Ch. 7 Making Arguments
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•445 views
The document discusses key concepts in building arguments: 1) Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively and persuasively. 2) The building blocks of an argument are the claim, support, and warrant. The claim answers what is being proved. There are three types of claims - facts, values, and policies. Support provides evidence for the claim. The warrant bridges the support to the claim by explaining the logic or assumption connecting them. 3) A good claim is not obvious, engaging, not overly vague, and logical/debatable. A warrant must be a belief shared by the arguer and audience. The document provides examples of building an argument using a claim, support, and warrant
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Making Arguments ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
What is an argumentative essay
This document defines an argumentative essay and outlines the steps to write one. It begins by explaining that an argumentative essay presents both the pros and cons of an issue. It stresses that topics should be narrow in scope and contain an argument. The essay then outlines the six steps to write one: 1) organizing thoughts, 2) researching the topic, 3) developing a thesis statement, 4) writing an introduction, 5) writing the body, and 6) concluding. It provides details on developing a thesis, using three organizational patterns in the body, effectively supporting ideas with facts/statistics, and refuting opposing arguments.
Argumentative structure
The document outlines the 5 essential parts of an argumentative structure: 1) Introduction, 2) Background Information, 3) Confirmation, 4) Refutation, and 5) Conclusion. It notes that these parts do not necessarily equate to 5 paragraphs, and provides details on what should be included in each part. The Background Information section should define terms, clarify ideas, and review relevant information. The Confirmation section should include multiple paragraphs with evidence and explanations to support the argument. The Refutation section should address any counterclaims and rebuttals. Finally, the Conclusion section should discuss the implications or benefits of accepting the argument.
Argumentative Essay - Class VII
This document provides guidance on writing an effective argumentative essay. It explains that the goal of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader by presenting a claim and supporting it with logical reasons and evidence. The document outlines the key components of an argumentative essay, including introducing the topic, providing background information, stating a clear thesis, using body paragraphs with a topic sentence, concession to an opposing view, assertion of the writer's claim, and refutation of the opposing view, and concluding by summarizing the main points and refutations. It also provides examples of effective and ineffective thesis statements and examples of introducing, body, and conclusion paragraphs. Finally, it suggests practice topics for writing argumentative essays.
Elasticity wed04092014
This document discusses elasticity of demand and supply and how responsive buyers and sellers are to price changes. It provides examples of goods that have elastic versus inelastic demand. Goods with elastic demand include normal goods with substitutes that are not essential to survival. Goods with inelastic demand are necessities with few or no substitutes that people need to survive like medical products. The document also discusses how elasticity is important for businesses to understand when determining pricing.
ArgNotes
This document provides information and instructions about argumentative writing. It defines an argument as expressing a position on an issue while supporting it with reasons and evidence. The key components of an argumentative essay are then outlined as an introduction with a claim, reasons and evidence supporting the claim, an opposing claim and counterclaim, and a conclusion. Various elements of an argument like the claim, reasons, evidence, opposing claim, and counterclaim are then defined and exemplified. Students are assigned homework to write a one paragraph argument on a given topic that incorporates these elements.
Statement And Example 09
This document provides an overview of paragraph structure and elements. It discusses that a paragraph contains a topic sentence that introduces the main idea, and supporting sentences that elaborate on the topic sentence. It provides two examples of paragraphs that have clear topic sentences that make a claim or statement, followed by supporting sentences. It also discusses how supporting sentences should provide details to develop and clarify the main idea presented in the topic sentence.
Dr Andrea Reid
The document outlines the process of creating an interactive learning module to help students develop academic writing skills. It describes breaking the writing process into sub-units, focusing first on interpreting the essay question. An interactive flash object was developed for this first sub-unit and integrated into a business studies module for student evaluation. Feedback will be used to improve this sub-unit and inform development of the next on planning.
Discussion Strategy
Discussion is an instructional strategy that uses student-teacher and student-student interactions to achieve higher-level learning goals. When used effectively, discussion can stimulate thinking, challenge attitudes and beliefs, and develop interpersonal skills. Planning an effective discussion involves considering goals, group size, student background and experience, and allotted time. Implementing discussion requires using a lesson plan and guiding questions to provide structure.
Recommended
What is an argumentative essay
This document defines an argumentative essay and outlines the steps to write one. It begins by explaining that an argumentative essay presents both the pros and cons of an issue. It stresses that topics should be narrow in scope and contain an argument. The essay then outlines the six steps to write one: 1) organizing thoughts, 2) researching the topic, 3) developing a thesis statement, 4) writing an introduction, 5) writing the body, and 6) concluding. It provides details on developing a thesis, using three organizational patterns in the body, effectively supporting ideas with facts/statistics, and refuting opposing arguments.
Argumentative structure
The document outlines the 5 essential parts of an argumentative structure: 1) Introduction, 2) Background Information, 3) Confirmation, 4) Refutation, and 5) Conclusion. It notes that these parts do not necessarily equate to 5 paragraphs, and provides details on what should be included in each part. The Background Information section should define terms, clarify ideas, and review relevant information. The Confirmation section should include multiple paragraphs with evidence and explanations to support the argument. The Refutation section should address any counterclaims and rebuttals. Finally, the Conclusion section should discuss the implications or benefits of accepting the argument.
Argumentative Essay - Class VII
This document provides guidance on writing an effective argumentative essay. It explains that the goal of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader by presenting a claim and supporting it with logical reasons and evidence. The document outlines the key components of an argumentative essay, including introducing the topic, providing background information, stating a clear thesis, using body paragraphs with a topic sentence, concession to an opposing view, assertion of the writer's claim, and refutation of the opposing view, and concluding by summarizing the main points and refutations. It also provides examples of effective and ineffective thesis statements and examples of introducing, body, and conclusion paragraphs. Finally, it suggests practice topics for writing argumentative essays.
Elasticity wed04092014
This document discusses elasticity of demand and supply and how responsive buyers and sellers are to price changes. It provides examples of goods that have elastic versus inelastic demand. Goods with elastic demand include normal goods with substitutes that are not essential to survival. Goods with inelastic demand are necessities with few or no substitutes that people need to survive like medical products. The document also discusses how elasticity is important for businesses to understand when determining pricing.
ArgNotes
This document provides information and instructions about argumentative writing. It defines an argument as expressing a position on an issue while supporting it with reasons and evidence. The key components of an argumentative essay are then outlined as an introduction with a claim, reasons and evidence supporting the claim, an opposing claim and counterclaim, and a conclusion. Various elements of an argument like the claim, reasons, evidence, opposing claim, and counterclaim are then defined and exemplified. Students are assigned homework to write a one paragraph argument on a given topic that incorporates these elements.
Statement And Example 09
This document provides an overview of paragraph structure and elements. It discusses that a paragraph contains a topic sentence that introduces the main idea, and supporting sentences that elaborate on the topic sentence. It provides two examples of paragraphs that have clear topic sentences that make a claim or statement, followed by supporting sentences. It also discusses how supporting sentences should provide details to develop and clarify the main idea presented in the topic sentence.
Dr Andrea Reid
The document outlines the process of creating an interactive learning module to help students develop academic writing skills. It describes breaking the writing process into sub-units, focusing first on interpreting the essay question. An interactive flash object was developed for this first sub-unit and integrated into a business studies module for student evaluation. Feedback will be used to improve this sub-unit and inform development of the next on planning.
Discussion Strategy
Discussion is an instructional strategy that uses student-teacher and student-student interactions to achieve higher-level learning goals. When used effectively, discussion can stimulate thinking, challenge attitudes and beliefs, and develop interpersonal skills. Planning an effective discussion involves considering goals, group size, student background and experience, and allotted time. Implementing discussion requires using a lesson plan and guiding questions to provide structure.
Parts of an Argument
This document provides an overview of the key components of an argument, including the claim, reasons/data to support the claim, evidence to back up the reasons, and a warrant connecting the data to the claim. It also discusses acknowledging opposing views, drawing conclusions, inductive vs. deductive reasoning, the characteristics of arguable statements, and the importance of knowing your audience.
Argument pp 1
This document provides an overview of the key elements of an effective argument, including:
1. The claim, which is the central proposition or thesis being argued. There are three main types: claims of fact, value, and policy.
2. Supporting evidence and appeals that are used to convince the audience of the claim.
3. An explicit or implicit warrant that links the claim and support and allows the audience to make the same connection.
It also discusses important considerations like understanding the audience, establishing credibility, choosing an appropriate claim, using reliable sources, avoiding logical errors, and using clear language. The goal is to influence the audience through reasoned discourse.
Critical thinking argumentation - lucy ohanyan a
This document discusses the key components of an effective argument. It defines an argument as a logical statement that offers support for a claim. The main parts of an argument are identified as the claim, support, and warrant. The claim states what is being argued, and can be a claim of fact, value, or policy. Support provides evidence or motivations to convince the audience of the claim. A warrant assures the logic connecting the claim and support. Effective arguments also employ logos, ethos, and pathos to establish clarity, trustworthiness, and emotional connection with the audience.
Critical thinking argumentation - lucy ohanyan a
This document discusses the key components of an effective argument: a claim, support for the claim, and a warrant linking the claim and support. It defines an argument as a logical statement offering support for a claim, rather than confrontation. There are three types of claims - fact, value, and policy. Support can come from evidence like facts/data or be motivational by combining the claim and rationale. A good argument also establishes logos through clarity, ethos through honesty and ethics, and pathos through empathy.
The Argument
This document provides an overview of the key components of an argumentative essay, including stating claims, providing evidence, making appeals, identifying assumptions, and using different types of reasoning. It discusses how arguments aim to engage the reader's powers of reasoning to win agreement with an assertion, while persuasion also aims to influence actions by engaging beliefs and feelings. The document emphasizes using accurate, representative, relevant and adequate evidence to support claims, and being willing to address alternative views to strengthen the argument.
Argument+rhetoric+ppt
This document provides information on argumentation and the structure of argument essays. It defines argumentation as appealing to reason by connecting evidence in a logical chain to lead readers to an intended conclusion. There are four main types of arguments: definition, evaluation, cause-effect, and proposal. A good argument topic must be specific, controversial, researchable, rational, and relatable. An argument essay follows a basic structure with a claim, support/evidence, refutation of counter-arguments, and a conclusion that reinforces the claim. The introduction should grab the reader, provide background, and state the thesis. The body should present logical evidence and refute opposing views. The conclusion restates the key points and supports the thesis.
Claims-of-Fact-Value-Policy.pptx
The document discusses different types of claims used in arguments: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. Claims of fact assert conditions that are objectively verifiable using evidence like statistics or testimony. Claims of value make judgments about what is desirable or moral based on standards. Claims of policy propose specific actions or solutions to problems, using "should" or "ought to" language, and must justify the policy by linking it to factual claims and values. When making any type of claim, considering different perspectives is important.
Senior High School Reading and Writing Skills
The document discusses five types of claims that are commonly used in arguments: claims of fact, definition, cause, value, and policy. It provides examples and descriptions of each type of claim. Claims of fact address whether something happened or is true. Definition claims focus on how something should be defined. Cause claims examine what caused something or what the effects will be. Value claims establish whether something is good or bad. Policy claims suggest solutions to problems or future courses of action. Arguments can contain a mix of these different claim types, but usually one type will predominate. Identifying the predominant claim helps determine the main purpose of the argument.
academic writing class notes.docx
This document discusses how to write a classical argument. It will cover identifying classical arguments, using Toulmin's model of argument to plan essays, checking reliability of sources, and using rhetorical appeals. Learners will be able to write a 500-word argumentative essay using these techniques after reviewing counterarguments and concessions. The document also explains classical argument structure, the Toulmin model, and responding to alternative views.
Argumentative paper directions
This document provides guidance on writing an argumentative paper on whether affirmative action should still be practiced in the United States. It defines what an argument is, outlines the typical components of an argument including a claim, reasons, evidence, warrants, counterarguments and rebuttals. It then provides tips for writing the paper such as establishing a clear thesis, providing reasons and evidence to support the claim, addressing counterclaims, being organized with an introduction, body and conclusion, conducting research from reliable sources, and including a works cited page.
Writing to Persuade—OWL
This presentation provides guidance on effective persuasion and developing persuasive documents. It outlines understanding the audience, researching all sides of an issue to find common ground, supporting your perspective with credible sources and statistics, and establishing your own credibility without misrepresenting evidence. The goal of persuasive writing is to appeal to the audience's reason and understanding through respectful argumentation.
Writing - Claims & Evidences (Argumentative Paper Part 1)
This document discusses how to write an argumentative paper by using claims and evidence. It defines a claim as a statement that takes a position and can be debated. There are four types of claims: claims of fact, value, cause and effect, and policy. Evidence is then used to support the claim. Six types of evidence are described: print/electronic sources, observation, interviews, surveys, experiments, and personal experience. The document provides examples and guidelines for incorporating high-quality claims and evidence into an argumentative paper.
Owl Purdue Persuasive Writing
This presentation discusses effective strategies for persuasive writing. It explains that persuasive writing seeks to convince readers by appealing to their reason and understanding through argument and evidence. It emphasizes understanding the audience, supporting your opinion with research from credible sources, addressing alternative viewpoints respectfully, and establishing your own credibility. The document provides tips for researching an issue from multiple sides, understanding the audience's perspective, citing sources ethically, and avoiding counterproductive rhetorical tactics.
Advocacy Through Legislation New York.docx
The document provides guidance for a nursing advocacy assignment focused on identifying a health care problem that could be addressed through legislation. It includes a template to complete that outlines key components: describing the problem and its consequences, proposing a solution and why legislation is the best approach, researching supporting evidence and similar laws, identifying stakeholders' views, addressing financial impacts, and outlining the legislative process. Students are asked to thoughtfully complete the template citing at least three sources to advocate for improving an issue through new policy or regulation.
7The Argument Component of your Mental MapKeywordsargu
7
The Argument Component of your Mental Map
Keywords
arguments; certainty; generalization; mental map; variation amongst knowledge claims
Having presented the key to the mental map (a set of tools for thinking), we now briefly introduce the mental map components, before focusing in detail on the first component: the match between claims and warranting in arguments. How do the components relate to the tools? The authors whose work you study will have employed the tools for thinking in order to develop a convincing argument. The four components of the mental map will help you evaluate a range of factors that contribute to the content and robustness of that argument (
Table 7.1
).
In short, your mental map will enable you to home in on what authors were trying to do, why and with what success. In this chapter, we discuss the component that focuses on the match between authors’ claims and the quality of the evidence supporting them.
Two dimensions of variation among knowledge claims
In
Part One
, we saw that an argument is constructed from one or more
claims to knowledge
– assertions that something is, or normatively should be, true.
Table 7.1 Components of the mental map
Mental map component
Aspect of authors’ argument that it helps you examine Two
dimensions of variation amongst
Two
dimensions of variation amongst knowledge claims
about the social world, affecting their vulnerability to criticism
Authors’ tentativeness or certainty about their claims and their willingness to generalize, relative to the amount of appropriate evidence available
Three
kinds of knowledge
that are generated by reflecting on, investigating and taking action in the social world
The basis of their claims, as relevant to theory, new research evidence or experience
Four
types of literature
that inform understanding and practice
Whether the account aims to inform theory, research knowledge, practice or policy, and some common weaknesses that can render each type less than convincing
Five sorts of
intellectual project
that generate literature about the social world
Authors’ reasons for undertaking their work: aiming to understand, evaluate, change others’ action directly or through training, or improve their own action
These claims form the conclusion, which is one half of the argument. The claims are supported by some form of warranting: the half of the argument that justifies why the conclusion should be accepted. Claims vary along two important dimensions, according to the amount of appropriate evidence contained in the warranting. If there is a mismatch, we see the warranting as inadequate.
In
Chapter 3
, we saw how warranting can be provided, and be appropriate, but still be inadequate – not sufficiently convincing for the critical reader. An inadequately warranted claim often fails to convince because:
It is based on an insufficient amount of robust evidence to support the degree of
certainty
with which this claim is made.
The e ...
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)This appeal invo.docx
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)
This appeal involves convincing your audience that you are intelligent and can be trusted. In other words, this appeal shows that you are CREDIBLE, a reliable source of information and have sought out reliable information on the topic. Writers cannot simply say to their audience "I can be trusted because I'm smart and a good person." This appeal is perhaps the most difficult to establish; a writer has to prove him or herself by demonstrating that he or she understands what is being argued by:
Providing personal experience or know someone else who has relevant personal experience,
Using expert support to show that you are knowledgeable on the topic:
· through extensive research,
· through up-to-date research
· through recognized authorities in the field (this will also help to prevent your appeal from seeming too personal),
· through recent, relevant research.
Using an appropriate writing style by means of professional and strong words that carry appropriate connotations.
Treating your audience with respect while showing that you have your audience’s best interests at heart by
· establishing some common ground. You can do this by acknowledging the opinion of the opposition, and then show how both sides agree on at least one aspect. This is essential in establishing your ethos (or credibility) and your ability to treat the topic fairly. Be careful not to over-do this however so that it remains clear which side you are supporting.
· paving common ground by utilizing shared values, hopes, expectations, dreams, ideas, fears, etc.
· establishing common ground through the use of details the audience can relate to and/or identify with.
Logos (think LOGICAL Appeal)
You appeal to logic when you rely on your audience’s intelligence and when you offer credible evidence to support your argument. That evidence includes:
· FACTS- These are valuable because they are not debatable; they represent the truth
· EXAMPLES- These include events or circumstances that your audience can relate to their life and, thus, makes sense to them.
· PRECEDENTS- These are specific examples (historical and personal) from the past (I hurt myself when I did that, so it makes sense not to do that again)
· AUTHORITY- The authority must be timely (not out-dated), and it must be qualified to judge the topic and, thus, make sense why it is being used to support a point (and overall argument).
· DEDUCTIVE/INDUCTIVE- Deductive reasoning is when you pick apart evidence to reach conclusions, and inductive reasoning is when you add logical pieces to the evidence to reach conclusions.
Pathos (think PASSIONATE or emotional Appeal)
This kind of appeal can be very effective if it’s not over-done, especially if your topic is an emotional one. Because an audience has emotions as well as intellect, an argument should seek to engage the audience emotionally. However, using emotional appeal alone is not as effective as when it is used in conjunctio ...
Chapter 3: Persuading Your Audience
This document discusses persuasion in technical communication. It defines persuasion as trying to influence others' actions, opinions, or decisions. Most workplace documents have an implicit or explicit persuasive goal. It is important to identify a specific persuasive goal, anticipate audience reaction, respect constraints, support arguments with evidence, understand cultural differences, and prepare a convincing argument. The document provides learning objectives and reviews key concepts like the three types of audience acceptance, three ways to connect with audiences, recognizing constraints, and supporting claims convincingly.
Reading and Writing Claims of Fact, Policy and Value.pptx
Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value discussion
Toulmin argument
The document outlines Stephen Toulmin's model of persuasive argument, which includes a claim, grounds, and warrant. The claim is the statement being argued, grounds provide data and facts to support the claim, and the warrant links the grounds to the claim to validate why the data supports it. Successful arguments also include backing, qualifiers, rebuttals, and reservations to strengthen the core claim, grounds, and warrant components of the argument.
Argumentative Writing
A presentation to guide students through the components of persuasive writing and prepare them to write a persuasive paper.
Incorporating Sources: Quoting, Summarizing, & Paraphrasing
The document discusses incorporating sources into academic writing by quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing sources. It advises using a SCC structure - signal with a lead-in phrase, cite the source, and comment on the cited idea. Quoting uses the exact words, paraphrasing restates the idea in your own words, and summarizing distills the main idea. Summarizing and paraphrasing help avoid plagiarism by putting others' work in your own words while still giving them credit.
Ch 13 Evaluating And Citing Resources For Research
This document discusses evaluating and citing resources for research. It explains finding and evaluating sources and their authority. It also discusses organizing sources using an annotated bibliography and synthesizing sources by combining elements from various sources. The document then explains MLA style for citing sources in-text and in a works cited list. It provides an example of integrating a cited source using the SIGNAL, CITE, COMMENT method. The assignment is to read about research and writing and begin gathering sources.
More Related Content
Similar to Ch. 7 Making Arguments
Parts of an Argument
This document provides an overview of the key components of an argument, including the claim, reasons/data to support the claim, evidence to back up the reasons, and a warrant connecting the data to the claim. It also discusses acknowledging opposing views, drawing conclusions, inductive vs. deductive reasoning, the characteristics of arguable statements, and the importance of knowing your audience.
Argument pp 1
This document provides an overview of the key elements of an effective argument, including:
1. The claim, which is the central proposition or thesis being argued. There are three main types: claims of fact, value, and policy.
2. Supporting evidence and appeals that are used to convince the audience of the claim.
3. An explicit or implicit warrant that links the claim and support and allows the audience to make the same connection.
It also discusses important considerations like understanding the audience, establishing credibility, choosing an appropriate claim, using reliable sources, avoiding logical errors, and using clear language. The goal is to influence the audience through reasoned discourse.
Critical thinking argumentation - lucy ohanyan a
This document discusses the key components of an effective argument. It defines an argument as a logical statement that offers support for a claim. The main parts of an argument are identified as the claim, support, and warrant. The claim states what is being argued, and can be a claim of fact, value, or policy. Support provides evidence or motivations to convince the audience of the claim. A warrant assures the logic connecting the claim and support. Effective arguments also employ logos, ethos, and pathos to establish clarity, trustworthiness, and emotional connection with the audience.
Critical thinking argumentation - lucy ohanyan a
This document discusses the key components of an effective argument: a claim, support for the claim, and a warrant linking the claim and support. It defines an argument as a logical statement offering support for a claim, rather than confrontation. There are three types of claims - fact, value, and policy. Support can come from evidence like facts/data or be motivational by combining the claim and rationale. A good argument also establishes logos through clarity, ethos through honesty and ethics, and pathos through empathy.
The Argument
This document provides an overview of the key components of an argumentative essay, including stating claims, providing evidence, making appeals, identifying assumptions, and using different types of reasoning. It discusses how arguments aim to engage the reader's powers of reasoning to win agreement with an assertion, while persuasion also aims to influence actions by engaging beliefs and feelings. The document emphasizes using accurate, representative, relevant and adequate evidence to support claims, and being willing to address alternative views to strengthen the argument.
Argument+rhetoric+ppt
This document provides information on argumentation and the structure of argument essays. It defines argumentation as appealing to reason by connecting evidence in a logical chain to lead readers to an intended conclusion. There are four main types of arguments: definition, evaluation, cause-effect, and proposal. A good argument topic must be specific, controversial, researchable, rational, and relatable. An argument essay follows a basic structure with a claim, support/evidence, refutation of counter-arguments, and a conclusion that reinforces the claim. The introduction should grab the reader, provide background, and state the thesis. The body should present logical evidence and refute opposing views. The conclusion restates the key points and supports the thesis.
Claims-of-Fact-Value-Policy.pptx
The document discusses different types of claims used in arguments: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. Claims of fact assert conditions that are objectively verifiable using evidence like statistics or testimony. Claims of value make judgments about what is desirable or moral based on standards. Claims of policy propose specific actions or solutions to problems, using "should" or "ought to" language, and must justify the policy by linking it to factual claims and values. When making any type of claim, considering different perspectives is important.
Senior High School Reading and Writing Skills
The document discusses five types of claims that are commonly used in arguments: claims of fact, definition, cause, value, and policy. It provides examples and descriptions of each type of claim. Claims of fact address whether something happened or is true. Definition claims focus on how something should be defined. Cause claims examine what caused something or what the effects will be. Value claims establish whether something is good or bad. Policy claims suggest solutions to problems or future courses of action. Arguments can contain a mix of these different claim types, but usually one type will predominate. Identifying the predominant claim helps determine the main purpose of the argument.
academic writing class notes.docx
This document discusses how to write a classical argument. It will cover identifying classical arguments, using Toulmin's model of argument to plan essays, checking reliability of sources, and using rhetorical appeals. Learners will be able to write a 500-word argumentative essay using these techniques after reviewing counterarguments and concessions. The document also explains classical argument structure, the Toulmin model, and responding to alternative views.
Argumentative paper directions
This document provides guidance on writing an argumentative paper on whether affirmative action should still be practiced in the United States. It defines what an argument is, outlines the typical components of an argument including a claim, reasons, evidence, warrants, counterarguments and rebuttals. It then provides tips for writing the paper such as establishing a clear thesis, providing reasons and evidence to support the claim, addressing counterclaims, being organized with an introduction, body and conclusion, conducting research from reliable sources, and including a works cited page.
Writing to Persuade—OWL
This presentation provides guidance on effective persuasion and developing persuasive documents. It outlines understanding the audience, researching all sides of an issue to find common ground, supporting your perspective with credible sources and statistics, and establishing your own credibility without misrepresenting evidence. The goal of persuasive writing is to appeal to the audience's reason and understanding through respectful argumentation.
Writing - Claims & Evidences (Argumentative Paper Part 1)
This document discusses how to write an argumentative paper by using claims and evidence. It defines a claim as a statement that takes a position and can be debated. There are four types of claims: claims of fact, value, cause and effect, and policy. Evidence is then used to support the claim. Six types of evidence are described: print/electronic sources, observation, interviews, surveys, experiments, and personal experience. The document provides examples and guidelines for incorporating high-quality claims and evidence into an argumentative paper.
Owl Purdue Persuasive Writing
This presentation discusses effective strategies for persuasive writing. It explains that persuasive writing seeks to convince readers by appealing to their reason and understanding through argument and evidence. It emphasizes understanding the audience, supporting your opinion with research from credible sources, addressing alternative viewpoints respectfully, and establishing your own credibility. The document provides tips for researching an issue from multiple sides, understanding the audience's perspective, citing sources ethically, and avoiding counterproductive rhetorical tactics.
Advocacy Through Legislation New York.docx
The document provides guidance for a nursing advocacy assignment focused on identifying a health care problem that could be addressed through legislation. It includes a template to complete that outlines key components: describing the problem and its consequences, proposing a solution and why legislation is the best approach, researching supporting evidence and similar laws, identifying stakeholders' views, addressing financial impacts, and outlining the legislative process. Students are asked to thoughtfully complete the template citing at least three sources to advocate for improving an issue through new policy or regulation.
7The Argument Component of your Mental MapKeywordsargu
7
The Argument Component of your Mental Map
Keywords
arguments; certainty; generalization; mental map; variation amongst knowledge claims
Having presented the key to the mental map (a set of tools for thinking), we now briefly introduce the mental map components, before focusing in detail on the first component: the match between claims and warranting in arguments. How do the components relate to the tools? The authors whose work you study will have employed the tools for thinking in order to develop a convincing argument. The four components of the mental map will help you evaluate a range of factors that contribute to the content and robustness of that argument (
Table 7.1
).
In short, your mental map will enable you to home in on what authors were trying to do, why and with what success. In this chapter, we discuss the component that focuses on the match between authors’ claims and the quality of the evidence supporting them.
Two dimensions of variation among knowledge claims
In
Part One
, we saw that an argument is constructed from one or more
claims to knowledge
– assertions that something is, or normatively should be, true.
Table 7.1 Components of the mental map
Mental map component
Aspect of authors’ argument that it helps you examine Two
dimensions of variation amongst
Two
dimensions of variation amongst knowledge claims
about the social world, affecting their vulnerability to criticism
Authors’ tentativeness or certainty about their claims and their willingness to generalize, relative to the amount of appropriate evidence available
Three
kinds of knowledge
that are generated by reflecting on, investigating and taking action in the social world
The basis of their claims, as relevant to theory, new research evidence or experience
Four
types of literature
that inform understanding and practice
Whether the account aims to inform theory, research knowledge, practice or policy, and some common weaknesses that can render each type less than convincing
Five sorts of
intellectual project
that generate literature about the social world
Authors’ reasons for undertaking their work: aiming to understand, evaluate, change others’ action directly or through training, or improve their own action
These claims form the conclusion, which is one half of the argument. The claims are supported by some form of warranting: the half of the argument that justifies why the conclusion should be accepted. Claims vary along two important dimensions, according to the amount of appropriate evidence contained in the warranting. If there is a mismatch, we see the warranting as inadequate.
In
Chapter 3
, we saw how warranting can be provided, and be appropriate, but still be inadequate – not sufficiently convincing for the critical reader. An inadequately warranted claim often fails to convince because:
It is based on an insufficient amount of robust evidence to support the degree of
certainty
with which this claim is made.
The e ...
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)This appeal invo.docx
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)
This appeal involves convincing your audience that you are intelligent and can be trusted. In other words, this appeal shows that you are CREDIBLE, a reliable source of information and have sought out reliable information on the topic. Writers cannot simply say to their audience "I can be trusted because I'm smart and a good person." This appeal is perhaps the most difficult to establish; a writer has to prove him or herself by demonstrating that he or she understands what is being argued by:
Providing personal experience or know someone else who has relevant personal experience,
Using expert support to show that you are knowledgeable on the topic:
· through extensive research,
· through up-to-date research
· through recognized authorities in the field (this will also help to prevent your appeal from seeming too personal),
· through recent, relevant research.
Using an appropriate writing style by means of professional and strong words that carry appropriate connotations.
Treating your audience with respect while showing that you have your audience’s best interests at heart by
· establishing some common ground. You can do this by acknowledging the opinion of the opposition, and then show how both sides agree on at least one aspect. This is essential in establishing your ethos (or credibility) and your ability to treat the topic fairly. Be careful not to over-do this however so that it remains clear which side you are supporting.
· paving common ground by utilizing shared values, hopes, expectations, dreams, ideas, fears, etc.
· establishing common ground through the use of details the audience can relate to and/or identify with.
Logos (think LOGICAL Appeal)
You appeal to logic when you rely on your audience’s intelligence and when you offer credible evidence to support your argument. That evidence includes:
· FACTS- These are valuable because they are not debatable; they represent the truth
· EXAMPLES- These include events or circumstances that your audience can relate to their life and, thus, makes sense to them.
· PRECEDENTS- These are specific examples (historical and personal) from the past (I hurt myself when I did that, so it makes sense not to do that again)
· AUTHORITY- The authority must be timely (not out-dated), and it must be qualified to judge the topic and, thus, make sense why it is being used to support a point (and overall argument).
· DEDUCTIVE/INDUCTIVE- Deductive reasoning is when you pick apart evidence to reach conclusions, and inductive reasoning is when you add logical pieces to the evidence to reach conclusions.
Pathos (think PASSIONATE or emotional Appeal)
This kind of appeal can be very effective if it’s not over-done, especially if your topic is an emotional one. Because an audience has emotions as well as intellect, an argument should seek to engage the audience emotionally. However, using emotional appeal alone is not as effective as when it is used in conjunctio ...
Chapter 3: Persuading Your Audience
This document discusses persuasion in technical communication. It defines persuasion as trying to influence others' actions, opinions, or decisions. Most workplace documents have an implicit or explicit persuasive goal. It is important to identify a specific persuasive goal, anticipate audience reaction, respect constraints, support arguments with evidence, understand cultural differences, and prepare a convincing argument. The document provides learning objectives and reviews key concepts like the three types of audience acceptance, three ways to connect with audiences, recognizing constraints, and supporting claims convincingly.
Reading and Writing Claims of Fact, Policy and Value.pptx
Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value discussion
Toulmin argument
The document outlines Stephen Toulmin's model of persuasive argument, which includes a claim, grounds, and warrant. The claim is the statement being argued, grounds provide data and facts to support the claim, and the warrant links the grounds to the claim to validate why the data supports it. Successful arguments also include backing, qualifiers, rebuttals, and reservations to strengthen the core claim, grounds, and warrant components of the argument.
Argumentative Writing
A presentation to guide students through the components of persuasive writing and prepare them to write a persuasive paper.
Similar to Ch. 7 Making Arguments (20)
Writing - Claims & Evidences (Argumentative Paper Part 1)
Writing - Claims & Evidences (Argumentative Paper Part 1)
7The Argument Component of your Mental MapKeywordsargu
7The Argument Component of your Mental MapKeywordsargu
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)This appeal invo.docx
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)This appeal invo.docx
Reading and Writing Claims of Fact, Policy and Value.pptx
Reading and Writing Claims of Fact, Policy and Value.pptx
More from mleggs
Incorporating Sources: Quoting, Summarizing, & Paraphrasing
The document discusses incorporating sources into academic writing by quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing sources. It advises using a SCC structure - signal with a lead-in phrase, cite the source, and comment on the cited idea. Quoting uses the exact words, paraphrasing restates the idea in your own words, and summarizing distills the main idea. Summarizing and paraphrasing help avoid plagiarism by putting others' work in your own words while still giving them credit.
Ch 13 Evaluating And Citing Resources For Research
This document discusses evaluating and citing resources for research. It explains finding and evaluating sources and their authority. It also discusses organizing sources using an annotated bibliography and synthesizing sources by combining elements from various sources. The document then explains MLA style for citing sources in-text and in a works cited list. It provides an example of integrating a cited source using the SIGNAL, CITE, COMMENT method. The assignment is to read about research and writing and begin gathering sources.
Evaluating And Citing Resources For Research
This document discusses evaluating and citing resources for research. It covers finding sources, evaluating sources based on their authority and credentials, and organizing sources into an annotated bibliography. The document also discusses synthesizing sources by combining elements from various sources into a single entity. It provides an example of an annotated bibliography citation and describes MLA citation style, including in-text citations and works cited pages. The document demonstrates how to properly integrate sources using the SIGNAL, CITE, COMMENT method.
Proofreading & Editing - 10 Proofreading Tips
Proofreading involves carefully reading a document to detect and mark errors in formatting and style such as punctuation, grammar, spelling, etc. Editing refers to modifying or adapting the content of a document to make it suitable or acceptable. The document provides 10 tips for proofreading including reading aloud, using a screen to cover unread text, reading slowly, and taking enough time to thoroughly proofread.
Definition: Clarifying Terms
This document provides guidance on defining terms, including four questions to consider when writing a definition, and three techniques for defining terms: definition by synonym, definition by category, and definition by negation. It also discusses using dictionary definitions while avoiding getting lost in further definitions, and includes the etymology or word origin of some terms as examples.
Evaluating And Citing Web Resources For Research 2009
This document discusses evaluating and citing resources for research. It covers finding sources, evaluating sources based on their authority and credentials, and organizing sources into an annotated bibliography. It also discusses synthesizing sources by combining elements from various sources into a single work. Finally, it discusses MLA citation style, including in-text citations and works cited pages, as well as how to properly integrate sources into writing by signaling, citing, and commenting on the significance of citations.
Explaining Causes & Effects
The document discusses explaining causes and effects through critical thinking and observation skills. It moves from asking what happened to why and what will happen, requiring moving from specific to general. It also discusses Ockham's Razor, which states the simplest explanation is most likely correct, and deductive versus inductive reasoning. The Ishikawa fishbone diagram is presented for displaying multiple potential causes that lead to an effect. Examples of effects that could be diagrammed are provided.
More from mleggs (7)
Incorporating Sources: Quoting, Summarizing, & Paraphrasing
Incorporating Sources: Quoting, Summarizing, & Paraphrasing
Ch 13 Evaluating And Citing Resources For Research
Ch 13 Evaluating And Citing Resources For Research
Evaluating And Citing Web Resources For Research 2009
Evaluating And Citing Web Resources For Research 2009
Recently uploaded
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as discipline
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N Roll Records presentation by Izzy Vazquez for Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Recently uploaded (20)
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...