5. Fascism is an authoritarian and nationalistic right-
wing system of government and social
organization. It often involves severe economic and
social regimentation, as well as the forcible
suppression of opposition. Fascist leaders typically
exalt the nation and race above individual rights
and freedoms.
What is Fascism?
7. Fascism first emerged in the Kingdom of Italy. The origins of
fascism can be traced back to 1919, when Benito Mussolini
founded and organized the Partito Nazionale Fascista
(National Fascist Party). Fascism rose to prominence in the
aftermath of World War I. It was characterized by extreme
militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy
and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social
hierarchy and the rule of elites. It dominated many parts of
Europe and other regions between 1919 and 1945.
When, where, and how did it start?
8. The word fascism comes from the Latin word fasces, which
referred to a bundle of elm or birch rods used as a symbol of penal
authority in ancient Rome. Fascism had many characteristics in
common, such as extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for
democracy and liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and
the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft
(German: “people’s community”), in which individual interests
would be subordinated to the good of the nation.
When, where, and how did it start?
10. Suppressive Measures: Suppression of dissent, censorship, and use of
force.
Contradiction to Liberal Democracy: Their political projects often contradict
the fundamental values and aims of liberal democracy or social democracy.
Rejects democratic principles and advocates for a single-party rule.
Militarism: Fascism is characterized by militarism and forcible suppression of
opposition. Glorification of military strength and expansionist ambitions.
Extreme Militant Nationalism: Fascist movements propagate extreme
nationalism that often goes hand in hand with militarism. Intense loyalty to
the nation, often accompanied by xenophobia and exclusion of minorities.
Scapegoating: Fascist movements often shift blame away from government
or market forces to groups such as Jews, immigrants, leftists, and others.
Violations of Rights: Fascist regimes systematically violate basic human,
civil, and political rights.
What
are
its
different
characteristics?
11. What
are
its
different
characteristics? Charismatic Leadership: Fascist leaders are often charismatic individuals
with strong authoritarian tendencies. Idolization of a charismatic leader.
Multiclass Mass Base: They derive their strength from a heated multiclass
mass base.
Belief in Natural Social Hierarchy and Rule of Elites: Fascists believe in a
natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites.
Corporate Interests: Collaboration between the state and corporate elites.
Authoritarianism: Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian political ideology and
movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy. A
centralized government with absolute control over all aspects of life.
Collectivism over Individualism: Fascists desire to create a
Volksgemeinschaft (German: “people’s community”), in which individual
interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation.
13. Fascism in the Philippines has been associated with two
prominent figures:
What is the idea of fascism in the Philippines?
Ferdinand Marcos Sr. was a Filipino politician who served
as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. His
rule was characterized by martial law, human rights abuses, and
economic turmoil. Marcos declared martial law on September 21,
1972, citing the need to suppress communist insurgency and
maintain law and order. His regime was supported by US
imperialism and was infamous for its corruption, extravagance,
and brutality. Marcos’s rule is often associated with fascist
dictatorship due to his authoritarian rule, systematic violation of
human rights, and the use of force to maintain power.
14. What is the idea of fascism
in the Philippines?
Fascism in the Philippines has been associated with two
prominent figures:
Rodrigo Duterte, the 16th president of the Philippines,
has also been described as a fascist leader. Duterte’s rule has
been marked by a heated multiclass mass base, systematic and
massive violation of basic human, civil, and political rights, and
a political project that contradicts the fundamental values and
aims of liberal democracy. His charisma, described as “carino
brutal,” a volatile mix of will to power, a commanding
personality, and gangster charm, fulfills his followers’ deep-
seated yearning for a father figure.
16. Who
are
the
men
of
facism
all
over
the
world? Adolf Hitler (Germany): As the absolute ruler (Führer) of Nazi Germany, Hitler
orchestrated World War II, invaded countries across Europe, and ordered the
genocide of millions.
Benito Mussolini (Italy): Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party in Italy and
established the first fascist regime. His ultra-nationalist agenda emphasized Italy’s
superiority and the Aryan race as a "master race".
Francisco Franco (Spain): Franco led the Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil
War (1936–1939). His regime, known as Francoist Spain, was characterized by
authoritarianism and suppression of opposition.
Juan Perón (Argentina): Perón, as the President of Argentina, implemented
populist policies with authoritarian tendencies. His regime combined elements of
fascism and corporatism.
Ante Pavelić (Croatia): Pavelić led the Ustaše movement in the Independent State
of Croatia during World War II. The Ustaše regime was notorious for its brutality and
persecution of minorities.
17. Who
are
the
men
of
facism
all
over
the
world? Philippe Pétain (France): Pétain headed the collaborationist Vichy regime during
Nazi occupation. His government collaborated with the Nazis and implemented anti-
Semitic policies.
Ioannis Metaxas (Greece): Metaxas established an authoritarian regime in Greece
known as the 4th of August Regime. His rule suppressed political opposition and
dissent.
Vidkun Quisling (Norway): Quisling collaborated with Nazi Germany during the
occupation of Norway. His name became synonymous with treachery and betrayal.
António de Oliveira Salazar (Portugal): Salazar led the Estado Novo regime in
Portugal. His authoritarian rule lasted for decades, emphasizing corporatism and
nationalism.
Ion Antonescu (Romania): Antonescu aligned Romania with Nazi Germany during
World War II. His regime was marked by repression, anti-Semitism, and collaboration.
18. DISADVANTAGES
• Prioritizes the Welfare of the
Country
• Promotes Socio-Economic
Equality
• Speeds Up Decision-Making
• Improves Peace and Order
• Promotes National Pride
ADVANTAGES
FASCISM
• Abuse of Power
• Restricts Free Speech
• Widens Divide
• Economic Impact
• Persecutions of Minorities
• Lack of Democratic
Process
22. Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement
that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and
seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain
unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically
including nation-states, and capitalism. Anarchism
advocates for the replacement of the state with
stateless societies and voluntary free associations.
What is Anarchism?
24. Anarchism is a political ideology that originated in ancient
times, but it became a significant political movement in the
19th and 20th centuries. The first traces of formal anarchist
thought can be found in ancient Greece and China, where
numerous philosophers questioned the necessity of the
state and declared the moral right of the individual to live
free from coercion. Major anarchist schools of thought
sprouted up as anarchism grew as a social movement,
particularly anarcho-collectivism, anarcho-communism,
anarcho-syndicalism, and individualist anarchism.
When, where, and how did it start?
25. The term “anarchism” comes from the Ancient Greek “anarkhia”
(ἀναρχία), meaning "without a ruler". However, the social theory
advocating “order without power,” with associations and co-
operatives taking the place of direct government, was
formulated in the 1830s by French political philosopher Pierre-
Joseph Proudhon. Anarchism developed as a response to the
perceived injustices of state authority and capitalism. It
advocates for a society based on voluntary cooperation and
mutual aid.
When, where, and how did it start?
27. Anti-authoritarianism: the rejection of any form of imposed authority,
hierarchy, or domination, whether political, economic, social, or religious.
Voluntarism: the preference for free and consensual interactions,
agreements, and associations, rather than coercion, force, or obligation.
Mutual aid: the practice of cooperation, solidarity, and reciprocity among
individuals and groups, based on the recognition of their common interests
and needs.
Self-organization: the creation of horizontal and decentralized structures
and networks that allow people to manage their own affairs, without the
need for external or centralized authorities or intermediaries.
Direct action: the use of various forms of resistance, protest, and
intervention to achieve immediate goals, without relying on or appealing to
the existing institutions or representatives of power.
What
are
its
different
characteristics?
28. What
are
its
different
characteristics? Opposition to the State: opposes the existence of a centralized state or
government. It advocates for a society conceived without government,
where harmony arises from voluntary agreements among various groups.
Emphasis on Individual Liberty: emphasizes individual freedom and
autonomy. It values the rights of the individual above perceived collective
needs.
Rejection of Capitalism and Representative Democracy: rejects both
capitalist economies and nation-states governed by representative
democracy. It aspires to combine the best aspects of liberalism (individual
freedom) and communism (equality).
Historical Roots: emerged in the mid-19th century as part of the
Enlightenment thought. It continues to inspire alternative forms of struggle
and social change.
30. Anarchism in the Philippines is a political
philosophy and movement that has its roots in the
anti-colonial struggle against the Spanish Empire,
and became influential in the Philippine Revolution
and the early trade unionist movement. However, it
was overshadowed by Marxism-Leninism as the
dominant revolutionary tendency during the mid-
20th century, and experienced a resurgence as part
of the punk subculture, following the
fragmentation of the Communist Party of the
Philippines.
What is the idea of anarchism in the
Philippines?
31. Some of the historical figures and movements that had
anarchist dimensions in the Philippines are:
What is the idea of anarchism
in the Philippines?
José Rizal: an author of the Propaganda Movement whose
works were inspired by European anarchists, such as Mikhail
Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
Isabelo de los Reyes: a labor leader and founder of the first
independent Filipino church, who was influenced by the
anarcho-syndicalist ideas of the Federación Regional Española
de la Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores (Spanish
Regional Federation of the International Workers’ Association).
32. Some of the historical figures and movements that had
anarchist dimensions in the Philippines are:
What is the idea of anarchism
in the Philippines?
The Katipunan: a secret society that initiated the Philippine
Revolution against Spain, which had some elements of direct
democracy, mutual aid, and anti-clericalism.
Hukbalahap: Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon or better
known as Hukbalahap is a peasant guerrilla army that fought
against the Japanese occupation and the US-backed Philippine
government, which had some aspects of self-management,
anti-imperialism, and land reform.
34. Who
are
the
men
of
anarchism
all
over
the
world?
Mikhail Bakunin: A Russian revolutionary and philosopher, Bakunin (1814–
1876) significantly influenced anarchist thought.
Emma Goldman: Known as the “Anarchist Queen,” Goldman (1869–1940)
was a powerful figure in the anarchist movement. Her activism spanned
issues like labor rights, feminism, and free speech.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A French thinker, Proudhon (1809–1865) coined
the term “anarchism” and advocated for a society without rulers or
oppressive structures.
Errico Malatesta: An Italian anarchist, Malatesta (1853–1932) played a key
role in promoting anarchism through his writings and activism.
35. Who
are
the
men
of
anarchism
all
over
the
world?
Noam Chomsky: An influential linguist, philosopher, and political activist,
Chomsky (born 1928) has consistently critiqued authority and advocated for
libertarian socialism.
Nestor Makhno: Makhno (1888–1934) led an anarchist army during the
Russian Civil War and established the Free Territory in Ukraine.
Voltairine de Cleyre: An American writer and feminist, de Cleyre (1866–
1912) championed individual freedom and social justice within anarchist
circles.
Ricardo Flores Magón: A Mexican anarchist, Magón (1874–1922) fought
against dictatorship and social inequality, advocating for land reform and
workers’ rights.
36. DISADVANTAGES
• Anti-Autoritarian Stance
• Creative Problem Solving
• Elimination of Negative
Bonds
• Open Discussion and
Cooperation
• Embracing Happiness and
Self-Priority
• Freedom from Guilt and
Shame
ADVANTAGES
ANARCHISM
• Lack of Centralized
Authority
• Potential for Chaos and
Disorder
• Weaker Protection of
Individual Rights
• High Crime Rates
• Lack of Public Services
• Potential for Exploitation
38. ANARCHISM
Fascism is a far-right ideology
that emerged in early 20th-
century Europe, emphasizing
authoritarianism, nationalism,
and state supremacy over the
individual. It advocates for a
hierarchical society where the
strong rule over the weak, with
the state controlling all aspects
of life. Notable fascist regimes
include Nazi Germany and
Fascist Italy.
FASCISM
VS
Anarchism is a political
philosophy advocating for the
abolition of government and the
establishment of a society based
on voluntary cooperation. It
views the state as a coercive
entity perpetuating inequality
and oppression, and promotes
self-governance without external
authority. It includes various
schools of thought like anarcho-
communism, anarcho-
syndicalism, and individualist
anarchism.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
39. “Democracy cannot succeed unless
those who express their choice are
preparedto choose wisely. The real
safeguard of democracy, therefore,is
education.”
— Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States
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Prepared by: Group2
12 - HUMSSRevelations
Philippine Poilitics and Governance 12
