting and classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) notation.
Ch04
This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing. It covers the different address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they divide up the IP address space, network addresses, subnet masks, and provides examples of converting between binary, decimal and hexadecimal notation. It also discusses concepts like broadcast addresses and private addressing blocks.
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Ch06
- 1. Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets
- 3. CONNECTION-ORIENTED VERSUS CONNECTIONLESS SERVICES 6.1
- 4. In a connection-oriented situation, the network layer protocol first makes a connection. In a connectionless situation, the network layer protocol treats each packet independently, with each packet having no relationship to any other packet.
- 5. DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT DELIVERY 6.2
- 6. Figure 6-1 Direct delivery
- 7. Figure 6-2 Indirect delivery
- 8. ROUTING METHODS 6.3
- 9. Figure 6-3 Next-hop routing
- 10. Figure 6-4 Network-specific routing
- 11. Figure 6-5 Host-specific routing
- 12. Figure 6-6 Default routing
- 13. STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC ROUTING 6.4
- 14. A static routing table contains information entered manually. A dynamic routing table is updated periodically using one of the dynamic routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, or BGP.
- 15. ROUTING TABLE AND ROUTING MODULE 6.5
- 16. Figure 6-7 Routing module and routing table
- 17. Figure 6-8 Routing Table Flags U The router is up and running. G The destination is in another network. H Host-specific address. D Added by redirection. M Modified by redirection.
- 18. Figure 6-9 Configuration for routing example
- 19. Mask Dest . Next Hop I. 255.0.0.0 111.0.0.0 -- m0 255.255.255.224 193.14.5.160 - m2 255.255.255.224 193.14.5.192 - m1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255.255.255.255 194.17.21.16 111.20.18.14 m0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255.255.255.0 192.16.7.0 111.15.17.32 m0 255.255.255.0 194.17.21.0 111.20.18.14 m0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 111.30.31.18 m0
- 20. Example 1 Router R1 receives 500 packets for destination 192.16.7.14; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match (with the value in the second column) is found:
- 21. Solution Direct delivery 192.16.7.14 & 255.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 no match 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224 192.16.7.0 no match 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224 192.16.7. no match Host-specific 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.255 192.16.7.14 no match Network-specific 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.0 192.16.7.0 match
- 22. Example 2 Router R1 receives 100 packets for destination 193.14.5.176; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match is found:
- 23. Solution Direct delivery 193.14.5.176 & 255.0.0.0 193.0.0.0 no match 193.14.5.176 & 255.255.255.224 193.14.5.160 match
- 24. Example 3 Router R1 receives 20 packets for destination 200.34.12.34; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match is found:
- 25. Solution Direct delivery 200.34.12.34 & 255.0.0.0 200.0.0.0 no match 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.224 200.34.12.32 no match 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.224 200.34.12.32 no match Host-specific 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.255 200.34.12.34 no match
- 26. Solution Network-specific 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.0 200.34.12.0 no match 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.0 200.34.12.0 no match Default 200.34.12.34 & 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0. match
- 27. Example 4 Make the routing table for router R1 in Figure 6.10
- 28. Example 4 Figure 6-10
- 29. Solution Mask Destination Next Hop I. 255.255.0.0 134.18.0.0 -- m0 255.255.0.0 129.8.0.0 222.13.16.40 m1 255.255.255.0 220.3.6.0 222.13.16.40 m1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 134.18.5.2 m0
- 30. Example 5 Make the routing table for router R1 in Figure 6.11
- 31. Example 5 Figure 6-11
- 32. Solution Mask Destination Next Hop I . 255.255.255.0 200.8.4.0 ---- m2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255.255.255.0 80.4.5.0 201.4.10.3 m1 or 200.8.4.12 or m2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 255.255.255.0 80.4.6.0 201.4.10.3 m1 or 200.4.8.12 or m2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 ???????????? m0
- 33. Example 6 Mask Destination Next Hop I. 255.255.0.0 110.70.0.0 - m0 255.255.0.0 180.14.0.0 - m2 255.255.0.0 190.17.0.0 - m1 255.255.0.0 130.4.0.0 190.17.6.5 m1 255.255.0.0 140.6.0.0 180.14.2.5 m2 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 110.70.4.6 m0 The routing table for router R1 is given below. Draw its topology
- 34. Example 6 (Solution) Figure 6-12
- 35. CLASSLESS ADDRESSING: CIDR 6.6
- 36. Routing Table Size Hierarchical Routing Geographical Routing Routing Table Search Algorithms ISSUES
- 37. In classful addressing, each address has self-contained information that facilitates routing table searching.
- 38. In classless addressing, there is no self-contained information in the destination address to facilitate routing table searching.