The document discusses various political ideologies and their relevance to leisure, sport, and tourism. It defines key ideologies like conservatism, liberalism, Marxism, democratic socialism, feminism, environmentalism, and anti-globalization. For each ideology, it outlines their origins, principles, relevant political parties, and implications for approaches to leisure, sport, and tourism policy and planning. The document aims to provide an overview of the relationship between politics and the leisure, sport, and tourism sectors.
This chapter discusses policy and planning in particular sectors of leisure, sport and tourism. It summarizes the scope, rationales, goals, measurement, institutions and planning approaches for several key sectors: sport and physical recreation; arts, culture and entertainment; outdoor recreation in natural areas; urban outdoor recreation; and tourism. For each sector, it outlines the typical goals and rationales for public policy involvement, how participation is measured, examples of relevant institutions, and common planning approaches that have been applied. The chapter provides a framework for understanding and comparing the different sectors.
Group work evolved from informal community organizations in the late 19th/early 20th century United States in response to industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. It was used by settlement houses, youth organizations, unions and others to help communities adapt. In the 1920s, thinkers recognized its potential and it became a recognized method. After World War II, literature and theories on group work increased and it professionalized although its popularity declined in the 1960s. It reemerged in the 1970s and continues globally with adaptations to different contexts.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a key figure of the Indian Renaissance in the early 19th century. He was influenced by Western liberalism and ideas of religious tolerance. Some of his major contributions include:
1) He advocated for religious freedom and the right to freedom of conscience, believing that all religions teach the same fundamental principles and that humans have a right to reason and assess religious truths independently.
2) He founded socio-religious reformist organizations like the Brahmo Sabha to promote rational inquiry of religious texts and reject practices like sati that he saw as superstitious or inhumane.
3) Roy was a pioneer of women's rights in India, publishing works criticizing gender inequalities
Gilles Campagnolo: Liberalism and Chinese Economic Development
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
Populism and Nationalism from an Eastern European Perspective Antal Attila
In Eastern Europe the successful populist parties are mostly Right-wing nationalist (for instance the Hungarian Fidesz and the Polish Law and Justice) or exceptionally left-wing populist (for instance Slovak Direction – Social Democracy in Slovakia) with a huge nationalist sentiment. It seems to be that in this region populism and nationalism have been closely related or merged. Moreover, following the traditional literature on populism (Ghita Ionescu, Ernest Gellner), we can easily say that our contemporary “populist Zeitgeist” can be seen as some kind of (post)modern nationalism. In this paper, I am dealing with the problem, how can we define and analyse populism in Eastern Europe. It is hard to say that populism and nationalism have nothing to do with each other, but I am convinced that populism cannot be identified with nationalism. That is why, I introduce the term of historical-theoretical complex of nationalism and populism.
According to post-Marxist, critical and discursive literature (Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe) it is obviously that populism is not just a Right-wing phenomenon and there is a thing which can be called transnational Left-wing populism (Benjamin Moffitt, Panos Panayotu). This version of populism is not an unknow phenomenon in this part of Europe, because the Communist regimes before 1989 a transnational populist agenda has been created (Antal, 2017b), but the Left-wing populism is seriously underrepresented in contemporary Eastern Europe.
I am investigating here the political theoretical (Antal, 2017a) and historical background of nationalist populism of our time in Eastern Europe analysing examples from the following countries of this region: Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania. My main thought is that the politics in this region has always been populist in that sense there is a constant need to contrast “the people” (as a large powerless group) and “the elite” (a small powerful group). This “never ending” political tradition of Eastern European populism turned up in the history once in nationalist and other times in transnational perspectives. However, the contemporary Right-wing nationalist populism means a relatively new phenomenon, but it has deeply historical ground in the interwar Right-wing nationalism.
According to Cas Mudde we live in a “populist Zeitgeist”. It will be argued in my paper that not only the 21th century but the 20th century is about populism. In the first section I elaborate the theoretical background of my paper: the various notions of populism have been analysed here and I will refer the biopolitical framework of populism. After that, I explore the populism of the Horthy era (1920-1944) in the context of Communist populism. Then I bring up the case of Communist populism in Hungary (1948-1989), which has been analysed here from several aspects. In the context of the working class and the bourgeois elite; the regime biopolitical character; goulash communism as a populist legitimacy; and the point of view of socialist patriotism. I conclude this paper with the usefulness of investigating historical populism in conjunction with contemporary tendencies.
Political science developed from moral philosophy and initially focused on institutions and governance structures. In the early 20th century, there was a push to make the study of political science more scientific using empirical methods. Over time, the discipline shifted from philosophical to historical to behavioral approaches, with behavioralism in the mid-20th century emphasizing observation and quantification. More recently, other approaches have emerged like post-behavioralism, feminism, and those examining new social movements and subaltern perspectives.
This chapter discusses policy and planning in particular sectors of leisure, sport and tourism. It summarizes the scope, rationales, goals, measurement, institutions and planning approaches for several key sectors: sport and physical recreation; arts, culture and entertainment; outdoor recreation in natural areas; urban outdoor recreation; and tourism. For each sector, it outlines the typical goals and rationales for public policy involvement, how participation is measured, examples of relevant institutions, and common planning approaches that have been applied. The chapter provides a framework for understanding and comparing the different sectors.
Group work evolved from informal community organizations in the late 19th/early 20th century United States in response to industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. It was used by settlement houses, youth organizations, unions and others to help communities adapt. In the 1920s, thinkers recognized its potential and it became a recognized method. After World War II, literature and theories on group work increased and it professionalized although its popularity declined in the 1960s. It reemerged in the 1970s and continues globally with adaptations to different contexts.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a key figure of the Indian Renaissance in the early 19th century. He was influenced by Western liberalism and ideas of religious tolerance. Some of his major contributions include:
1) He advocated for religious freedom and the right to freedom of conscience, believing that all religions teach the same fundamental principles and that humans have a right to reason and assess religious truths independently.
2) He founded socio-religious reformist organizations like the Brahmo Sabha to promote rational inquiry of religious texts and reject practices like sati that he saw as superstitious or inhumane.
3) Roy was a pioneer of women's rights in India, publishing works criticizing gender inequalities
Gilles Campagnolo: Liberalism and Chinese Economic Development
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
Populism and Nationalism from an Eastern European Perspective Antal Attila
In Eastern Europe the successful populist parties are mostly Right-wing nationalist (for instance the Hungarian Fidesz and the Polish Law and Justice) or exceptionally left-wing populist (for instance Slovak Direction – Social Democracy in Slovakia) with a huge nationalist sentiment. It seems to be that in this region populism and nationalism have been closely related or merged. Moreover, following the traditional literature on populism (Ghita Ionescu, Ernest Gellner), we can easily say that our contemporary “populist Zeitgeist” can be seen as some kind of (post)modern nationalism. In this paper, I am dealing with the problem, how can we define and analyse populism in Eastern Europe. It is hard to say that populism and nationalism have nothing to do with each other, but I am convinced that populism cannot be identified with nationalism. That is why, I introduce the term of historical-theoretical complex of nationalism and populism.
According to post-Marxist, critical and discursive literature (Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe) it is obviously that populism is not just a Right-wing phenomenon and there is a thing which can be called transnational Left-wing populism (Benjamin Moffitt, Panos Panayotu). This version of populism is not an unknow phenomenon in this part of Europe, because the Communist regimes before 1989 a transnational populist agenda has been created (Antal, 2017b), but the Left-wing populism is seriously underrepresented in contemporary Eastern Europe.
I am investigating here the political theoretical (Antal, 2017a) and historical background of nationalist populism of our time in Eastern Europe analysing examples from the following countries of this region: Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania. My main thought is that the politics in this region has always been populist in that sense there is a constant need to contrast “the people” (as a large powerless group) and “the elite” (a small powerful group). This “never ending” political tradition of Eastern European populism turned up in the history once in nationalist and other times in transnational perspectives. However, the contemporary Right-wing nationalist populism means a relatively new phenomenon, but it has deeply historical ground in the interwar Right-wing nationalism.
According to Cas Mudde we live in a “populist Zeitgeist”. It will be argued in my paper that not only the 21th century but the 20th century is about populism. In the first section I elaborate the theoretical background of my paper: the various notions of populism have been analysed here and I will refer the biopolitical framework of populism. After that, I explore the populism of the Horthy era (1920-1944) in the context of Communist populism. Then I bring up the case of Communist populism in Hungary (1948-1989), which has been analysed here from several aspects. In the context of the working class and the bourgeois elite; the regime biopolitical character; goulash communism as a populist legitimacy; and the point of view of socialist patriotism. I conclude this paper with the usefulness of investigating historical populism in conjunction with contemporary tendencies.
Political science developed from moral philosophy and initially focused on institutions and governance structures. In the early 20th century, there was a push to make the study of political science more scientific using empirical methods. Over time, the discipline shifted from philosophical to historical to behavioral approaches, with behavioralism in the mid-20th century emphasizing observation and quantification. More recently, other approaches have emerged like post-behavioralism, feminism, and those examining new social movements and subaltern perspectives.
This document discusses historian Eric Hobsbawm's work on the mass production of traditions in Europe from 1870-1914. It describes how new political and social orders during this period of industrial capitalism and nationalism led states to invent traditions to establish legitimacy and a sense of national identity. Specifically, it examines the invented traditions that emerged in France, Germany, and the United States to unite citizens and embed republican or national principles, such as public education, ceremonies, monuments, and symbols like flags and anthems. Social classes also developed invented traditions like May Day celebrations and organized sports to foster identities and communities.
This document discusses the concept of Eurocentrism and how it has manifested in social sciences. Eurocentrism refers to interpreting non-European societies from a Western perspective and undervaluing them as inferior. It outlines how early Greek and European thinkers viewed Asian and African cultures as barbaric and lacking individuality. Max Weber analyzed Asian religions as the reason for their alleged lack of economic progress. The document then examines how Eurocentrism is reflected in social sciences through its historiography, assumptions of universalism and progress, Orientalism of non-Western cultures, and imposition of Western civilization models. It questions the accuracy of portraying European achievements as universal and challenges the Eurocentric biases that have distorted social science
This project digitizes listings and descriptions of socialist, reformist, and progressive organizations from the 1897 Labour Annual. Over 30 pages are summarized, showing the wide variety of groups in late Victorian Britain working on social, economic, and political reform issues. These groups addressed topics like unions, women's suffrage, temperance, education, cooperatives, and international issues. The diversity of organizations revealed in this snapshot provides insight into the socially and politically active landscape in 1897.
The document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of the "Clash of Civilizations". Huntington argues that after the Cold War, cultural and religious identities will be the primary sources of global conflict, rather than ideological differences. He defines civilizations based on factors like religion, language, history, and culture. Huntington identifies major civilizations like Western, Orthodox, Latin American, Islamic, African, and Eastern. He believes clashes will occur along the fault lines between these civilizations due to their fundamental differences and the rise of non-Western powers. The theory was influential but also received criticism for oversimplifying complex cultural dynamics.
Anthropology is concerned with the study of human beings and their cultures. It examines how culture manifests in various symbols, languages, norms and values that people in a group share. Cultural anthropology specifically focuses on the study of culture and how it influences people's views and helps them make sense of the world. Culture is shaped by common experiences and defines groups, while conforming to societal expectations. Anthropologists seek to understand culture, how it interacts with people and societies, and how it changes over time.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline. It discusses how sociology emerged from the natural and social sciences. Key aspects of sociology highlighted include its systematic study of human society and focus on how social behavior is shaped by groups and individuals. The document then reviews several influential early thinkers in sociology such as Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. It also summarizes the development of sociology in the US, including the Chicago School. Major theoretical approaches to sociology are introduced, including structural-functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism.
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
The Hungarian School Reform-Committee. Actors of the Educational Policy (1958...Lajos Somogyvári
The document discusses the Hungarian School Reform Committee formed between 1958-1960 to implement educational reforms inspired by Khrushchev. It analyzes the 64 committee members using prosopography - investigating their common background characteristics through biographies. Most members were male and in their 40s-50s, with political and educational experience before 1945. Over half were Communist party members. The analysis finds the committee represented different interest groups and a balance of political power and expertise.
This document provides information about British cultural materialism. It discusses how cultural materialism emerged in Britain and has a long tradition there, influenced by Marxist theorists. British cultural materialists were interested in how power operates in society through concepts like hegemony and domination. They analyzed how ideology, including in literary texts, serves to reproduce and maintain existing social and economic relations and the status quo. Feminism was also important for cultural materialism in recognizing patriarchal power structures. Cultural materialism examines culture in its political and social contexts.
Singapore has used media to promote Asian Values and Confucian Ethics during its two phases of nation building. In phase one after independence, media focused on advocating government policies to create stability and bind citizens. Regulations and censorship of conflicting opinions were used. In phase two from the 1980s, media promoted invented traditions like the Merlion symbol to reduce immigrant identities and encourage the idea of shared values across diverse populations. This strengthened national identity and hierarchical foundations of society in line with Asian values of prioritizing group over individual interests. Singapore's use of media played a key role in its successful nation building process.
Christian socialism slide_presentationGraemeRSmith
Christian Socialism arose in 1848-1854 in response to social inequality and the threat of revolution in Europe. It was led by figures like F.D. Maurice who sought to apply Christian principles of social justice, equality, and cooperation to address poverty and workers' rights issues through non-violent means. Christian Socialists emphasized applying the biblical model of the early church to create a more classless and equitable society, often through study groups and cooperative organizations. While the movement declined by the 1850s, it helped establish organizations like the Working Men's College and influenced the cooperative movement.
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Week 1 Lecture 1.pptxAyannaPiquero
This document discusses key concepts relating to identity, culture, society, and politics. It defines identity as characteristics that define individuals and groups. Culture provides the basis for identities and influences views and behaviors. Society refers to groups of people living together with shared cultures and interactions. The document then discusses how technology has led to changes in Philippine society, such as increased online messaging and social media use, and more transnational families. It introduces several social sciences that study these topics, including anthropology, sociology, and political science. Anthropology examines human biology, cultures and societies. Sociology studies human social life and group dynamics. Political science analyzes politics and governance. The document traces the origins and founders of these disciplines.
The document provides information about the hippie subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s and spread worldwide. It discusses how the hippie movement valued freedom from social norms and explored alternative states of consciousness through behaviors like taking psychedelic drugs. It also summarizes key aspects of hippie culture such as styles of dress, travel, and pacifist political involvement.
Ecosocialism in the 21st Century from the Perspective of Eastern EuropeAntal Attila
This document outlines a conference on ecosocialism in Eastern Europe. It discusses the theoretical foundations and directions of ecosocialism, environmental justice problems in Eastern and Southern Europe like the disproportionate effects of climate change on Roma populations and issues of energy poverty. It concludes that an ecosocialist turn is needed to address right-wing populism and environmental injustices, and that this requires reconciling Marxist and post-structuralist theories, enhancing environmental identities and solidarity across diverse groups, and organizing mass movements against authoritarian states and capitalism.
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...Przegląd Politologiczny
Different starting points, similar processes and different outcomes can be identified when comparing East Central Europe and East and South Asia. The two regions face similar global challenges, follow regional patterns of democratization and face crises. In communist times, East Central Europe was
economically marginalized in the world economy, while some parts of Asia integrated well in the global
economy under authoritarian rule. Europeanization and a favorable external environment encouraged the
former communist countries to opt for the Western-style rule of law and democracy. Different external
factors helped the Third Wave democracies in Asia, especially South Korea and Taiwan, which benefited
from the support of the United States and other global economic, military and cultural partnerships to
develop their human rights culture and democracy while facing their totalitarian counterparts, namely the
People’s Republic of China and North Korea. The very different positions Taiwan and Hungary have in
their respective regions follow from the different capacities of their transformation management since
1988–1989. Taiwan preserved its leading role and stable democracy despite the threat to its sovereignty
from the People’s Republic of China. Hungary never had such an influential and problematic neighbor
and was ensured security and welfare partnership by the European Union, which Taiwan lacked. While
Taiwan was less secure, economic and social conditions were more favorable for democratization than
those in Hungary. Hungary, in turn, held a leading position in democratization processes in the period of
post-communist transition which was lost during the crisis and conflicts of the last decade (after 2006 and
especially since 2010). Despite the fact that liberalization prepared the way for peaceful transition in both
countries and resulted in similar processes of democratic consolidation in the 1990s, Hungary joined the
‘loser’ group in its region, whereas Taiwan is among the top ‘winning’ countries in its region. Taiwan at the
moment is starting comprehensive reform processes toward enhanced democracy, civil rights and the rule
of law, and Hungarian development is criticized by many external and internal analysts as straying from the
path of European-style consolidated democracies towards illiberal trends and hybridization. Western global
concepts of democratization may help to identify similarities and differences, and compare stronger and
weaker factors in the democratic transitions in Asia and Europe within the Third Wave democracies.
Two faces of radical right wing populism betznastazia
This document summarizes and analyzes an academic article about the rise of radical right-wing populist parties in Western Europe. It distinguishes between two types of these parties - neo-liberal parties that focus more on free market policies and nationalist-authoritarian parties that promote xenophobic positions. The document uses four case studies of prominent radical right parties - Italy's Lega Nord, Belgium's Vlaams Blok, Austria's Freedom Party, and Germany's Republikaners - to illustrate how their strategy and appeals depend on which social groups they are able to attract. It traces the origins and electoral successes of the Lega Nord in Italy as an example of a nationalist-authoritarian party that has gained substantial support
Call for papers, International Conference on "Religions and Political Values,...Encyclopaedia Iranica
The international conference is organized by the Adyan Foundation and the Lebanese American University in order to promote the exchange among scholars, social scientists, theologians, and policy makers.
PPT 1 understanding culture society and politics.pptxJoyLedda3
This document provides an overview of the fields of sociology, anthropology, and political science. It discusses the origins and founders of each discipline. Sociology studies social problems and human behavior within groups. Auguste Comte introduced positivism and Karl Marx emphasized class struggles. Anthropology examines all aspects of human beings through a cultural lens. Bronislaw Malinowski pioneered participant observation. Political science focuses on governance, politics, and the state. The goals of these fields are to understand culture, society and human diversity from different perspectives. Studying them provides broader knowledge about social institutions and interactions.
Aspirations And Opportunities A Career In SociologyGina Rizzo
This document summarizes the career of Michael Banton, a pioneering British sociologist. It describes how he was inspired to study sociology by Edward Shils at the London School of Economics in 1947. Over the following decades, he held academic positions at various universities and contributed influential research on topics like West African cities, race relations, and the police. He also served for many years as the director of the Social Sciences Research Council Research Unit on Ethnic Relations. Later in his career, he became involved with the United Nations, chairing its Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The document reflects on how Banton's career was shaped both by his own intellectual interests and opportunities that arose at key points in his development
This document provides an overview of fascism and anarchism. It defines fascism as an authoritarian right-wing ideology emphasizing nationalism and state power. Fascism originated in Italy after World War 1 under Mussolini. Key characteristics include militarism, nationalism, corporatism, and suppression of opposition. The document also discusses prominent fascist leaders like Hitler, Franco, and aspects of fascism in the Philippines under Marcos. Anarchism is defined as a philosophy seeking to abolish unjust hierarchies and the state. It originated in ancient times but grew in the 19th century. Key anarchist principles are outlined, as well as prominent figures and its history in the Philippines. Differences between fascism and anarchism are contrasted.
Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. Early theories viewed light as a stream of particles, while later wave theories described light as an electromagnetic wave. Modern physics reconciles both views by explaining that light consists of discrete packets of energy called photons that exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The photon's energy is directly proportional to the electromagnetic wave's frequency.
This document discusses historian Eric Hobsbawm's work on the mass production of traditions in Europe from 1870-1914. It describes how new political and social orders during this period of industrial capitalism and nationalism led states to invent traditions to establish legitimacy and a sense of national identity. Specifically, it examines the invented traditions that emerged in France, Germany, and the United States to unite citizens and embed republican or national principles, such as public education, ceremonies, monuments, and symbols like flags and anthems. Social classes also developed invented traditions like May Day celebrations and organized sports to foster identities and communities.
This document discusses the concept of Eurocentrism and how it has manifested in social sciences. Eurocentrism refers to interpreting non-European societies from a Western perspective and undervaluing them as inferior. It outlines how early Greek and European thinkers viewed Asian and African cultures as barbaric and lacking individuality. Max Weber analyzed Asian religions as the reason for their alleged lack of economic progress. The document then examines how Eurocentrism is reflected in social sciences through its historiography, assumptions of universalism and progress, Orientalism of non-Western cultures, and imposition of Western civilization models. It questions the accuracy of portraying European achievements as universal and challenges the Eurocentric biases that have distorted social science
This project digitizes listings and descriptions of socialist, reformist, and progressive organizations from the 1897 Labour Annual. Over 30 pages are summarized, showing the wide variety of groups in late Victorian Britain working on social, economic, and political reform issues. These groups addressed topics like unions, women's suffrage, temperance, education, cooperatives, and international issues. The diversity of organizations revealed in this snapshot provides insight into the socially and politically active landscape in 1897.
The document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of the "Clash of Civilizations". Huntington argues that after the Cold War, cultural and religious identities will be the primary sources of global conflict, rather than ideological differences. He defines civilizations based on factors like religion, language, history, and culture. Huntington identifies major civilizations like Western, Orthodox, Latin American, Islamic, African, and Eastern. He believes clashes will occur along the fault lines between these civilizations due to their fundamental differences and the rise of non-Western powers. The theory was influential but also received criticism for oversimplifying complex cultural dynamics.
Anthropology is concerned with the study of human beings and their cultures. It examines how culture manifests in various symbols, languages, norms and values that people in a group share. Cultural anthropology specifically focuses on the study of culture and how it influences people's views and helps them make sense of the world. Culture is shaped by common experiences and defines groups, while conforming to societal expectations. Anthropologists seek to understand culture, how it interacts with people and societies, and how it changes over time.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline. It discusses how sociology emerged from the natural and social sciences. Key aspects of sociology highlighted include its systematic study of human society and focus on how social behavior is shaped by groups and individuals. The document then reviews several influential early thinkers in sociology such as Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. It also summarizes the development of sociology in the US, including the Chicago School. Major theoretical approaches to sociology are introduced, including structural-functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism.
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
The Hungarian School Reform-Committee. Actors of the Educational Policy (1958...Lajos Somogyvári
The document discusses the Hungarian School Reform Committee formed between 1958-1960 to implement educational reforms inspired by Khrushchev. It analyzes the 64 committee members using prosopography - investigating their common background characteristics through biographies. Most members were male and in their 40s-50s, with political and educational experience before 1945. Over half were Communist party members. The analysis finds the committee represented different interest groups and a balance of political power and expertise.
This document provides information about British cultural materialism. It discusses how cultural materialism emerged in Britain and has a long tradition there, influenced by Marxist theorists. British cultural materialists were interested in how power operates in society through concepts like hegemony and domination. They analyzed how ideology, including in literary texts, serves to reproduce and maintain existing social and economic relations and the status quo. Feminism was also important for cultural materialism in recognizing patriarchal power structures. Cultural materialism examines culture in its political and social contexts.
Singapore has used media to promote Asian Values and Confucian Ethics during its two phases of nation building. In phase one after independence, media focused on advocating government policies to create stability and bind citizens. Regulations and censorship of conflicting opinions were used. In phase two from the 1980s, media promoted invented traditions like the Merlion symbol to reduce immigrant identities and encourage the idea of shared values across diverse populations. This strengthened national identity and hierarchical foundations of society in line with Asian values of prioritizing group over individual interests. Singapore's use of media played a key role in its successful nation building process.
Christian socialism slide_presentationGraemeRSmith
Christian Socialism arose in 1848-1854 in response to social inequality and the threat of revolution in Europe. It was led by figures like F.D. Maurice who sought to apply Christian principles of social justice, equality, and cooperation to address poverty and workers' rights issues through non-violent means. Christian Socialists emphasized applying the biblical model of the early church to create a more classless and equitable society, often through study groups and cooperative organizations. While the movement declined by the 1850s, it helped establish organizations like the Working Men's College and influenced the cooperative movement.
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Week 1 Lecture 1.pptxAyannaPiquero
This document discusses key concepts relating to identity, culture, society, and politics. It defines identity as characteristics that define individuals and groups. Culture provides the basis for identities and influences views and behaviors. Society refers to groups of people living together with shared cultures and interactions. The document then discusses how technology has led to changes in Philippine society, such as increased online messaging and social media use, and more transnational families. It introduces several social sciences that study these topics, including anthropology, sociology, and political science. Anthropology examines human biology, cultures and societies. Sociology studies human social life and group dynamics. Political science analyzes politics and governance. The document traces the origins and founders of these disciplines.
The document provides information about the hippie subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s and spread worldwide. It discusses how the hippie movement valued freedom from social norms and explored alternative states of consciousness through behaviors like taking psychedelic drugs. It also summarizes key aspects of hippie culture such as styles of dress, travel, and pacifist political involvement.
Ecosocialism in the 21st Century from the Perspective of Eastern EuropeAntal Attila
This document outlines a conference on ecosocialism in Eastern Europe. It discusses the theoretical foundations and directions of ecosocialism, environmental justice problems in Eastern and Southern Europe like the disproportionate effects of climate change on Roma populations and issues of energy poverty. It concludes that an ecosocialist turn is needed to address right-wing populism and environmental injustices, and that this requires reconciling Marxist and post-structuralist theories, enhancing environmental identities and solidarity across diverse groups, and organizing mass movements against authoritarian states and capitalism.
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...Przegląd Politologiczny
Different starting points, similar processes and different outcomes can be identified when comparing East Central Europe and East and South Asia. The two regions face similar global challenges, follow regional patterns of democratization and face crises. In communist times, East Central Europe was
economically marginalized in the world economy, while some parts of Asia integrated well in the global
economy under authoritarian rule. Europeanization and a favorable external environment encouraged the
former communist countries to opt for the Western-style rule of law and democracy. Different external
factors helped the Third Wave democracies in Asia, especially South Korea and Taiwan, which benefited
from the support of the United States and other global economic, military and cultural partnerships to
develop their human rights culture and democracy while facing their totalitarian counterparts, namely the
People’s Republic of China and North Korea. The very different positions Taiwan and Hungary have in
their respective regions follow from the different capacities of their transformation management since
1988–1989. Taiwan preserved its leading role and stable democracy despite the threat to its sovereignty
from the People’s Republic of China. Hungary never had such an influential and problematic neighbor
and was ensured security and welfare partnership by the European Union, which Taiwan lacked. While
Taiwan was less secure, economic and social conditions were more favorable for democratization than
those in Hungary. Hungary, in turn, held a leading position in democratization processes in the period of
post-communist transition which was lost during the crisis and conflicts of the last decade (after 2006 and
especially since 2010). Despite the fact that liberalization prepared the way for peaceful transition in both
countries and resulted in similar processes of democratic consolidation in the 1990s, Hungary joined the
‘loser’ group in its region, whereas Taiwan is among the top ‘winning’ countries in its region. Taiwan at the
moment is starting comprehensive reform processes toward enhanced democracy, civil rights and the rule
of law, and Hungarian development is criticized by many external and internal analysts as straying from the
path of European-style consolidated democracies towards illiberal trends and hybridization. Western global
concepts of democratization may help to identify similarities and differences, and compare stronger and
weaker factors in the democratic transitions in Asia and Europe within the Third Wave democracies.
Two faces of radical right wing populism betznastazia
This document summarizes and analyzes an academic article about the rise of radical right-wing populist parties in Western Europe. It distinguishes between two types of these parties - neo-liberal parties that focus more on free market policies and nationalist-authoritarian parties that promote xenophobic positions. The document uses four case studies of prominent radical right parties - Italy's Lega Nord, Belgium's Vlaams Blok, Austria's Freedom Party, and Germany's Republikaners - to illustrate how their strategy and appeals depend on which social groups they are able to attract. It traces the origins and electoral successes of the Lega Nord in Italy as an example of a nationalist-authoritarian party that has gained substantial support
Call for papers, International Conference on "Religions and Political Values,...Encyclopaedia Iranica
The international conference is organized by the Adyan Foundation and the Lebanese American University in order to promote the exchange among scholars, social scientists, theologians, and policy makers.
PPT 1 understanding culture society and politics.pptxJoyLedda3
This document provides an overview of the fields of sociology, anthropology, and political science. It discusses the origins and founders of each discipline. Sociology studies social problems and human behavior within groups. Auguste Comte introduced positivism and Karl Marx emphasized class struggles. Anthropology examines all aspects of human beings through a cultural lens. Bronislaw Malinowski pioneered participant observation. Political science focuses on governance, politics, and the state. The goals of these fields are to understand culture, society and human diversity from different perspectives. Studying them provides broader knowledge about social institutions and interactions.
Aspirations And Opportunities A Career In SociologyGina Rizzo
This document summarizes the career of Michael Banton, a pioneering British sociologist. It describes how he was inspired to study sociology by Edward Shils at the London School of Economics in 1947. Over the following decades, he held academic positions at various universities and contributed influential research on topics like West African cities, race relations, and the police. He also served for many years as the director of the Social Sciences Research Council Research Unit on Ethnic Relations. Later in his career, he became involved with the United Nations, chairing its Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The document reflects on how Banton's career was shaped both by his own intellectual interests and opportunities that arose at key points in his development
This document provides an overview of fascism and anarchism. It defines fascism as an authoritarian right-wing ideology emphasizing nationalism and state power. Fascism originated in Italy after World War 1 under Mussolini. Key characteristics include militarism, nationalism, corporatism, and suppression of opposition. The document also discusses prominent fascist leaders like Hitler, Franco, and aspects of fascism in the Philippines under Marcos. Anarchism is defined as a philosophy seeking to abolish unjust hierarchies and the state. It originated in ancient times but grew in the 19th century. Key anarchist principles are outlined, as well as prominent figures and its history in the Philippines. Differences between fascism and anarchism are contrasted.
Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. Early theories viewed light as a stream of particles, while later wave theories described light as an electromagnetic wave. Modern physics reconciles both views by explaining that light consists of discrete packets of energy called photons that exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The photon's energy is directly proportional to the electromagnetic wave's frequency.
self defense in karatejsbdbbdsbdbdbdbbfbcarlmanaay
Karate is a Japanese martial art that focuses on defensive body movements and counterattacks through disciplined training. It originated in Okinawa, Japan and was influenced by Chinese martial arts. Karate practice involves three main components: kihon (basics/fundamentals), kata (predefined patterns of movements), and kumite (sparring). In addition to physical benefits like strength and coordination, regular karate practice provides mental benefits such as clearer thinking, self-confidence, and composure.
1. The document provides instructions for accessing PowerPoint lecture slides on FirstClass. It explains how to find and download the slides.
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2) Concentration of reactants - Higher concentrations increase the chance of collisions between reactant particles, speeding up the rate.
3) Temperature - Raising the temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, making successful collisions that overcome the activation energy barrier for reaction more likely.
4) Pressure for gas reactions - Higher pressures increase the rate by squeezing
Nucleotides are components of nucleic acids DNA and RNA and have several important cellular functions. They contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. The four major nucleotides that make up DNA contain the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The four major nucleotides that make up RNA contain adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil instead of thymine. Nucleotides are linked together via phosphodiester bonds between the 5' phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3' hydroxyl group of the next, forming the backbones of nucleic acids.
Three sentences:
When a star's core is made of iron, it can no longer maintain stability and undergoes core collapse, resulting in a supernova explosion. During this explosion, the extreme temperatures and pressures allow for fusion of iron and heavier elements. Elements heavier than iron are formed through rapid neutron capture during supernova explosions, which produce the isotopes of these elements found on the periodic table.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on lipids and lipoproteins. It begins by defining key terms related to lipids and lipoproteins and describing the different classes of lipids and lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. It then discusses apolipoproteins and their functions. The document outlines the laboratory procedures for determining lipid and lipoprotein levels and interpreting the results. It also discusses the significance of lipids and lipoproteins in conditions like atherosclerosis.
This document discusses protein as a nutrient. It begins by introducing protein and explaining that it is essential for growth, maintenance and repair of tissues in the body. It then discusses the classification, sources and functions of protein. Protein can be classified based on its structure, biological function or composition. Sources of protein include both animal and plant foods. Key functions of protein include growth, cell repair, enzyme production and immune function. The recommended daily allowance of protein is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. Deficiencies can result in diseases like marasmus or kwashiorkor, while excess protein intake has been linked to health issues.
This document presents a research proposal that examines the implications of street food consumption on the health of students at Ramon Avancena National High School. The study will investigate the common street foods eaten by students, potential diseases and illnesses from street foods, and students' awareness of safety issues. Interviews of students will gather data on their street food buying and eating habits, as well as their understanding of advantages and disadvantages related to health. The researchers aim to inform students, teachers, and vendors of potential health impacts to promote hygienic and safe street food practices.
VSEPR theory predicts molecular shapes based on electron pair repulsion around a central atom. It assumes that electron pairs will maximize their distance from each other to minimize repulsion. Molecular shapes include tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent, and linear based on the number of electron pairs. The theory uses Lewis structures to determine electron pairs from bonds and lone pairs, and predicts the shape that minimizes repulsion between these pairs.
Isotope geochemistry can be used for geochronology, understanding solar system and continent evolution, tracing the history of life, unraveling climate history, and determining the origin of mineral and energy resources. The history of isotope geochemistry began with the discovery of radioactivity and production of the first radiometric age for the Earth. Isotopes have differing numbers of neutrons. Nuclear stability depends on the balance of nuclear forces. Radioactive decay follows exponential laws. Isotope ratios are altered by geological processes and can be used to study earth systems. Stable and radioactive isotopes are produced via stellar nucleosynthesis during the lives of stars and their deaths as supernovae.
The document discusses fire hazards and prevention. It defines the elements of the fire triangle as fuel, heat, and oxygen. It identifies various causes of fires such as matches, electrical faults, arson, open flames, fireworks, and static electricity. It provides examples of fuel sources like wood, grass, and kerosene. The document also discusses preventing fires at home through safe practices and what to do in the event of a fire, such as calling emergency services. Safety measures and standard fire safety procedures are emphasized.
Volcanic eruptions can produce several hazardous events such as pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, ash falls, and noxious gas emissions. Pyroclastic flows are among the most dangerous as they can travel far at high speeds while still hot, burying and burning everything in their path as seen at Pompeii. Lava flows are generally less explosive but can still destroy infrastructure in their path. Lahars, or volcanic mudflows, are deadly as they can flow rapidly while carrying large debris. Volcano monitoring helps observe seismic activity, deformation, and gas outputs to detect signs of impending eruptions and warn of potential hazards.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses the process of identifying and correcting hazards. It defines a hazard and explains that the goal of hazard identification is to precisely identify potential harm to workers, equipment, and the environment. The presentation outlines several methods for identifying hazards, such as reviewing injury records, inspecting new processes, and complying with regulations. It also describes how to develop an action plan to address identified hazards through corrective measures, assigned responsibilities, and target dates. Additionally, the presentation explains how to perform a job safety analysis (JSA) by selecting a job, breaking it into steps, identifying potential hazards, and developing solutions.
The Philippine judicial system blends elements of civil law from Spanish influence and common law from American influence. It has a hierarchical structure consisting of lower courts, regional trial courts, appellate courts, specialized courts, and the Supreme Court. In recent decades, reforms have aimed to improve judicial qualifications, independence, accountability, and efficiency. However, issues remain regarding political influence, lack of resources, and case backlogs.
The document traces the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-historic times to the present. It discusses the early barangay system ruled by datus, the centralized government established under Spanish colonial rule headed by a governor-general, the revolutionary governments that formed in opposition to Spanish rule led by Aguinaldo, the American colonial period when civil and military governments were established, the creation of the Commonwealth government in 1935 in preparation for independence, the Japanese occupation during World War 2, and provides a list of the 16 presidents of the Philippines since independence.
This document discusses disaster mitigation strategies. It begins by defining disaster management and outlining its objectives. It then distinguishes between structural and non-structural mitigation measures. Structural mitigation involves construction projects to reduce disaster impacts, and includes selecting safe building sites, orienting structures properly, ensuring stability, and building cyclone shelters. Non-structural mitigation seeks to modify human behavior through land use regulations, hazard zoning, and education. The document provides several examples of both structural and non-structural mitigation techniques used in India to reduce disaster risks.
This document defines vulnerability and discusses it from different perspectives. Vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of individuals, communities, or systems to harm from hazards. It is determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence the ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. The document outlines four main types of vulnerability: physical, economic, social, and environmental. Understanding vulnerability is important for assessing disaster risk. Approaches to reducing vulnerability include building codes, insurance, economic diversity, awareness raising, and preparedness measures.
Logarithmic scales are useful for measuring large ranges of values because they compress large spreads into more even spaces. They align with human perception in fields like sound measurement, where equal ratios in frequency correspond to equal changes in pitch. The Richter scale and Modified Mercalli scale are used to describe earthquake magnitudes and intensities. The Richter scale quantifies seismic energy based on amplitude readings, while the Mercalli scale qualitatively rates observed effects on people and structures on a 12-point scale.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
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PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
1. 4th Edition
Leisure, Sport and
Tourism, Politics,
Policy and Planning
A. J. Veal
COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING
MATERIALS
C A B I T O U R I S M T E X T S
2. CHAPTER 2
Political Ideologies
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition
The nature of ideology
Feminism
Social democracy, 3rd Way, communitarian
Introduction
Liberalism/neo-liberalism, libertarianism
Marxism
Parties Leisure, sport and tourism
Democratic socialism
Principles
Environmentalism
Theocracy
Conservatism
Anti-globalism
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
3. The nature of ideology
• Ideology: ‘A system of ideas concerning phenomena,
especially those of social life; the manner of thinking
of a class or an individual’ (Shorter OED)
• Internally consistent sets of ideas about how society
should be run
• N.B. Sometimes negative connotations
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
4. Relevance? Understanding our place in history
• Pre-modern societies:
– spiritual values, goals and regulation
– hereditary class and status systems
– aristocracy and monarchy + theocracy
• Modern societies:
– 18th century onwards
– humanitarian values and ideals
– human progress towards a better society
– political ideologies (socialism, liberalism etc.) =‘grand narratives’
• Postmodern societies:
– demise of ‘grand narratives’
– N.B. collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union etc.
– loss of confidence in ideology by ‘the left’ in the West
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
5. Relevance 2: current politics
• Current western politics:
– parties need to capture the ‘floating voter’
– movement to the ‘centre’
– policies guided by opinion polls rather than ideology
• Current political discourse still uses ideological terms:
– references to ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘socialism’, ‘neo-liberalism’
etc.
• Anti-globalization, rise of populism
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
6. Political spectrum (Fig. 2.1)
Anarchism Fascism
LEFT RIGHT
Feminism
Environmentalism
Anti-globalism
Populism Theocracy
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
7. UK: parties, governments, ideologies (Table 2.1)
Ideology Party Gov’t/PM Dates
Conservatism Conservative Party Churchill/Eden/Macmillan/
Douglas-Home/Heath
1951-64,
1970-74
Liberalism/
neo-liberalism
Conservative Party Thatcher/Major
Cameron/May
1979-97
2010-
Marxism/
communism
Communist Party Not in government -
Democratic socialism Labour Party Attlee 1945-51
Social democracy Labour Party
Liberal Democrats
Wilson/Callaghan
Clegg (in coalition)
1964-70, 74-79
2010-
Third Way Labour Party Blair/Brown 1997-2010
Environmentalism
Anti-globalism/
populism
UKIP Not in government -
Theocracy - - -
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
8. Australia: parties, governments, ideologies
(Table 2.1 cont’d)
Ideology Party Gov’t/PM Dates
Conservatism Liberal Party
National Party
Menzies/Holt/McEwen/
Gorton/McMahon
In coalition
1949-72
1975-83
Liberalism/
neo-liberalism
Liberal Party Howard 1996-2007
Marxism/communism Communist Party Not in government
Democratic socialism Australian Labor Party Whitlam 1972-75
Social democracy Aust. Labor Party
Aust. Democrats
Hawke/Keating 1983-96
Third Way Aust. Labor Party Rudd/Gillard 1997-2010
Environmentalism Greens
Aust. Democrats
Not in government -
Anti-globalism/populism
Theocracy - - -
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
9. Conservatism
• Origins:
– 19th century landed/upper class
• Principles:
– stability and tradition rather than change
– acceptance of inequality as natural
– respect for ‘traditional’ institutions/values
(e.g. monarchy, family)
– pragmatic re. role of government
– support for voluntarism
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
10. Conservative parties
• UK: Conservative Party
• Australia: National Party + Liberal Party (pre-
1996)
• USA: Republican Party (but also encompasses
neo-liberalism)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
11. Conservative principles and Leisure, Sport
and Tourism
• Government support for elite activity and
‘excellence’
• Support for voluntarism
• Government aid to traditional and rural
industries (e.g. agriculture, regional tourism)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
12. (Neo-)Liberalism
• Origins:
– Liberalism arose in the 19th century
– desire for freedom – of individual, trade – as reaction against
privilege
– later: free-market principles – hence use of neo-liberalism to
indicate right-wing orientation
• Principles:
– freedom of the individual
– belief in the efficacy of competition
– minimization of government interference in markets
– small government
– reduced taxes
– privatization of state assets
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
13. Liberal/neo-liberal parties
• UK: Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher,
Cameron
• Australia: Liberals under John Howard, Tony
Abbott, Turnbull
• USA: Republicans under Ronald Reagan,
George Bush and George W. Bush
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
14. Liberalism/neo-liberalism and Leisure,
Sport and Tourism
• Leisure, sport and tourism viewed as business
sectors
• User-pays principle
• Privatization of operation of leisure/sport/
tourism facilities
• Support for voluntarism
• Freedom of individual choice (e.g. some have
advocated de-criminalization of drug use)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
15. Marxism/neo-Marxism
Origins:
• Marxism: the 19th century writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• Neo-Marxism: 20th century writings adapting Marxism to later
developments in Marxism
Principles:
• fundamental feature of society is economic relationships
• capitalist society characterized by clash of interests between
– bourgeoisie (capitalists) who own the means of production
(capital)
– proletariat (workers) who own only their labour power
• capitalists seek to maximize profits by exploiting workers
• predicted that eventually capitalism will collapse – this should be
hastened by workers’ revolutionary action to overthrow capitalist
system and take control of the means of production
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
16. Marxism/Neo-Marxism: parties
• Communist parties in power:
– 1917–89: Russia/Soviet Union
– 1945–89: Eastern Europe
– Now: China (highly modified), Vietnam, Cuba, North
Korea, some Indian states
• Decline of communism in Russia and Eastern
Europe shook faith of Marxist/Neo-Marxist
western social scientists
• Rejection of all ‘grand narratives’
• Marxist/Neo-Marxist theory remains a strong
analysis/critique of capitalism
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
17. Marxist/Neo-Marxist principles and Leisure, Sport
and Tourism
• Generation of ‘false needs’, by advertising, to create
profits
• Leisure as ‘resistance’ to capitalism (e.g. youth sub-
cultures, subversive art)
• Divisiveness, elitism and competitiveness of leisure
institutions
• Public provision provides a ‘human face’ for an
oppressive system
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
18. Democratic Socialism
Origins:
– Marxism and 19th century unions but also many earlier workers’
movements
Principles:
• equality and fraternity
• defence of working class interests vs middle/ruling classes
• state control of capitalism through ownership/control of
key industries
• state creation of more equality and ‘welfare state’ through
progressive taxation
• change through democratic methods, not by violence
• capitalism can be ‘tamed’ – gradually replaced by socialism
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
19. Democratic Socialism: parties
• Labour parties in UK, Australia, Europe up to
about the 1960s
• Now mostly developed into social democratic
parties
Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
20. Democratic Socialism and Leisure, Sport and
Tourism
• Support for state provision of leisure, sport
and tourism facilities/services
• Free/highly subsidized provision, especially for
disadvantaged groups
Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
21. Social democracy and the Third Way
• Origins:
– compromise between socialism and conservatism
– Third Way developed in the 1990s to reshape social
democracy
• Principles:
– seeks more equality, supports state role/welfare state,
but,
– accepts capitalism will survive
– does not envisage a socialist system
– Third Way: adds ‘obligations’ to welfare ‘rights’
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
22. Social democracy/Third Way: parties
• UK:
– debates in the 1960s/70s moved Labour Party from
socialism to social democracy
– Third Way: associated with Tony Blair, Labour Party leader,
Prime Minister (1997–2007)
• Australia:
– Australian Labor Party followed the pattern of Labour in UK
• USA:
– left wing of Democratic Party often seen as Social
Democratic
– Third Way associated with President Bill Clinton
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
23. Social democracy/Third Way and Leisure,
Sport and Tourism
• Belief in state provision
• Recreational sport as a social service: Sport for All
• Access for all at minimum cost, preferably free,
to the user
• Community arts alternative to professional, elite
arts, democratization of the arts + cultural
democracy
• Support for tourism industry but also social
tourism – subsidized holidays for deprived groups
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
24. Feminism
• Origins:
– 19th/20th century campaigns for political rights: votes for
women
• Principles:
– ideology or ‘movement’?
– concept of patriarchy: men organize/control society in their
own interests – excludes and disadvantages women
– reformist: reform the system (equal pay, equal opportunity,
childcare services, etc.)
– radical/Marxist: change the capitalist system fundamentally
• Parties:
– generally no specific political parties for feminism
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
25. Feminism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism
• Women generally have less leisure time than men
• Tradition/culture/media limit ‘acceptable’ leisure
activities for women
• Institutions/infrastructure of leisure traditionally
dominated by men
• Leisure can be a means of resistance against
patriarchy
• Reformist programmes: transport access, safety,
childcare facilities at leisure sites
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
26. Environmentalism
• Origins:
– 1960s/70s: concerns about human impacts on flora, fauna and
ecosystems
• Principles:
– ideology or ‘movement’?
– questioning of pursuit of economic growth at the expense of the
environment
– emphasis on sustainability
– reformist: legislate to prevent negative impacts
– radical: destructive capitalist system must be changed
fundamentally
• Parties:
– ‘green’ parties exist in many countries
– have held/shared power in some European countries
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
27. Environmentalism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism
• Leisure, sport and tourism as offenders in the
consumerist/materialist society?
• Leisure, sport and tourism are major users of natural
environments:
– requiring the concept of sustainable development/
use
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
28. Anti-globalism/Populism
• Anti-globalism origins:
– 1990s concern with:
• western capitalism generally
• activities of multi-national enterprises (MNEs) in particular
– Globalization: antecedents in empires and 19th century trade
• Principles:
– ideology or ‘movement’?
– opposed to MNE impacts on:
• developing countries
• the environment
• Parties:
– no specific parties, but some green parties aligned
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
29. Anti-globalism and Leisure, Sport and Tourism
• Many MNEs involved in leisure
• Major impact on sport, media and tourism
• Homogenization/Americanization of culture?
Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
30. Populism
• Origins:
– nationalist/right-wing parties in Europe/Australia, UKIP
in UK
– recent examples:
• exit from EU (‘Brexit’) vote in UK
• election of Donald Trump in USA
• Principles:
– opposition to immigration
– concern with loss of traditional industries
– desire to disrupt ‘elites’ controlling traditional parties
• Implications for Leisure, Sport and Tourism:
– few: LST does not feature in programmes
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
31. Summary
• See Table 2.2
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts