Ch18
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The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which provides a hierarchical namespace and mapping system to translate between domain names and IP addresses on the internet. It describes the domain name space, distribution of the name space using name servers and zones, and how DNS works through resolution of queries and responses using different record types. Examples are given of forward and inverse queries and responses to look up addresses and validate clients.
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Recommended
Chap 19
This document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps hostnames to IP addresses. It describes DNS name spaces, domains, and zones. DNS is used to resolve names to addresses and vice versa through recursive or iterative queries. DNS messages have a header and sections for questions, answers, authorities and additionals. Records contain names, types and classes. Compression reduces message size. Dynamic DNS (DDNS) updates DNS dynamically. Security issues led to DNSSEC which uses digital signatures to authenticate messages.
File Transfer Protocol
This document provides an overview of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) including how it works, the types of connections it uses, common FTP commands, and an example of downloading a file from an FTP server. FTP uses TCP connections on ports 20 and 21, with port 21 for control commands and port 20 for transferring files. Common commands include get to download files, put to upload, cd to change directories, and bye to log off. The example demonstrates connecting to an FTP server and navigating directories to download a specific file.
Ch06
The document discusses IP packet delivery and routing. It covers connection-oriented vs connectionless services, direct vs indirect delivery, static vs dynamic routing tables, and routing table structure. Examples are provided to illustrate how routing tables are constructed and how packets are routed based on destination addresses and routing table entries. Classless addressing is also introduced, which removes self-contained routing information from destination addresses.
How to configure Default Routing
This document describes configuring default routing on two routers, Router1 and Router2. On Router1, the default route is configured to point to the IP address 172.16.1.2 using the command "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.2". On Router2, the default route is configured to point to the IP address 172.16.1.1 using the command "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.1". The show ip route command confirms that on each router the gateway of last resort is set according to the configured default route.
Ch31
This document discusses IPv6 and ICMPv6, the next generation internet protocols. It covers IPv6 addressing formats, the IPv6 packet format including extension headers, the functions of ICMPv6 including error reporting and neighbor discovery, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including running both protocols simultaneously. The document includes over 50 figures illustrating aspects of IPv6 and ICMPv6.
Part 8 add,update,delete records using records operation buttons in vb.net
This document discusses code for adding, updating, and deleting records from a database using buttons in VB.NET. It provides code examples for an Add New button that adds a new record to a binding source, an Update button that validates changes and updates all records in a table adapter, and a Delete button that removes the current record and updates the table if confirmed by the user. It also notes that an event handler is needed when leaving a row to save new records added with the Add New button.
Ch15
This document discusses the client-server model and how it relates to concurrency and processes in computer networks. It begins by comparing the OSI and TCP/IP models, then defines the client-server model and shows examples of the client-server relationship. It next covers concurrency, describing different types of servers like connectionless iterative and connection-oriented concurrent servers. Finally, it discusses processes, showing how programs and processes relate, examples of getting process IDs, and how forking allows a program to create parent and child processes like in a server program.
Ch02
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and how each layer adds headers or trailers to data being exchanged. It then explains the four layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and how they map to the OSI layers. The document also covers addressing in TCP/IP, including physical, internet, and port addresses.
Recommended
Chap 19
This document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps hostnames to IP addresses. It describes DNS name spaces, domains, and zones. DNS is used to resolve names to addresses and vice versa through recursive or iterative queries. DNS messages have a header and sections for questions, answers, authorities and additionals. Records contain names, types and classes. Compression reduces message size. Dynamic DNS (DDNS) updates DNS dynamically. Security issues led to DNSSEC which uses digital signatures to authenticate messages.
File Transfer Protocol
This document provides an overview of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) including how it works, the types of connections it uses, common FTP commands, and an example of downloading a file from an FTP server. FTP uses TCP connections on ports 20 and 21, with port 21 for control commands and port 20 for transferring files. Common commands include get to download files, put to upload, cd to change directories, and bye to log off. The example demonstrates connecting to an FTP server and navigating directories to download a specific file.
Ch06
The document discusses IP packet delivery and routing. It covers connection-oriented vs connectionless services, direct vs indirect delivery, static vs dynamic routing tables, and routing table structure. Examples are provided to illustrate how routing tables are constructed and how packets are routed based on destination addresses and routing table entries. Classless addressing is also introduced, which removes self-contained routing information from destination addresses.
How to configure Default Routing
This document describes configuring default routing on two routers, Router1 and Router2. On Router1, the default route is configured to point to the IP address 172.16.1.2 using the command "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.2". On Router2, the default route is configured to point to the IP address 172.16.1.1 using the command "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.1". The show ip route command confirms that on each router the gateway of last resort is set according to the configured default route.
Ch31
This document discusses IPv6 and ICMPv6, the next generation internet protocols. It covers IPv6 addressing formats, the IPv6 packet format including extension headers, the functions of ICMPv6 including error reporting and neighbor discovery, and strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 including running both protocols simultaneously. The document includes over 50 figures illustrating aspects of IPv6 and ICMPv6.
Part 8 add,update,delete records using records operation buttons in vb.net
This document discusses code for adding, updating, and deleting records from a database using buttons in VB.NET. It provides code examples for an Add New button that adds a new record to a binding source, an Update button that validates changes and updates all records in a table adapter, and a Delete button that removes the current record and updates the table if confirmed by the user. It also notes that an event handler is needed when leaving a row to save new records added with the Add New button.
Ch15
This document discusses the client-server model and how it relates to concurrency and processes in computer networks. It begins by comparing the OSI and TCP/IP models, then defines the client-server model and shows examples of the client-server relationship. It next covers concurrency, describing different types of servers like connectionless iterative and connection-oriented concurrent servers. Finally, it discusses processes, showing how programs and processes relate, examples of getting process IDs, and how forking allows a program to create parent and child processes like in a server program.
Ch02
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and how each layer adds headers or trailers to data being exchanged. It then explains the four layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and how they map to the OSI layers. The document also covers addressing in TCP/IP, including physical, internet, and port addresses.
Chapter 06 - Static Routing
Chapter 6: Objectives
-----------------------------------------------
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Ch29
This document discusses various aspects of internet security including privacy, digital signatures, security at different layers of the internet protocol stack, and firewalls. It covers symmetric and public key encryption methods for privacy, how digital signatures can provide authentication without privacy, and security protocols at the application layer like PGP and the transport layer like TLS. It also discusses security at the network/IP layer using IPsec and types of firewalls like packet-filter and proxy firewalls that operate at different layers.
Ch27
Mobile IP allows mobile hosts to move between networks while maintaining the same home IP address. It uses two IP addresses for each mobile host - a permanent home address and a care-of address that changes as the host moves. The three phases of Mobile IP are agent discovery, registration, and data transfer. During registration, the mobile host registers its current care-of address with its home agent so that data packets can be tunneled or redirected to the mobile host's current location. However, Mobile IP introduces some inefficiency in routing packets to mobile hosts.
Ch28
This document discusses real-time multimedia traffic over the internet. It provides examples of real-time traffic like a video conference versus non-real-time traffic like downloading a pre-recorded video. It describes the key characteristics of real-time traffic, including jitter caused by packet delay and the need for timestamps and playback buffers to prevent jitter. It also discusses how protocols like RTP and RTCP are used to transport real-time multimedia traffic over UDP to make up for UDP's deficiencies for real-time applications.
Ch30
This document discusses private networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), and network address translation (NAT). It includes sections on private networks, VPNs with figures illustrating a private network, hybrid network, VPN tunneling and addressing. NAT is also covered with figures showing how NAT works by translating IP addresses.
Multi Static Routng & Default Routing
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
Chapter 06 - Routing
The document discusses routing and routing protocols. It defines routing as the process routers use to forward packets toward their destination network based on the destination IP address. It describes static routing, where network administrators manually configure routes, as well as dynamic routing protocols, where routers automatically share information to build and update routing tables. It outlines common routing protocols including RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP and their key characteristics such as the metrics and timers they use.
Routing and OSPF
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that is more scalable than RIP. It builds a complete "map" of the network to avoid routing loops.
- OSPF uses link-state advertisements and flooding to exchange routing information between routers. It elects a designated router and backup designated router to optimize this exchange.
- Routers using OSPF establish neighbor relationships, synchronize their link-state databases, and calculate the shortest path to all known destinations using an algorithm on the link-state database.
Routers and Routing Configuration
Router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Cisco is the leading router manufacturer, making 70% of the market. Routers come in different sizes for different uses - access routers for small networks, distribution routers for ISPs, and core routers for backbone networks. Static routing requires manually configuring routes, while dynamic routing uses protocols to share route information between routers automatically.
CCNA Routing Protocols
The document discusses routing protocols and summarizes:
- It differentiates between nonroutable, routed, and routing protocols and describes common examples like NetBEUI and TCP/IP.
- It explains interior and exterior gateway protocols and the two types of interior gateway protocols: distance-vector and link-state routing protocols.
- It provides details on RIP, a common distance-vector protocol, including how to enable and configure it.
DomainNamingServer and its objectives.ppt
it comes under computer networks and distributed system.it explains how a domain name is converted to a ip address and how to tackle when using distributed system .
DNS_CN_CN_____________________-_____.ppt
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it maps host names to IP addresses. DNS uses a hierarchical naming system to organize hosts into domains. It allows hosts to be identified with easy to remember names instead of numeric IP addresses. DNS works by having clients and servers that can query each other to lookup name to address mappings in a distributed manner. When a host needs to resolve a name, its resolver will first query a local DNS server, which may then need to query other name servers in the DNS hierarchy until the mapping is found and returned.
Chap 17 dns
This document summarizes Chapter 17 of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, which discusses the Domain Name System (DNS). The key points covered include:
- The hierarchical structure of domain names and organization of the DNS name space.
- How name resolution works to map names to IP addresses and vice versa through DNS servers and records.
- Common record types like A, PTR, MX and NS records.
- The top-level domains like .com, .edu and country codes as well as the root servers.
- DNS query and response message formats.
- Examples of typical DNS queries and responses.
DNS : The internet’s directory service
This document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works. It addresses:
- DNS translates hostnames to IP addresses so routers can deliver Internet traffic. It uses a distributed database across hierarchical DNS servers.
- Clients query local DNS servers to lookup hostnames. The DNS server may cache responses to improve performance.
- DNS has a tree structure with root servers at the top level, and authoritative name servers for each domain. Resource records contain name, type, value and time-to-live to map hostnames to IP addresses.
Dns detail understanding
The document discusses the application layer in computer networks. It covers several topics including DNS, which is a distributed database that maps hostnames to IP addresses. DNS uses a hierarchical structure with root servers, top-level domain servers, and authoritative servers. It also discusses peer-to-peer file sharing applications like BitTorrent, which divide files into chunks that peers can download and upload from each other in parallel to distribute files more efficiently than a traditional client-server model. The document provides details on how BitTorrent uses a tracker and incentives like "tit-for-tat" to encourage cooperation between peers.
3 dns.pptx
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which assigns meaningful names like springer.com to IP addresses and maps domain names to machines. DNS provides services like host and mail server aliasing and load distribution. It describes DNS components like domains, name servers, caches and zones. DNS uses a hierarchical name space structure and domain names are composed of labels separated by dots. Name resolution can be done recursively or iteratively by mapping names to addresses and vice versa. DNS messages have a specific format with fields for identification, flags, and number of question, answer, authority and additional records.
3. reverse primarydns using bind for ptr and cname record ipv6
This document describes how to configure a primary DNS server on Linux using BIND to serve PTR records for reverse DNS lookups of IPv6 addresses. It involves installing BIND, configuring named.conf to define zones for IPv6 address blocks, creating zone files with PTR records, and testing lookups. Key steps include defining options and zones in named.conf, copying an existing zone file and modifying it to include PTR records that map IPv6 addresses to domain names, and restarting BIND. This allows the server to resolve IPv6 addresses to names and function as the primary DNS server for its defined zones.
c5c1db8d-8375-4f17-bf6a-56ea5342e58d.pptx
DNS maps host names to IP addresses in a hierarchical distributed system. It uses a client-server model where DNS clients query DNS servers to map names to addresses. DNS servers are authoritative for different zones of the domain name space, which is divided hierarchically into domains. DNS servers can provide recursive or iterative resolution of queries. Responses contain the requested mapping along with additional caching and timing information.
Chap-07 ARP and RARP.pdf
This document discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). ARP maps logical IP addresses to physical hardware addresses, allowing communication on a local area network. RARP performs the inverse mapping of physical to logical addresses. The document covers the need for and use cases of ARP and RARP, their packet formats, encapsulation, and key components like caches, queues and servers that perform the address mappings.
Unit_3_TCP_UDP.ppt
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery using protocols like UDP and TCP. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not provide reliability, while TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented stream delivery using mechanisms like sequencing, acknowledgments, flow control and error control. TCP establishes connections using a three-way handshake and closes connections through a four-step termination process.
06 coms 525 tcpip - dhcp and dns
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed database that maps domain names to IP addresses. It uses a client-server model where clients submit queries and servers respond authoritatively. DNS provides mapping from human-readable domain names to numerical IP addresses to make the internet easier to use. It is a critical service that enables users to access internet resources by name.
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Chapter 06 - Static Routing
Chapter 6: Objectives
-----------------------------------------------
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Ch29
This document discusses various aspects of internet security including privacy, digital signatures, security at different layers of the internet protocol stack, and firewalls. It covers symmetric and public key encryption methods for privacy, how digital signatures can provide authentication without privacy, and security protocols at the application layer like PGP and the transport layer like TLS. It also discusses security at the network/IP layer using IPsec and types of firewalls like packet-filter and proxy firewalls that operate at different layers.
Ch27
Mobile IP allows mobile hosts to move between networks while maintaining the same home IP address. It uses two IP addresses for each mobile host - a permanent home address and a care-of address that changes as the host moves. The three phases of Mobile IP are agent discovery, registration, and data transfer. During registration, the mobile host registers its current care-of address with its home agent so that data packets can be tunneled or redirected to the mobile host's current location. However, Mobile IP introduces some inefficiency in routing packets to mobile hosts.
Ch28
This document discusses real-time multimedia traffic over the internet. It provides examples of real-time traffic like a video conference versus non-real-time traffic like downloading a pre-recorded video. It describes the key characteristics of real-time traffic, including jitter caused by packet delay and the need for timestamps and playback buffers to prevent jitter. It also discusses how protocols like RTP and RTCP are used to transport real-time multimedia traffic over UDP to make up for UDP's deficiencies for real-time applications.
Ch30
This document discusses private networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), and network address translation (NAT). It includes sections on private networks, VPNs with figures illustrating a private network, hybrid network, VPN tunneling and addressing. NAT is also covered with figures showing how NAT works by translating IP addresses.
Multi Static Routng & Default Routing
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
Chapter 06 - Routing
The document discusses routing and routing protocols. It defines routing as the process routers use to forward packets toward their destination network based on the destination IP address. It describes static routing, where network administrators manually configure routes, as well as dynamic routing protocols, where routers automatically share information to build and update routing tables. It outlines common routing protocols including RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP and their key characteristics such as the metrics and timers they use.
Routing and OSPF
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that is more scalable than RIP. It builds a complete "map" of the network to avoid routing loops.
- OSPF uses link-state advertisements and flooding to exchange routing information between routers. It elects a designated router and backup designated router to optimize this exchange.
- Routers using OSPF establish neighbor relationships, synchronize their link-state databases, and calculate the shortest path to all known destinations using an algorithm on the link-state database.
Routers and Routing Configuration
Router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Cisco is the leading router manufacturer, making 70% of the market. Routers come in different sizes for different uses - access routers for small networks, distribution routers for ISPs, and core routers for backbone networks. Static routing requires manually configuring routes, while dynamic routing uses protocols to share route information between routers automatically.
CCNA Routing Protocols
The document discusses routing protocols and summarizes:
- It differentiates between nonroutable, routed, and routing protocols and describes common examples like NetBEUI and TCP/IP.
- It explains interior and exterior gateway protocols and the two types of interior gateway protocols: distance-vector and link-state routing protocols.
- It provides details on RIP, a common distance-vector protocol, including how to enable and configure it.
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Similar to Ch18
DomainNamingServer and its objectives.ppt
it comes under computer networks and distributed system.it explains how a domain name is converted to a ip address and how to tackle when using distributed system .
DNS_CN_CN_____________________-_____.ppt
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it maps host names to IP addresses. DNS uses a hierarchical naming system to organize hosts into domains. It allows hosts to be identified with easy to remember names instead of numeric IP addresses. DNS works by having clients and servers that can query each other to lookup name to address mappings in a distributed manner. When a host needs to resolve a name, its resolver will first query a local DNS server, which may then need to query other name servers in the DNS hierarchy until the mapping is found and returned.
Chap 17 dns
This document summarizes Chapter 17 of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, which discusses the Domain Name System (DNS). The key points covered include:
- The hierarchical structure of domain names and organization of the DNS name space.
- How name resolution works to map names to IP addresses and vice versa through DNS servers and records.
- Common record types like A, PTR, MX and NS records.
- The top-level domains like .com, .edu and country codes as well as the root servers.
- DNS query and response message formats.
- Examples of typical DNS queries and responses.
DNS : The internet’s directory service
This document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works. It addresses:
- DNS translates hostnames to IP addresses so routers can deliver Internet traffic. It uses a distributed database across hierarchical DNS servers.
- Clients query local DNS servers to lookup hostnames. The DNS server may cache responses to improve performance.
- DNS has a tree structure with root servers at the top level, and authoritative name servers for each domain. Resource records contain name, type, value and time-to-live to map hostnames to IP addresses.
Dns detail understanding
The document discusses the application layer in computer networks. It covers several topics including DNS, which is a distributed database that maps hostnames to IP addresses. DNS uses a hierarchical structure with root servers, top-level domain servers, and authoritative servers. It also discusses peer-to-peer file sharing applications like BitTorrent, which divide files into chunks that peers can download and upload from each other in parallel to distribute files more efficiently than a traditional client-server model. The document provides details on how BitTorrent uses a tracker and incentives like "tit-for-tat" to encourage cooperation between peers.
3 dns.pptx
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which assigns meaningful names like springer.com to IP addresses and maps domain names to machines. DNS provides services like host and mail server aliasing and load distribution. It describes DNS components like domains, name servers, caches and zones. DNS uses a hierarchical name space structure and domain names are composed of labels separated by dots. Name resolution can be done recursively or iteratively by mapping names to addresses and vice versa. DNS messages have a specific format with fields for identification, flags, and number of question, answer, authority and additional records.
3. reverse primarydns using bind for ptr and cname record ipv6
This document describes how to configure a primary DNS server on Linux using BIND to serve PTR records for reverse DNS lookups of IPv6 addresses. It involves installing BIND, configuring named.conf to define zones for IPv6 address blocks, creating zone files with PTR records, and testing lookups. Key steps include defining options and zones in named.conf, copying an existing zone file and modifying it to include PTR records that map IPv6 addresses to domain names, and restarting BIND. This allows the server to resolve IPv6 addresses to names and function as the primary DNS server for its defined zones.
c5c1db8d-8375-4f17-bf6a-56ea5342e58d.pptx
DNS maps host names to IP addresses in a hierarchical distributed system. It uses a client-server model where DNS clients query DNS servers to map names to addresses. DNS servers are authoritative for different zones of the domain name space, which is divided hierarchically into domains. DNS servers can provide recursive or iterative resolution of queries. Responses contain the requested mapping along with additional caching and timing information.
Chap-07 ARP and RARP.pdf
This document discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). ARP maps logical IP addresses to physical hardware addresses, allowing communication on a local area network. RARP performs the inverse mapping of physical to logical addresses. The document covers the need for and use cases of ARP and RARP, their packet formats, encapsulation, and key components like caches, queues and servers that perform the address mappings.
Unit_3_TCP_UDP.ppt
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery using protocols like UDP and TCP. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not provide reliability, while TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented stream delivery using mechanisms like sequencing, acknowledgments, flow control and error control. TCP establishes connections using a three-way handshake and closes connections through a four-step termination process.
06 coms 525 tcpip - dhcp and dns
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed database that maps domain names to IP addresses. It uses a client-server model where clients submit queries and servers respond authoritatively. DNS provides mapping from human-readable domain names to numerical IP addresses to make the internet easier to use. It is a critical service that enables users to access internet resources by name.
Lecture 23 DHCP and NAT.pptx
Host devices use either DHCP or static configuration to obtain an IP address from the network portion that is managed by the network administrator. Networks obtain IP address space from their upstream Internet Service Provider (ISP), which in turn receives IP address blocks from regional registries managed by ICANN. Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address, enabling networks with private addressing schemes to connect to the public Internet. NAT operates by rewriting source addresses and ports of outgoing packets and reversing translations for incoming packets matching entries in its mapping table.
Meeting 7 : host configuration: dhcp
Each computer needs an IP address and other configuration information to use TCP/IP. In the past, protocols like BOOTP were used for host configuration but DHCP is now the standard. DHCP allows clients to request and lease IP addresses and other configuration from a DHCP server either on the same network or different networks. The DHCP client goes through various states as it contacts the DHCP server to obtain a leased address using UDP on well-known ports.
Ch 12
The document discusses point-to-point protocol (PPP) which establishes connections over telephone lines and digital subscriber lines. PPP uses a link control protocol (LCP) to establish, configure, and test the data link connection. LCP packets include configure-request, configure-ack and configure-nak. Authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP are used for authentication, and network control protocols like IPCP are used to configure network layer options.
DNS server packet tracer
The document describes how to configure a DNS server in Packet Tracer. It involves setting static IP addresses on PCs and a server, configuring the DNS server address for each device, enabling and configuring the DNS service on the server to map host names to IP addresses, and testing domain name resolution by pinging hosts by name.
DNS - Domain Name System
Overview of the Domain Name System (DNS).
In the early days of the Internet, hosts had a fixed IP address.
Reaching a host required to know its numeric IP address.
With the growing number of hosts this scheme became quickly awkward and difficult to use.
DNS was introduced to give hosts human readable names that would be translated into a numeric IP addresses on the fly when a requesting host tried to reach another host.
To facilitate a distributed administration of the domain names, a hierarchic scheme was introduced where responsibility to manage domain names is delegated to organizations which can further delegate management of sub-domains.
Due to its importance in the operation of the Internet, domain name servers are usually operated redundantly. The databases of both servers are periodically synchronized.
Ch 25
The document discusses the domain name system (DNS) which provides a hierarchical and distributed naming system that translates human-friendly domain names to IP addresses. DNS uses a system of name servers that are organized into zones to distribute the mapping of domain names to IP addresses globally. Resolvers use recursive or iterative resolution processes to map names to addresses by querying name servers in the DNS hierarchy.
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The document provides an overview of networking basics in Java, including concepts like sockets, client-server communication, TCP and UDP protocols, HTTP protocol, domain name service (DNS), and classes used for networking in Java like InetAddress, Socket, ServerSocket, and URL. Key topics covered include how sockets work, the differences between TCP and UDP, how HTTP requests and responses are handled, and how DNS is used to map domain names to IP addresses. Example code is provided to demonstrate using InetAddress and Sockets in Java programs.
DNS.ppt
The document discusses the domain name system (DNS) which provides a hierarchical and distributed naming system that maps human-friendly domain names to computer-friendly IP addresses. It describes how DNS establishes a hierarchical domain name space structured as an inverted tree with 128 possible levels. The domain name space is distributed across multiple name servers to improve efficiency and reliability. DNS operates on the Internet using generic, country-specific, and inverse domains, and supports name to address and address to name resolution through query and response messages handled by a DNS server.
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3. reverse primarydns using bind for ptr and cname record ipv6
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Ch22
This document discusses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It covers topics such as user agents and addresses that send and receive email, commands and responses used to transfer messages between mail servers, and extensions like MIME that allow adding attachments and formatting. Diagrams show how email is transferred between user agents, mail transfer agents, and mail gateways in a store-and-forward fashion using SMTP.
Ch21
TFTP is a simple file transfer protocol that uses UDP on port 69 to transfer files. It uses RRQ and WRQ request messages to initiate read and write transfers, along with DATA and ACK messages to transfer file contents and acknowledge receipt. While simple, it provides limited security and is often used to transfer configuration or boot files due to its small code footprint.
Ch20
FTP uses TCP connections to transfer files between systems. It uses port 21 for the control connection to send commands and port 20 for the data connection to transfer files. FTP allows users to connect anonymously to access public files without needing a username and password.
Ch19
TELNET and Rlogin are general-purpose client-server application programs that allow for network virtual terminals and remote login. They negotiate options like character encoding and terminal type. TELNET uses escape characters and option negotiation for features like controlling servers and out-of-band signaling. Rlogin provides remote login capabilities over TCP port 513 and examples show how TELNET can be used for remote terminal sessions and logging into servers.
Ch17
This document discusses the BOOTP and DHCP protocols. It contains figures that illustrate the packet formats for BOOTP and DHCP as well as diagrams showing the operations and message exchanges of each protocol. Key aspects of BOOTP and DHCP such as client/server interactions and dynamic IP address allocation are examined.
Ch16
This document provides an overview of socket programming concepts including:
1) Definitions of sockets, byte ordering, address transformation, and functions for getting information about remote hosts.
2) Socket system calls for creating and managing sockets including connect, bind, listen, accept, send, receive and close.
3) Examples of connectionless and connection-oriented client-server programs using UDP and TCP including iterative and concurrent server models.
Ch14
This document discusses multicast routing protocols. It introduces concepts like multicast trees, reverse path forwarding, and describes several multicast routing protocols including DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM, and MBONE. DVMRP uses reverse path forwarding and pruning/grafting to efficiently route multicast traffic to multiple receivers. PIM comes in two variants - PIM-DM for dense networks and PIM-SM for sparser wide area networks. MBONE enables multicast routing over the Internet using logical tunneling between multicast routers.
Ch13
This document summarizes several routing protocols:
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), an interior gateway protocol that shares routing tables periodically and uses hop counts to determine best paths. It has issues with slow convergence and instability.
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), an IGP that uses link state routing to calculate shortest paths. Routers flood link state advertisements to maintain synchronized topological databases.
- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), an exterior gateway protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It uses path vector routing rather than link states.
Ch12
The document provides an overview of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It discusses TCP services like reliable in-order byte stream delivery and flow control using sliding windows. It also covers TCP features like error control using sequence numbers and acknowledgments, congestion control using timers and window sizing, segment formatting and options, checksum calculation, connection establishment and termination, and the TCP state machine.
Ch11
The document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a simple transport layer allowing processes to send messages called datagrams to other processes. UDP operates above IP and below transport protocols like TCP. It uses port numbers and IP addresses to deliver datagrams to the correct processes. UDP includes a checksum to detect errors but does not establish connections or guarantee delivery like TCP. The document provides examples of how UDP uses a control block table and queue numbers to deliver incoming datagrams to the proper processes.
Ch10
IGMP is a group management protocol that helps multicast routers create and update lists of members for each router interface. It uses query and report messages to manage multicast group membership. The IP protocol field value for an IGMP packet is 2. IGMP packets are encapsulated in IP packets and use class D mapping to Ethernet addresses for delivery within local networks.
Ch09
The document summarizes Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) which is used to report errors and provide diagnostic functions for IP. It describes various ICMP message types including error messages like destination unreachable and time exceeded to report packet delivery problems. It also covers query messages like echo request/reply for reachability testing, and timestamp and mask messages for functions like clock synchronization between hosts. Checksums are used to validate ICMP packets.
Ch08
This document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) including:
- IP uses datagrams to transmit data in packets across networks and handles fragmentation and reassembly.
- The IP header contains fields for version, header length, type of service, total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, time to live, protocol, header checksum, source address and destination address.
- IP supports options for functions like record route, strict/loose source routing, and timestamps.
- IP uses checksums to detect errors in packet transmission. The sender calculates the checksum over the packet and it is verified by the receiver.
Ch07
The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). It provides examples of how ARP is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on local networks and how RARP is used for the opposite mapping. It also includes diagrams of ARP and RARP packets and operations. The examples show how ARP and RARP are used and how their data structures are updated as new address mappings are learned or cached entries time out.
Ch05
This document discusses subnetting, supernetting, and classless addressing. It provides examples of how to calculate subnet masks, subnet addresses, supernet masks, and address ranges for subnets and supernetworks. It also discusses variable length subnetting and classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) notation.
Ch04
This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing. It covers the different address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they divide up the IP address space, network addresses, subnet masks, and provides examples of converting between binary, decimal and hexadecimal notation. It also discusses concepts like broadcast addresses and private addressing blocks.
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Ch18
- 1. Chapter 18 Domain Name System (DNS)
- 4. DOMAIN NAME SPACE 18.2
- 5. Figure 18-1 Domain name space
- 6. Figure 18-2 Domain names and labels
- 7. Figure 18-3 FQDN and PQDN
- 8. Figure 18-4 Domains
- 9. DISTRIBUTION OF NAME SPACE 18.3
- 10. Figure 18-5 Hierarchy of name servers
- 11. Figure 18-6 Zones and domains
- 12. A primary server loads all information from the disk file; the secondary server loads all information from the the primary server. When the primary downloads information from the secondary, it is called zone transfer.
- 13. DNS IN THE INTERNET 18.4
- 14. Figure 18-7 DNS in the Internet
- 15. Figure 18-8 Generic domains
- 16. Figure 18-9 Country domains
- 17. Figure 18-10 Inverse domain
- 18. RESOLUTION 18.5
- 19. Figure 18-11 Recursive resolution
- 20. Figure 18-12 Iterative resolution
- 22. Figure 18-13 DNS messages
- 23. Figure 18-14 Query and response messages
- 24. Figure 18-15 Header format
- 25. Figure 18-16 QR: Query/Response OpCode: 0 standard, 1 inverse, 2 server status AA: Authoritative TC: Truncated RD: Recursion Desired RA: Recursion Available rCode: Status of the error Flags fields
- 26. TYPES OF RECORDS 18.7
- 27. Figure 18-17 Question record format
- 28. Figure 18-18 admin.atc.fhda.edu. Query name format
- 29. Figure 18-19 Resource record format
- 30. COMPRESSION 18.8
- 31. Figure 18-20 Format of an offset pointer
- 32. EXAMPLES 18.9
- 33. Example 1 A resolver sends a query message to a local server to find the IP address for the host “ chal.fhda.edu . ” . We discuss the query and response messages separately.
- 34. Figure 18-21 Example of a query message
- 35. Figure 18-22 Example of a response message
- 36. Example 2 An FTP server has received a packet from an FTP client with IP address 153.2.7.9. The FTP server wants to verify that the FTP client is an authorized client.
- 37. Figure 18-23 Example of inverse query message
- 38. Figure 18-24 Example of inverse response message
- 39. DDNS 18.10
- 41. DNS can use the services of UDP or TCP using the well-known port 53.