This document discusses various methods for inducing labor, including natural, mechanical, and pharmacological methods. Natural methods include relaxation techniques, walking, nipple stimulation, and certain foods and herbs. Mechanical methods involve inserting balloon dilators or stripping the membranes to dilate the cervix. Pharmacological induction uses prostaglandins like dinoprostone (PGE2) and misoprostol (Cytotec) administered vaginally or orally, or oxytocin administered via IV infusion. The document outlines the procedures, effects, risks, and evidence for different induction methods to help providers select the most appropriate option for each patient.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome(OHSS), is a Rare iatrogenic complication of ovarian stimulation occurring during the luteal phase or during early pregnancy where a patient's ovaries become swollen and fluid builds up around her abdomen
Recurrent pregnancy loss - Uterine factorsAnu Manivannan
recurrent pregnancy loss - uterine factors based on fertility sterility journal - evidence based
Dr.Anu.M - Mch Resident - Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome(OHSS), is a Rare iatrogenic complication of ovarian stimulation occurring during the luteal phase or during early pregnancy where a patient's ovaries become swollen and fluid builds up around her abdomen
Recurrent pregnancy loss - Uterine factorsAnu Manivannan
recurrent pregnancy loss - uterine factors based on fertility sterility journal - evidence based
Dr.Anu.M - Mch Resident - Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery
Emergencies that occur in pregnancy or during or after labor and delivery.
main emergencies are
Ectopic Pregnancy
Uterine Inversion
Obstetrical Shock
Cord Prolepses
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Hope it helps.. This presentation describes about labour induction, its types, methods, management and responsibilities. also the procedure of performing the methods. pictures as per need attached for the reference. like and comment if any suggestion.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Objectives
At the end of this presentation, you
should be:
1-know the definition and indications of induction
2-Aware of the different methods of induction of
labor
3-Able to select the appropriate method of labor
induction for an individual patient.
4-aware of side effect for every method
3. Out lines
The induction is methods that used to
terminate the pregnacy for maternal
cause or fetal cause
Natural, medical,surgical and
Pharmacologic methods are used
Some inductions failed and solved by
c/s
4. Induction of labour
An intervention designed to
artificially initiate uterine
contractions leading to
progressive dilatation and
effacement of the cervix and
birth of the baby.
5. Indications
1-Severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
2-Postterm pregnancy and macrosomia
3-Intra-uterine growth retardation
4-Oligohydramnios
5-Premature rupture of membranes
6-Chorioamnionitis
7-Some cases of antepartum hemorrhage
8-Diabetes mellitus with vasculopathy
6. 7-Congenital fetal malformations
8-Rh incompatibility
9-Maternal diseases. e.g. cardiac disease and T.B.
10-Bad obstetric history
11-Elective inductions: Induction of labor is a
medical procedure and should only be carried
out for medical reasons. Induction of labor for
social reasons is better avoided as it is hard to
justify should any legal issue arises.
7. Contraindications
Placenta previa and vasa previa
2-Abnormal fetal lie / presentation. e.g. transverse lie and
breech presentation
3-Umbilical cord prolapse and fetal distress
4-Previous classical Cesarean section or other transfundal
uterine surgery
5-Active herpes infection
6-Pelvic Structural abnormality
7-Invasive cervical cancer
8-Contraindicaton specific to the inducing drug used.
8. I-Natural-Non Medical methods
-Relaxation techniques: advise patient to relieve
tension and try to relax then use some visual
aids to show how labor starts.
2-Visualization: The patient is advised to imagine
her uterus contracting and she is laboring.
Hypnosis/self-hypnosis helps.
3-Walking: The force of gravity pulls the weight
of the baby towards the birth canal leading to
dilatation and effacement of the cervix.
9. 4-Sex: Having sex is known to induce labor. This is related to
prostaglandin content of the seminal fluid and the occurrence of
orgasm which stimulate uterine contractions
5-Nipple stimulation: The lady moves her palm and applies some
pressure in a circular fashion over her areola and massaging
nipple between thumb and forefingers for a period of 2 minutes
alternating with 3 minutes of rest. The procedure is performed
for 20 minutes. If adequate contraction pattern is not achieved,
massaging was done for 3 minutes alternating with 2 minutes
rest for additional 20 minutes. Care should be taken to avoid
massaging during a contraction and to only massage one side at
a time in order to avoid hyperstimulation.
10. Bath/Castor oil/Enemas: The patient is advised to take a
warm bath then to have 3 teaspoons of castor oil mixed
with some juice and an enema thereafter. This method
could stimulate the uterus to contract, which will cause
the cervix to dilate and efface.
7-Foods: Eating lots of pineapple is known to stimulate labor
and ripen the cervix. This is possibly related to its
enzyme content. Other foods with similar action include
Pizza, spicy food like Mexican, and tropical fruits
11. -Cumin Tea: Used by midwives in Latino cultures.
Sugar or honey may be added to lessen its bitter
taste
9-Several herbs: Labor-enhancing herbs include
blue Cohosh, black Cohosh, Squawvine and
Dong Quai. Evening primrose oil also ripens
the cervix. It is given internally 5 gel caps up
against the cervix daily.
12. -Acupressure:
Few health personnel claim an association
between some acupressure points in the body
and increased uterine contractions. One point is
located deep in the webbing between thumb
and forefinger. Massaging this point in a
circular motion for 1-5 minutes stimulates labor
pain and induce labor.
13. II-Mechanical methods
2- Placement of Balloon Dilators after 42 weeks gestation:
A fluid filled balloon is inserted inside the cervix. The Balloon
provide mechanical pressure directly on the cervix which
respond by ripening and dilation. A Foley catheter (26 Fr) or
specifically designed balloon devices can be used.
Technique of balloon placement:
1- After sterilization and draping, the catheter is introduced into the
endocervix either by direct visualization or blindly by sliding it
over fingers through the endocervix into the potential space
between the amniotic membrane & the lower uterine segment.
14. 2- The balloon is inflated with 30 to 50 mL of normal saline
and is retracted so that it rests on the internal os.
3- Constant pressure may be applied over the catheter. e.g. a
bag filled with 1 L of fluid may be attached to the
catheter end. An intermittent pressure may also be
exerted on the catheter end 2 -4 times per hour.
4-Catheter is removed at the time of rupture of membranes
or may be expelled spontaneously which indicate a
cervical dilataion of 3-4 Centimeter.
15. -Stripping the membranes:
- Stripping the membranes mechanically dilates the cervix which
releases prostaglandins. The membranes are stripped by inserting the
examining finger through the internal os & moving it in a circular
direction to detach the inferior pole of the membranes from the lower
uterine segment.
- Risks include patient’s discomfort, infection, bleeding from
undiagnosed placenta previa or low lying placenta,and accidental
ROM.
- The Cochrane reviewers concluded that stripping the membranes, when
used as an adjunct, decreases the mean dose of oxytocin needed and
increases the rate of normal vaginal deliveries.
16. III-Surgical Methods
2-Amniotomy - Technique:
-The FHR is recorded before the procedure.
-A pelvic examination is performed to evaluate the cervix &
station of the presenting part. The presenting part should
be well fitted to the cervix.
-The membranes are identified and a kocher is inserted
through the cervical os by sliding it along the hand &
fingers & membranes are ruptured.
-The nature of the amniotic fluid is recorded (clear, bloody,
thick or thin, meconium).
-The FHR is recorded after the procedure.
17. Risks of amniotomy:
1- Prolapse of the umbilical cord (0.5%)
2- Chorioamnionitis: Risk increases with
prolonged induction delivery interval
3- Postpartum hemorrhage: Risk is doubled
compared with women with spontaneous onset
of labor
4- Rupture of vasa previa
5- Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
18. IV-Pharmacologic Induction of Labor
1-Prostaglandin E2: (dinoprostone): It is inserted
vaginally . It acts on the cervical connective tissue and
relaxes muscle fibres of the cervix. it should only be
administered at hospital and the patient is expected to
stay recumbent and monitored, at least, for the first 30
minutes after insertion. Contractions usually start within
60 minutes of commencing induction and peak within 4
hours. If optimal response is not achieved by 6 hours,
another dose can be administered. The maximum allowed
dose is 3 doses be administered per 24 hours.
19. 2-(Cytotec)
Route of administration: Oral,
vaginal and sublingual route for
induction. Rectal route is used to
prevent and treat postpartum
hemorrhage.
20. (Cytotec) is a synthetic PGE1 analog that has been found to
be a safe and inexpensive agent for cervical ripening.
-Clinical trials indicate that the safe optimal dose and dosing
interval is 25 mcg intravaginally every 4-6 hours. A
maximum of 6 doses was suggested. Higher doses or
shorter dosing intervals are associated with a higher
incidence of side effects, especially hyperstimulation
syndrome.
-Misoprostol should not be used in women with previous CS
because of increased rates of uterine rupture
21. 3-Oxytocin
It is given by IV infusion using an
automated pump. Oxytocin has
many advantages: it is potent and
easy to titrate, has a short half-life
(one to five minutes) and is well
tolerated.
22. Side effects of oxytocin use:
1-Uterine hyperstimulation and subsequent FHR
abnormalities.
2-Abruptio placentae and uterine rupture.
3-Water intoxication may occur with high concentrations
of oxytocin infused with large quantities of hypotonic
solutions. Therefore; prolonged administration with doses
higher than 40 mu of oxytocin per minute and infusion of
fluids in any 10 hours should not excced 1500 ml. A
rapid intravenous injection of oxytocin may cause
hypotension.
23. References
1-Smith CA, Crowther CA. Acupuncture for induction of labour. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD002962
2-Lin A, Kupferminc M, Dooley SL. A randomized trial of extra-amniotic
saline infusion versus laminaria for cervical ripening. Obstet Gynecol
1995; 86(4 part 1):545-9.
3-Rouben D, Arias F. A randomized trial of extra-amniotic saline infusion
plus intracervical Foley catheter balloon versus prostaglandin E2
vaginal gel for ripening the cervix and inducing labor in patients with
unfavorable cervices. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:290-4
4-Sherman DJ, Frenkel E, Pansky M, Caspi E, Bukovsky I, Langer R.
Balloon cervical ripening with extra-amniotic infusion of saline or
prostaglandin E2: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. Obstet
Gynecol 2001;97:375-80. .
24. -Goldman JB, Wigton TR. A randomized comparison of extra-amniotic saline infusion
and intracervical dinoprostone gel for cervical ripening. Obstet Gynecol
1999;93:271-4.
6-Guinn DA, Goepfert AR, Christine M, Owen J, Hauth JC. Extra-amniotic saline,
laminaria, or prostaglandin E(2) gel for labor induction with unfavorable cervix: a
randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:106-12.
7-Foong LC, Vanaja K, Tan G, Chua S. Membrane sweeping in conjunction with labor
induction. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:539-42.
8-Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. Risk of uterine rupture
during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med
2001;345:3-8.
9-Hofmeyr GJ, Gulmezoglu AM. Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and
induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD000941.