ch 4 structure of an atom.pptx
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The document discusses the structure of atoms, including early models proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. It introduces subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up atoms. Experiments showed atoms are divisible and composed of these charged and uncharged particles. Atoms have an internal structure consisting of electrons orbiting around a nucleus made of protons and neutrons.
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This document provides an overview of the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It summarizes key contributors and discoveries:
- Democritus proposed atoms as indivisible particles (5th century BC). John Dalton's atomic theory (1803) stated all matter is made of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided.
- J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron (1897) showed atoms can be divided. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment (1909) demonstrated atoms are mostly empty space with a dense nucleus.
- Niels Bohr's model (1913) showed electrons orbiting the nucleus in defined energy levels. Modern atomic theory describes electrons in
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- John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory in the early 1800s based on experiments observing chemical reactions. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Atoms consist of a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The number of protons defines the identity of the atom as a particular chemical element.
- Atoms of the same element can differ in the number of neutrons, forming isotopes. Unstable isotopes decay through emission of radiation like alpha or beta particles to become stable.
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1) The document discusses the evolution of atomic theory from Thomson's model to Bohr's model. It describes key experiments such as cathode rays, X-rays, alpha and beta rays that contributed to scientific understanding of the atom.
2) Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's uniform sphere model of the atom and established that the atom has a small, dense nucleus at its center with electrons in orbit around it.
3) Later models such as Bohr's incorporated the concept of electron shells and energy levels to explain the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
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The document discusses the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It begins with Democritus proposing atoms in 460 BC, though Aristotle disagreed. In the early 1800s, John Dalton revived atomic theory and proposed atoms combine in whole number ratios, explaining conservation of mass. In the early 1900s, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr contributed atomic models. Atoms are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Isotopes have the same number of protons but different neutrons. Unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay through alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.
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The document summarizes the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It describes early atomic models including Dalton's theory that atoms are indivisible particles that combine in whole number ratios, as well as Thomson's plum pudding model and Rutherford's nuclear model developed from his gold foil experiment. Later, Bohr incorporated quantized energy levels to explain atomic spectra, while quantum mechanics describes electrons as probabilistic clouds within orbitals and energy levels.
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This document provides an overview of the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It summarizes key contributors and discoveries:
- Democritus proposed atoms as indivisible particles (5th century BC). John Dalton's atomic theory (1803) stated all matter is made of atoms that cannot be created, destroyed, or divided.
- J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron (1897) showed atoms can be divided. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment (1909) demonstrated atoms are mostly empty space with a dense nucleus.
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The document provides an overview of atomic structure and models of the atom over time. It discusses:
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This document discusses the structure of atoms and the development of atomic models over time. It covers John Dalton's early atomic theory that atoms are indivisible and different for each element. J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model described atoms as electrically neutral spheres. Rutherford determined atoms have a small, dense nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments. Niels Bohr incorporated quantum theory, proposing electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. The document also discusses atomic number, mass number, isotopes, electron configuration, and valency.
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- John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory in the early 1800s based on experiments observing chemical reactions. He proposed that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Atoms consist of a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. The number of protons defines the identity of the atom as a particular chemical element.
- Atoms of the same element can differ in the number of neutrons, forming isotopes. Unstable isotopes decay through emission of radiation like alpha or beta particles to become stable.
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2) Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's uniform sphere model of the atom and established that the atom has a small, dense nucleus at its center with electrons in orbit around it.
3) Later models such as Bohr's incorporated the concept of electron shells and energy levels to explain the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
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The document summarizes the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It describes early atomic models including Dalton's theory that atoms are indivisible particles that combine in whole number ratios, as well as Thomson's plum pudding model and Rutherford's nuclear model developed from his gold foil experiment. Later, Bohr incorporated quantized energy levels to explain atomic spectra, while quantum mechanics describes electrons as probabilistic clouds within orbitals and energy levels.
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- Rutherford's 1909 "planetary model" based on his gold foil experiment, showing the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by empty space with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
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Sound is a form of energy that propagates as longitudinal waves, requiring a medium. It is produced by vibrating objects and transmitted through compression and rarefaction variations in the medium. The human ear can detect sounds between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ultrasound with frequencies above this range has applications like medical imaging and industrial cleaning, while infrasound below 20 Hz is used for communication by some animals. Sonar uses ultrasound for underwater detection of objects.
14 natural resources.pdf
The document discusses natural resources and the four main spheres of Earth - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It describes each sphere and their composition. The document then discusses various natural resources like air, water, soil minerals, and their importance. It also discusses pollution of these resources and processes like the water cycle and biogeochemical cycles.
14 why do we fall ills.pdf
This document discusses factors related to health and disease. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Important characteristics of good health include being free from sickness, anxiety, and tensions. Health can fail due to poor physical/social environments, economic conditions, or lack of social equality. The document distinguishes between "healthy" and "disease-free," and outlines different types of diseases including acute, chronic, infectious/communicable, and non-infectious/non-communicable diseases. It describes causes of disease such as pathogens, genetic disorders, pollution and malnutrition. Means of disease transmission include air, water, food, vectors, contact and sexual contact. Principles of treatment are to
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by protozoan Plasmodium), Tuberculosis (caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. Develop due to genetic reasons, unhealthy lifestyle or environmental factors.
Examples: Cancer (uncontrolled cell growth), Heart disease (caused by risk factors like hypertension, smoking, obesity)
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the answers:
a) Disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body or mind that impairs normal functioning and causes discomfort.
b) The two major categories of human diseases are:
1. Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Examples: Malaria (caused by a protozoan parasite), Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria)
2. Non-infectious diseases - not caused by pathogens. These include genetic diseases, cancer, heart diseases, mental illnesses etc.
Examples: Diabetes (caused due to malfunctioning of pancreas), Asthma (caused due to hypersensitivity of airways
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon/rectum. Tobacco contains chemicals that can damage DNA.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases cancer risk. Obesity is linked to several cancers. Excess weight increases hormone levels and inflammation.
- Radiation - Both natural sources like radon and man-made sources like X-rays can damage
ch 13 why do we fall ill.pdf
Here are the key causes of cancer:
- Genetic factors - Some people inherit gene mutations from their parents that increase their risk of certain cancers.
- Tobacco use - Smoking or chewing tobacco is linked to cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and rectum, and acute myeloid leukemia.
- Diet and obesity - A diet high in red/processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables increases the risk of several cancers. Obesity is linked to increased risk of multiple cancers.
- Alcohol use - Heavy drinking is linked to cancers of the mouth, esophagus, throat, liver and breast.
-
ch 12 sound 1.pdf
Sound is a form of energy that propagates as longitudinal waves, requiring a medium. It is produced by vibrating objects and transmitted through compression and rarefaction variations in the medium. The human ear can detect sounds between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ultrasound with frequencies above this range has applications like medical imaging and material cleaning, while infrasound below 20 Hz is used by some animals. Sonar also uses ultrasound for underwater object detection.
ch 12 sound.pdf
1. The document discusses Heinrich Hertz's experiments with sound and how it is produced through vibration and propagates as longitudinal waves through a medium like air.
2. Key experiments shown include using a vibrating tuning fork to produce compressions and rarefactions in air, demonstrating that sound needs a material medium to travel, and that the speed of sound depends on the medium and temperature.
3. Applications of sound reflection, resonance, infrasound, ultrasound, and SONAR are also summarized.
ch 9_force_and_laws_of_motion.pptx
Motion and their laws that's all telling about how the motions having a different forms and directions
CH 8 MOTION.pdf
This document describes various concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion is defined as the change in position of a body over time. Distance moved is the total path travelled, while displacement is the shortest distance between initial and final positions.
2. Uniform motion means equal distances are travelled in equal times, while non-uniform motion means unequal distances in equal times. Examples of each are given.
3. Speed, velocity, average speed, average velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion relating these quantities are defined and explained with examples. Distance-time graphs and their use in representing motion are also described.
7diversityinlivingorganisms.pdf
This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the need for classification, the basis used for classification including cell structure and nutrition type, and the hierarchical system used from kingdoms down to species. The five kingdom system is described, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. An overview of the classification of plants and animals is also provided, outlining the main groups within each kingdom.
Ch 7 Diversity In Living Organisms.pdf
1. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. 2. Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms using their similarities and differences. A key aspect is assigning each organism a unique scientific name. 3. The binomial system of nomenclature assigns every organism a genus and species name, allowing for uniform identification worldwide.
CH 6 TISSUE.pdf
Plants and animals are made of different types of tissues due to differences in their structure and function. In multicellular organisms, cells are grouped together into tissues to efficiently perform specialized functions. In plants, tissues include epidermis, a protective outer layer of flat cells covered with a waxy cuticle. Meristematic tissues contain actively dividing cells and produce permanent tissues through differentiation. Permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, which provide structure and support to plants. Stomata in the leaf epidermis allow for gas exchange and transpiration. As plants age, cork replaces the epidermis and protects the bark.
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