Ch 2.pdf
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This document discusses water pressure and pressure forces in three sections. The first section describes how water seeks a horizontal free surface where pressure is constant. The second section defines absolute and gauge pressures, noting that submerged objects experience hydrostatic pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The third section introduces surfaces of equal pressure in water.
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Mechanics: The oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and moving bodies under the influence of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that
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Dynamics: The branch that deals with
bodies in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is also referred to as fluid dynamics by considering fluids at rest as a special case of motion with zero velocity.
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.
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Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal component of a force acting on a surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential component of a force acting on a surface per unit area.
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Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is at a state of zero shear stress.
When the walls are removed or a liquid container is tilted, a shear develops as the liquid moves to re-establish a horizontal free surface.
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the surface of a fluid element. For
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
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In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but the volume remains relatively constant because of the strong cohesive forces between the molecules. As a result, a liquid takes the shape of the container it is in, and it forms a free surface in a larger container in a gravitational field.
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This document discusses fluid mechanics and properties of liquids. It provides definitions for key terms:
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- Liquids have definite volume and density while gases are readily compressible and can expand.
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1) The document discusses the flexural analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams. It covers typical beam behavior, stress calculations, flexural equations, and examples of determining nominal moment capacity.
2) Key aspects reviewed include the assumptions in flexural analysis, cracking moment calculations, strain distributions, balanced sections, and code limits on minimum and maximum steel ratios.
3) Practical considerations for concrete dimensions and reinforcement spacing are also addressed. Examples show how to calculate nominal moment strength and design flexural strength for given beam cross-sections.
Ch 2.pdf
This document provides information about reinforced concrete components and properties. It discusses:
1. The different types of cement used in concrete, including their compositions and applications. Common types are Type I, II, III, IV, and V cement.
2. The tests required to ensure the quality of aggregates used in concrete mixes, which include sieve analysis, impact value, absorption, and others.
3. The properties of concrete including how properties like strength develop over time and are affected by factors like water-cement ratio and curing method.
4. The properties of reinforcement steel used in reinforced concrete, including different standard bar sizes in both imperial and metric units, steel grades defined by minimum yield strength,
Ch 1.pdf
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete structures. It defines common structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, and frames. It discusses loads on structures like dead, live, and environmental loads. It explains concepts of serviceability, strength, and structural safety. Safety provisions in the ACI code are outlined. Two examples are provided to demonstrate designing a column and beam to withstand factored ultimate loads according to ACI code specifications. Design is defined as determining the shape and dimensions of a structure so it can safely perform its intended function over its useful life. The homework is to determine the nominal strength required for the members in the two examples.
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一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
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2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 08 Doors and Windows.pdf
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Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
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Ch 2.pdf
- 1. PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY Department of Civil Engineering Hydraulics (670441) CHAPTER 2 Water Pressure and Pressure Forces Instructor: Eng. Abdallah Odeibat Civil Engineer, Structures , M.Sc. 1
- 2. 2.1 THE FREE SURFACE OF WATER When water fills a containing vessel, it automatically seeks a horizontal surface on which the pressure is constant everywhere. In practice, a free water surface is one that is not in contact with an overlying vessel cover. A free water surface may be subjected to atmospheric pressure (open vessel) or any other pressure that is exerted within the vessel (closed vessel). 2
- 3. 2.2 ABSOLUTE AND GAUGE PRESSURES A water surface in contact with the earth's atmosphere is subjected to atmospheric pressure, which is approximately equal to a 10.33-m-high column of water at sea level. In still water, any object located below the water surface is subjected to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. This additional pressure is often referred to as hydrostatic pressure. More precisely, it is the force per unit area acting in a normal direction on the surface of a body immersed in the fluid (in this case water). 3
- 4. 4
- 5. 5
- 6. 6
- 7. 2.3 SURFACES OF EQUAL PRESSURE 7