Downloaded 19 times
More Related Content
Similar to Schaefermods3 ppt ch15 (2)
Schaefermods3 ppt ch15 (2)
- 1. Religion 15 3rd edition Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sociology in Modules Richard T. Schaefer
- 2. Slide 2 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Sociological Approach to Religion • Durkheim and the Importance of Religion • Religion: unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things (Durkheim) – Collective act – Includes many forms of behavior in which people interact with others
- 3. Slide 3 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Durkheim and the Importance of Religion • Sacred: elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear • Profane: includes the ordinary and the commonplace • Secularization: religion’s influence on social institutions diminishes • Sociologists study religion through: – Norms and values of religious faiths through their substantive beliefs – The social functions religion fulfills
- 4. Slide 4 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sociological Perspectives on Religion • Manifest functions: open and stated functions; religion defines the spiritual world and gives meaning to the divine • Latent functions: unintended, covert, or hidden functions; might include providing a meeting ground for unmarried members
- 5. Slide 5 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Integrative Function of Religion • Durkheim viewed religion as an integrative force in human society – Gives meaning and purpose to lives – Offers ultimate values and ends – Strengthens social integration – Integrative power seen in work with immigrant groups – Can be dysfunctional
- 6. Slide 6 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion and Social Support • Religion’s emphasis on divine and supernatural allows us to “do something” about calamities we face – Encourages people to view personal misfortunes as relatively unimportant – Religious function of social support also apparent in people’s use of social media
- 7. Slide 7 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion and Social Change • The Weberian Thesis – Protestant ethic: followers of Protestant Reformation emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation for life – “Spirit of capitalism” has emerged as generalized cultural trait
- 8. Slide 8 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion and Social Change • Liberation Theology – Liberation theology: use of a church in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society – May be dysfunctional
- 9. Slide 9 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion and Social Control: A Conflict Perspective • Marx: religion impeded social change – People focus on other-worldly concerns – Religion’s promotion of social stability only helps to perpetuate patterns of social inequality – By inducing a “false consciousness” among disadvantaged, religion lessens the possibility of collective political action
- 10. Slide 10 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Feminist Perspective • Theorists have stressed fundamental role women play in religious socialization – Women generally take subordinate role in religious governance – Women play vital role as volunteers, staff, and educators – In U.S., women more likely than men to be affiliated with religion
- 11. Slide 11 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Table 45-1: Sociological Perspectives on Religion
- 12. Slide 12 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. World Religions • About 89% of world’s population adheres to some religion – Christianity largest, Islam second largest – Judaism forms historical foundation for Christianity and Islam – Hinduism embraces number of gods and reincarnation – Buddhism developed as reaction against Hinduism; uses meditation to overcome selfish cravings
- 13. Slide 13 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Table 46-1: Major World Religions
- 14. Slide 14 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Components of Religion • All religions have certain elements in common, expressed in distinctive manner of each faith – Religious beliefs – Religious rituals – Religious experience
- 15. Slide 15 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Belief • Religious beliefs: statements to which members of a particular religion adhere – Fundamentalism: emphasizes doctrinal conformity and literal interpretation of sacred texts • Found worldwide – Spirituality not as strong in industrialized nations as in developing nations • U.S. an exception
- 16. Slide 16 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Ritual • Religious rituals: practices required or expected of members of a faith – From simple to elaborate: saying grace; canonizing a saint – For Muslims, the hajj – In recent decades, participation in religious rituals has tended to hold steady or decline
- 17. Slide 17 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Experience • Religious experience: feeling or perception of being in direct contact with ultimate reality or of being overcome with religious emotion – Being born again
- 18. Slide 18 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. None of the Above: The Nonreligious • Between 1990 and 2008 the number of Americans who identified as having no religious affiliation doubled – Mostly attributed to decision not to affiliate with organized religion
- 19. Slide 19 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Table 46-2: Components of Religion
- 20. Slide 20 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Figure 46-1: Religious Participation in Selected Countries
- 21. Slide 21 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religious Organization • Four Basic Forms of Organization – Ecclesiae – Denomination – Sect – New religious movement, cult
- 22. Slide 22 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religious Organization • Ecclesiae – Ecclesia: religious organization claiming to include most or all members of a society; recognized as national or official religion • Denominations – Denomination: large, organized religion not officially linked with state or government
- 23. Slide 23 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religious Organization • Sects – Sect: relatively small religious group that broke away from some other religious organization to renew original vision of faith – Fundamentally at odds with society; do not seek to become established national religions – Established sect: out-growth of a sect that remains isolated (Yinger)
- 24. Slide 24 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religious Organization • New Religious Movements or Cults – New religious movement (NRM) or cult: small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith – Similar to sects – Tend to be small – Viewed as less respectable than more established faiths
- 25. Slide 25 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Comparing Forms of Religious Organization • Ecclesiae, denominations, and sects best viewed as types along a continuum • From individual perspective, religion and spirituality remarkably fluid – Rapid rise of electronic church – Many people shop online for church or faith
- 26. Slide 26 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Table 47-1: Characteristics of Ecclesiae, Denominations, Sects, and New Religious Movements
- 27. Slide 27 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Policy and Religion: Religion in the Schools • Controversy over teaching of theories about the origin of humans and the universe • Mainstream scientific thinking: humans evolved over billions of years; universe came into existence 15 billion years ago • Creationism: holding to biblical account of the creation of humans and the universe some 10,000 years ago
- 28. Slide 28 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Policy and Religion: Religion in the Schools • Looking at the Issue – Issue goes to heart of First Amendment provisions regarding religious freedom – Engle v. Vitale, 1962: prayer in New York schools unconstitutional – Intelligent design (ID): idea that life is so complex it could only have been created by intelligent design • Federal judge: ID is “a religious belief”
- 29. Slide 29 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Policy and Religion: Religion in the Schools • Applying Sociology – Supporters of school prayer: • Supreme Court has driven too big a wedge between church and state • Prayer can provide socialization and spiritual guidance – Opponents of school prayer: • Through school prayer, religious majority may impose specific viewpoints onto religious minorities
- 30. Slide 30 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Policy and Religion: Religion in the Schools • Initiating Policy – Most initiatives and lobbying occur at state and local level – Supreme Court has taken a hard line – Debate still strong and ongoing – Critics worry fundamentalist activism may lead to sectarian religious control of public education
- 31. Slide 31 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 47-1: Mormons: A Controversial Denomination – Mormons are not supposed to drink alcohol, soft drinks, coffee, or tea. What aspects of your own religious faith are sometimes observable to others? – Do you have any reservations about a Mormon becoming president of the United States? If so, on what grounds? Research Today
- 32. Slide 32 Copyright© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 47-2: Wicca: Religion or Quasi-Religion – Do you know anyone who practices Wicca? If so, describe the person’s practices? – Do you think that Wicca should be considered a religion? Why or why not? Research Today