This presentation provides guidance on effective persuasion and developing persuasive documents. It outlines understanding the audience, researching all sides of an issue to find common ground, supporting your perspective with credible sources and statistics, and establishing your own credibility without misrepresenting evidence. The goal of persuasive writing is to appeal to the audience's reason and understanding through respectful argumentation.
Presentation and teaching material: Communication Theory - Cultivation Theory by George Gerbner. Research on Television and Violence based on the Cultural Indicators Project
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
Symbolic convergence theory- Ernest BormannThea Samudya
Seringnya kita menganggap bahwa sebuah kelompok hanyalah sekumpulan orang yang memiliki kesamaan baik dari pengalaman maupun hobi dan pola pikir. Tapi secara tidak langsung tanpa kita sadari bahwa kelompok tersebut telah membentuk sebuah realitas baru dalam masyarakat secara lebih luas. Bagaimana realitas sosial di bentuk dalam kelompok?
Sebuah teori komunikasi yang berfokus pada pengetahuan tentang bagaimana identitas kelompok dapat terbentuk. Sebuah teori yang asik, yang kini bisa diterapkan secara lebih luas untuk melihat sebuah fenomena komunikasi terutama di era digital saat ini.
Presentation and teaching material: Communication Theory - Cultivation Theory by George Gerbner. Research on Television and Violence based on the Cultural Indicators Project
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
Symbolic convergence theory- Ernest BormannThea Samudya
Seringnya kita menganggap bahwa sebuah kelompok hanyalah sekumpulan orang yang memiliki kesamaan baik dari pengalaman maupun hobi dan pola pikir. Tapi secara tidak langsung tanpa kita sadari bahwa kelompok tersebut telah membentuk sebuah realitas baru dalam masyarakat secara lebih luas. Bagaimana realitas sosial di bentuk dalam kelompok?
Sebuah teori komunikasi yang berfokus pada pengetahuan tentang bagaimana identitas kelompok dapat terbentuk. Sebuah teori yang asik, yang kini bisa diterapkan secara lebih luas untuk melihat sebuah fenomena komunikasi terutama di era digital saat ini.
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSFor most people, the true testsarantatersall
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS
For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
In addition, your topic should be interesting to you and to your readers. Keep in mind that some topics—such as “The Need for Gun Control” or “The Fairness of the Death Penalty”—have been discussed and written about so often that you may not be able to say anything new or interesting about them. Instead of relying on an overused topic, choose one that enables you to contribute something to the debate.
2) Developing an Argumentative Thesis
After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
Term limits would harm government because elected officials would always be inexperienced.
To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
3) Defining Your Terms
You should always define the key terms you use in your argument— especially those you use in your thesis statement. After all, the soundness of an ...
COMPOSITION NO. 4 PERSUASIVE ESSAY A persuasive essay LynellBull52
COMPOSITION NO. 4: PERSUASIVE ESSAY
A persuasive essay is an essay written to convince an audience to think in a certain to way or to take an
action. A good persuasive essay presents arguments, shows evidence, and appeals responsibly to the
emotions of its audience. Because different audiences respond to different arguments and varying
emotional appeals, a persuasive essay must build its case forcefully and intelligently for its audience.
Guidelines for Achievement
A persuasive essay:
• begins with a concise statement of position on an issue that will interest the audience.
• presents its points clearly and logically.
• supports its position with valid evidence and logical arguments (facts, statistics,
examples, reasons, expert opinions) and responsible appeals to emotion.
• addresses an audience whose views probably differ from the writer’s.
• anticipates opposing arguments.
• ends in a way that prompts readers to change their thinking or to take a certain course of
action.
What Issue Should I Write About?
The point of a persuasive essay is to change your readers’ minds. If all your readers already agree with
you about an issue or a debate resolution, then whom are you persuading? If you have not already been
assigned a topic and wish to find one that hits a nerve, try any of these strategies:
1. Scan the editorial pages of your newspaper for a controversial issue such as a social or political
problem that affects you or someone
2. Research some of the ethical dilemmas arising from technological or scientific advances such as
genetic research.
3. Tune in to a radio talk show and list the gripes that callers have. Is there a caller to whom you would
like to respond?
4. Conduct a class survey to find out what issues are of concern to your peers.
Developing Thesis Statements
Once you have chosen an issue, you must develop your position, or thesis statement. Developing your
thesis statement right away will help you focus on your issue as you draft your essay. You should include
your thesis statement in the introduction of your essay to let your readers know what issue you have
chosen and what your position is. Narrow your position to one strong, clear statement incorporating as
usual topic, purpose and method. One way to formulate your position and focus on an issue is to ask
yourself the question “What should be done about it?” Keep revising your answer until you can state your
conclusion in one sentence.
Once you have formulated your thesis statement you are ready to begin developing the body of your
paper.
What Should I Include in My Essay?
You should begin your essay by defining the debate resolution or issue you will address. Try to use facts
examples, anecdotes, or statistics to show your readers what the issue entails and why it is important If
you have chosen a controversial issue, summarize the controversy. Then state your position, and develop ...
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)This appeal invo.docxSANSKAR20
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)
This appeal involves convincing your audience that you are intelligent and can be trusted. In other words, this appeal shows that you are CREDIBLE, a reliable source of information and have sought out reliable information on the topic. Writers cannot simply say to their audience "I can be trusted because I'm smart and a good person." This appeal is perhaps the most difficult to establish; a writer has to prove him or herself by demonstrating that he or she understands what is being argued by:
Providing personal experience or know someone else who has relevant personal experience,
Using expert support to show that you are knowledgeable on the topic:
· through extensive research,
· through up-to-date research
· through recognized authorities in the field (this will also help to prevent your appeal from seeming too personal),
· through recent, relevant research.
Using an appropriate writing style by means of professional and strong words that carry appropriate connotations.
Treating your audience with respect while showing that you have your audience’s best interests at heart by
· establishing some common ground. You can do this by acknowledging the opinion of the opposition, and then show how both sides agree on at least one aspect. This is essential in establishing your ethos (or credibility) and your ability to treat the topic fairly. Be careful not to over-do this however so that it remains clear which side you are supporting.
· paving common ground by utilizing shared values, hopes, expectations, dreams, ideas, fears, etc.
· establishing common ground through the use of details the audience can relate to and/or identify with.
Logos (think LOGICAL Appeal)
You appeal to logic when you rely on your audience’s intelligence and when you offer credible evidence to support your argument. That evidence includes:
· FACTS- These are valuable because they are not debatable; they represent the truth
· EXAMPLES- These include events or circumstances that your audience can relate to their life and, thus, makes sense to them.
· PRECEDENTS- These are specific examples (historical and personal) from the past (I hurt myself when I did that, so it makes sense not to do that again)
· AUTHORITY- The authority must be timely (not out-dated), and it must be qualified to judge the topic and, thus, make sense why it is being used to support a point (and overall argument).
· DEDUCTIVE/INDUCTIVE- Deductive reasoning is when you pick apart evidence to reach conclusions, and inductive reasoning is when you add logical pieces to the evidence to reach conclusions.
Pathos (think PASSIONATE or emotional Appeal)
This kind of appeal can be very effective if it’s not over-done, especially if your topic is an emotional one. Because an audience has emotions as well as intellect, an argument should seek to engage the audience emotionally. However, using emotional appeal alone is not as effective as when it is used in conjunctio ...
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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The following slides will cover the following topics. We’ll start by discussing the persuasive context, and then focus primarily on the role of the audience in the development of a persuasive document. Next, we’ll discuss how to effectively research your topic and various ways to establish your credibility.
First, let’s establish what we mean by persuasive writing.
You encounter persuasion every day in many forms. Have you recently been persuaded by something? Have you been on a web site and been tempted to click on an advertisement or article? What drew you in?
In order to create an effective persuasive document, you should consider these important steps. We’ll go over how to accomplish each of these. Let’s start with audience.
Here are some circumstances you might encounter in which you would need to persuade someone. Have you ever needed to persuade someone? What did you persuade your audience to do? Were you successful?
Here are some questions you should ask yourself at the start of any persuasive writing project. It’s important to know something about what your audience believes. For example, you might use different tactics to persuade an audience who knows little about a topic versus an audience who already has strong beliefs on a topic. If you understand where your audience is coming from, you can predict how they might react and what kinds of arguments they might find convincing.
Here are some more questions you might ask yourself about your audience. You might also think of other questions, depending on the specific nature of your project.
It’s important to back up your argument with plenty of reputable sources and information. But people make decisions with their hearts as well as their minds. While you don’t want to become sentimental about your topic, you do want your audience to be able to relate to your topic and to feel connected to your concern. If they don’t care about the topic, why should they bother to change their minds? Here are some ways you can get your audience more involved. People tend to feel more involved in issues that are local or that directly affect them. For example, if you’re trying to persuade your town to give more funding to local programs for the homeless, paint an accurate but detailed picture of what someone who’s homeless might go through in one day, or discuss in detail the current lack of resources that are available in your area.
We’ve already discussed why it’s important to find some common ground, and you need to research both sides of a topic to be able to do so. Often, it’s tempting to only research the side of the topic for which we’re arguing. However, if you’re going to be persuasive and sound educated about the topic, you’ll need to be able to address the opposing viewpoint. Also, when writing a persuasive essay, you’ll often need to include a counterargument; this is the section in which you can acknowledge and then refute major arguments made by the opposing viewpoint. Being able to predict what arguments a reader might make against you will give the opportunity to disarm these readers ahead of time. This is why it’s so important to think about your audience before you start writing.
The most effective persuaders know how to find common ground and let their audience know that they understand where they’re coming from. This is especially true if the topic is controversial and/or your audience has strong opinions about it already. Here’s one example of common ground that you might find for such a topic. The best way to find that common ground is to research both sides of the issue at hand.
If you know how the opposition might react to your argument, you’ll be better equipped to disarm their arguments by creating a strong counterargument. Here’s one example of how the opposition might react. Can you think of a good counterargument off the tops of your heads?
Here’s one possible counterargument. If you’ve done your research on this topic, you would also have statistics to back this up.
Hard evidence is always more convincing than simply stating your opinion. Anyone can disagree with your opinion, but if you have statistics to back up your opinion, your argument will be harder to simply dismiss as personal opinion. When it’s clear to your audience that you know what you’re writing and speaking about, this will help establish your credibility.
Let’s say you’re doing a persuasive paper on crime, and you want to convince your audience that crime rates are down. Which source has more clout? If you were going to cite an expert to back up your argument, which person would be more convincing for your readers? Joe Smith, who was interviewed by the local paper? Or Dr. Susan Worth, who has recently published a study on the rate of violent crime in the United States?
The credibility of your sources and the amount of support you have to back up your claim will do much to persuade your audience and establish your credibility. Remember too that even if your ideas are well-supported, errors like incorrect grammar or poor organization can also hurt your credibility, which is why it’s so important to not only do you r research and get your ideas down, but to revise your writing as well. Polished documents are taken more seriously by an audience. The more credible your audience perceives you to be, the better chance you have of them taking your viewpoint seriously.
It might be tempting to use only certain parts of information to support your argument, especially if you’re having a hard time finding sources to support your stance on a topic. Doing so, however, is unethical. You are not presenting accurate information to your audience, and if your reader decides to further read your cited source, you will quickly lose credibility when they discover your dishonesty.
Don’t speak or write to your audience as if they don’t know anything, especially if you’re writing for an audience that does have knowledge about the topic already. It’s insulting. People are more willing to listen if you address them as equals. Has anyone ever sent you on a guilt trip about something? How did it feel? It’s not a very effective tool for getting people on board either. Last, people sometimes use the second person “you” when they are trying to get the audience to relate to a topic; however, this can sometimes be perceived as accusation. For example, let’s say you’re writing about the environment. You write, “With every soda can you throw away, you make a landfill bigger.” Your audience will probably resist this because they may feel as if you’re accusing them of being the problem. Try rewriting it in a more neutral way: “Aluminum cans can easily be recycled rather than taking up room in landfills.” Don’t put your audience on the defensive. If they’re mad, they won’t listen to what you’re saying.
Are there any questions about persuasive writing? As you begin working on your persuasive documents, make an appointment or drop by the Writing Lab to sit down with a writing consultant. Feel free to bring what you have, including your assignment sheet, questions, and notes or a draft of your essay if you have it started already.