This document defines key concepts in geography. It discusses 12 concepts: location, distance, space, accessibility, spatial interaction, direction, size and scale, distribution, spatial diffusion, place, realms, and regions. It provides details on each concept, such as the four types of location (nominal, relative, absolute, cognitive) and how regions can be formal, functional, or vernacular. The document aims to outline fundamental geographical terms and concepts.

2. Presented to: Sir Asad Aziz
Presented by:19011504-023
19011504-042
19011504-049
19011504-052
19011504-057
19011504-061
Course: Fundamentals of Geography GEO-103
Semester: (B.S)2nd
Department: Islamic studies

4. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
The study of the physical features of the
earth and its atmosphere, and of human
activity as it affects and is affected by
these, including the distribution of
populations and resources and political
and economic activities.

5. BASIC GEOGRAPHICAL CONCEPTS Basic
geographical
concepts are
divided into
twelve
elements.
These
elements
are:
 1: Location
 2: Distance
 3: Space
 4: Accessibility
 5: Spatial Interaction
 6: Direction
 7: Size and Scale
 8: Distribution
 9: Spatial Diffusion
 10: Place
 11:Realms
 12: Regions

6. LOCATION
Location can
be define as
prescis(exact
) point on
earth
surface.
Location is
divided into
four types,
these are:
Nominal
location
Relative
location
Absolute
location
Cognitive
location

7. NOMINAL AND RELATIVE LOCATION
 Nominal is derived from word name it means the
name of place or exact location.
 Ex: Pakistan, Punjab, Gujrat etc.
 A relative location is the position of something
relative to another landmark or surrounding
features.
 Ex: You might say Distance between Kharian and
Mandi Bahauddin is 44 kilometers (27 miles).

8. ABSOLUTE AND LOCATION
 Absolute describes the position of a feature or
event in space, using some form of geographic
coordinates.
 Ex: Absolute location of Pakistan:
 30.3753° N, 69.3451° E
 Absolute location of Dinga city.
 32.6386° N, 73.7184° E

9. COGNITIVELOCATION
Cognitive
location
refers to the
personal
cognitive
image of
place and
regions
complied
from personal
knowledge,
experience
and
impressions.

10. DISTANCE
Distance
refers to the
degree or
amount of
separation
between
locations
and can be
measured in
relative or
absolute
terms.
Absolute
Distance:
Absolute
Distance.
The
distance
that can be
measured
with a
standard
unit of
length such
as a mile or
kilometer.
Relative
Distance:
Relative
distance is
a measure
of the
social,
cultural and
economic
relatedness
or
connectivity
between
two places.

11. SPACE
The concept of “space” is one of the most
fundamental of geographical concepts.
There is no work in geography that does
not certain it. Space is container of our
activities and or extent of area usually
express in term of earth surface.

12. ACCESSIBILITY
 Accessibility is defined as the ability to reach a
place with respect to another place. In this context,
accessibility refers to the ease of reaching
destinations.
 Accessibility in regards to geography is an
important element in mobility for people, freight, or
information. Mobility is determined by people and
affects infrastructure, transport policies, and
regional development. Transportation systems that
offer better opportunities of accessibility are
considered well-developed and efficient and have a
cause and effect relationship to various social and
economic options.

13. SPATIAL INTERACTION
 Spatial interaction is movement of people, ideas,
and commodities with and between areas.
 For example, a change in land use from rural to
high density can affect traffic congestion in
adjoining areas.

14. DIRECTION
The way in
which
spatial
features
are move is
called
direction.
Direction is
used to
determine
where
things are
in relation
to other
things.

15. TYPES OF DIRECTIONS
The four cardinal
directions: north,
south, east, and
west.
The four
diagonal
directions:
northwest,
northeast,
southwest, and
southeast.
The two vertical
directions: up
and down.
The two relative
directions: in
and out.

16. SIZE AND SCALE
 The size and scale affects the degree of
generalization of the features being mapped.

17. LARGE SCALE

18. DISTRIBUTION
Distribution refers to the way
something is spread out or
arranged over a geographic
area. The concept of distribution
can be applied to nearly
everything on Earth, from animal
and plant species, to disease
infections, weather patterns, and
man-made structures.

19. ELEMENTS OF DISTRIBUTION
The number of
individual in per
area called
density.
How earth
features are
arrange in
particular area
is called
pattern.
There are two
elements of
distribution, both are
linked with each other.
These element are:
pattern and density.

20. SPATIAL DIFFUSION
 In geography, the term diffusion refers to the spread
of people, things, ideas, cultural practices, disease,
technology, weather, and other factors from place to
place. This kind of proliferation is known as spatial
diffusion.

21. SUB ELEMENTS
Expansion
diffusion:
The spread of an item or idea
from one place to anthers. In the
process it remains and often
strengthens in the origin in area.
Hierarchical
Diffusion:
Hierarchical Diffusion is the
spread of an idea from persons
or nodes of authority or power
to other persons or places.

22. PLACE
Place can be define as
portion of an area on
earth surface, which
describe the human
and physical features
of a location.

23. REALMS
Realms and regions are connected with
each other but different in few aspects.
Realms can be define as the largest unit
into which the inhabited world can be lived
as well as divided.
Each realm is defined in terms of a
synthesis of its total human geography - a
composite of its leading cultural,
economic, historical, political, and
appropriate environmental features.

24. 12 MAJOR REALMS
 All of the world divided into twelve major realms.
1: Europe 2: Russia
3: North America 4: Middle America
5: South America 6: West Asia
7: North Africa 8: South Asia
9: East Asia 10: South east Asia
11:Australia 12: Pacific

25. REGIONS
 A large geographical area on earth surface is called
region.
Geographers
have
identified
three types of
regions:
Formal
Functional
and
Vernacular.

27.  Functional region define as set of activities,
connections, or interactions.

28.  A vernacular region is an area that has been
identified based on people's perception of culture.