The centrosome nucleates and organizes microtubules to conduct important cellular processes like cell polarity, movement, and cell division. Centrosome dysfunction is linked to chromosome instability and aneuploidy, hallmarks of cancer. Improper chromosome separation due to centrosome errors can cause DNA damage and genomic rearrangements that encourage tumor growth, immune evasion, and survival. The centrosome is a potential target for anti-cancer therapies that manipulate regulatory networks or checkpoints controlling its function.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Presentation include Nucleus and its components like nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin fibers, ultra structure of nucleus and its general functions.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Presentation include Nucleus and its components like nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin fibers, ultra structure of nucleus and its general functions.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
I have tried to make a precise presentation on protein transport, targeting and sorting into organelle's other than nucleus. Hope this might help you. Comments are welcome.
MITOCHONDRIA ,STRUCTURE ,Mt DNA ,PROTEIN TRANSPORT,ETC,OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONLIFE SCIENCES
introduction, structure , functions,how proteins are transported into mitochondria,functions,electron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation with animated videos
The cell cycle is the most fundamental and important process by which eukaryotic cells duplicate and divide. The cell cycle consists of two specific and distinct phases: interphase, consisting of G1 (Gap 1), S (synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2), and the mitotic phase; M (mitosis).
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
Cell cycle is the most fundamental and important process by which eukaryotic cells duplicate and divide. This slide will talk about the method to analysis the cell cycle.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
I have tried to make a precise presentation on protein transport, targeting and sorting into organelle's other than nucleus. Hope this might help you. Comments are welcome.
MITOCHONDRIA ,STRUCTURE ,Mt DNA ,PROTEIN TRANSPORT,ETC,OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONLIFE SCIENCES
introduction, structure , functions,how proteins are transported into mitochondria,functions,electron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation with animated videos
The cell cycle is the most fundamental and important process by which eukaryotic cells duplicate and divide. The cell cycle consists of two specific and distinct phases: interphase, consisting of G1 (Gap 1), S (synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2), and the mitotic phase; M (mitosis).
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
Cell cycle is the most fundamental and important process by which eukaryotic cells duplicate and divide. This slide will talk about the method to analysis the cell cycle.
The Main Advantage
The main advantages of flow cytometry over histology and IHC is the possibility to precisely measure the quantities of antigens and the possibility to stain each cell with multiple antibodies-fluorophores, in current laboratories around 10 antibodies can be bound to each cell. This is much less than mass cytometer where up to 40 can be currently measured, but at a higher and slower pace.
Aquatic research
In aquatic systems, flow cytometry is used for the analysis of autofluorescing cells or cells that are fluorescently-labeled with added stains.
This research started in 1981 when Clarice Yentsch used flow cytometry to measure the fluorescence in a red tide producing dinoflagellates
Marine scientists use the sorting ability of flow cytometers to make discrete measurements of cellular activity and diversity, to conduct investigations into the mutualistic relationships between microorganisms that live in close proximity,and to measure biogeochemical rates of multiple processes in the ocean
Cell Proliferation assay
Cell proliferation is the major function in the immune system. Often it is required to analyse the proliferative nature of the cells in order to make some conclusions. One such assay to determine the cell proliferation is the tracking dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). It helps to monitor proliferative cells. This assay gives quantitative as well as qualitative data during time-series experiments
Cell counting
Cell sorting
Determining cell characteristics and function
Detecting microorganisms
Biomarker detection
Protein engineering detection
Diagnosis of health disorders such as blood cancers
Flow cytometry can be used for cell cycle analysis to estimate the percentages of a cell population in the different phases of the cell cycle, or it can be used with other reagents to analyze just the S phase.
Why flow cytometry is ideal for cell cycle analysis
Live-cell cycle analysis stains—Vybrant DyeCycle stains
Classic DNA cell cycle stains such as Hoechst 33342 and DRAQ5 for cell cycle analysis, but most of these have limitations that have to be considered when using them in an experiment which is why the Invitrogen Vybrant DyeCycle stains for live-cell cycle analysis were developed.
Fixed-cell cycle analysis stains FxCycle reagents
We offer classic DNA cell cycle stains such as DAPI, PI, and 7-AAD for fixed cell cycle analysis, but these reagents do not cover the full spectrum of laser excitation available.
The FxCycle reagents offer options for the 405 nm (violet) and 633 nm (red) laser thereby increasing the ability to multiplex by freeing up the 488 nm and 633 nm lasers for other cellular analyses such as immunophenotyping, apoptosis analysis, and dead cell discrimination.
Precise—Accurate cell cycle analysis in living cells
Safe—Low cytotoxicity for combining with additional live cell experiments
Cell sort compatible—Easily sort cells based on phase of the cell cycle
These are Lectures of Basic molecular pharmacology presented by Dr.Omer Yahia In coordination with faculty of pharmacy university of Khartoum, al-Neelen medical research center, GENOM Professional training center and National center of Research (Ministry of science and communication).
Clinical oncology basic fundamental For undergraduate studies part I .pdfMona Quenawy
Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled growth and proliferation whereby cells have escaped the body’s normal growth control mechanisms and have gained the ability to divide indefinitely. It is a multi-step process that requires the accumulation of many genetic changes over time (Figure 1). These genetic alterations involve activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes, deregulation of tumour suppressor genes and DNA repair genes and ‘immortalisation
Cancer ranks as a leading cause of death and an important barrier to increasing life expectancy in every country of the world.1 According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019, cancer is the first or second leading cause of death before the age of 70 years in 112 of 183 countries and ranks third or fourth in a further 23 countries . Cancer's rising prominence as a leading cause of death partly reflects marked declines in mortality rates of stroke and coronary heart disease, relative to cancer, in many countries.
Between 30–50% of all cancer cases are preventable. Prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. WHO works with Member States to strengthen national policies and programmes to raise awareness and, reduce exposure to cancer risk factors, and also ensure that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles.
To strengthen national efforts to address the burden of cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013–2020 provides a road map to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by 2025 through targeting many of the risk factors below:
Tobacco
Worldwide, tobacco use is the single greatest avoidable risk factor for cancer mortality and kills more than 8 million people each year, from cancer and other diseases. Nearly 80% of the 1.1 billion smokers in the world live in low- and middle-income countries.
Alcohol
Alcohol, as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and a Group 1 carcinogen that is causally linked to 7 types of cancer, including oesophagus, liver, colorectal, and breast cancers. Alcohol consumption is associated with 740 000 new cancer cases each year. Globally, 1 in 20 breast cancers is attributed to alcohol consumption.
Physical inactivity,infection with HPV,Environmental pollution,Industrial carcinogen and radiation exposure are also global preventable causes.
this basic discussion highlight the topics of the main types of cancer and cancer theory.prevention cancer staging with TNM and other methods .management of emergency situation in clinical oncology .basics of surgical oncology and chemotherapy handling.
Intracellular Events in Antigen Processing.pptxDr.Kanury Rao
Intracellular signaling or events are caused on the surfaces of the cells. Dr. Kanury Rao, the greatest immunologist of all time, has conducted an in-depth analysis of intracellular events to develop a tool for early detection of cancer.
Introduction
Etiology of cancer
Genetic and molecular basis of cancer
The cell cycle
Pathology of cancer
Tumor origin
Tumor characteristics
Invasion and metastasis
Diagnosis and staging
Screening
Diagnosis
Staging and workup
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
4. Centrosome’s Function
• Nucleate and organize microtubules
• Conductors of interphase processes
o Cell polarity
o Organization of immunologic synapse
o Cell locomotion (movement)
o Mitosis conductors (cell division)
o Assembly of mitotic spindle
• Responsible for equal dividing of the replicated genome into
daughter cells
5. Centrosome Dysfunction
• Centrosome dysfunction
o Linked to chromosome and aneuploidy instability (the presence of an
unexpected number of chromosomes,45 or 47, not the normal 46)
• These are both hall markers of cancer
• Recent work has suggested:
o Chromosomes that were separated incorrectly may experience:
• Chromosomes can experience extensive DNA damage
• Tumors due with extensive structural rearrangements in their genome
and reshuffling of the chromosome domain are particularly prevalent
when centrosome dysfunction is present
o This is thought to occur at the level signaling cell division and
strongly correlates to aberrant proliferation—tumors
• Ongoing gene shuffling:
o Encourages evasion of the immune system, continuous growth,
and survival
6. Centrosome Therapy
• This organelle presents a target for anti-cancer
therapy
• Therapeutic intervention targets in regards to
cancer
o Manipulation of networks of molecules that control the centrosome
function
• Normal cells may be spared during targeted treatments
o Centrosome-associated regulators of the G2/M checkpoint
• This checkpoint stops mitosis from occurring if the DNA is found
damaged—if irreparable the cell is supposed to undergo apoptosis.
• Alteration of this cell-cycle control is a hall mark of cancer making it a
potential target for study.
7. References
Charts and Diagrams. 2015. Diagram of a Centrosome Canvas Print. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from:
http://www.zazzle.com/diagram_of_a_centrosome_canvas_print-192559813004413576
Biology Discussion. 2013. Centrosome: Useful notes on Centrosome. Retrieved on 2 October 2015 from:
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/centrosome/centrosome-useful-notes-on-centrosome-biology/763
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard
Medical School , Boston, MA , USA. Centrosome dysfunction contributes to chromosome instability,
chromoanagenesis, and genome reprograming in cancer. 12 November 2013. Retrieved on 4
Oct 2015 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282781
Front Yard Landscaping Ideas. 24 November 2014. What is the centrosome Diagram? Retrieved on 4
October 2015 from http://thegreatestgarden.com/what-is-centrosome-diagram/
Mazzorana M, Montoya G, Mortuza GB. Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and
Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor
Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain. The centrosome: a target for cancer therapy. 2011.
Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21486219
W.H. Freemand and Company. 2000. Aneuploidy. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21870/
Yingmei Wang, Ping Ji, Jinsong Liu, Russell R Braddus, Fenxia Xue, Wei Zhang. 2009. Centrosome-associated
regulators of the G2/M checkpoint as targets for cancer therapy. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from
http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/8/1/8
Editor's Notes
Front Yard Landscaping Ideas. 24 November 2014. What is the centrosome Diagram? Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from http://thegreatestgarden.com/what-is-centrosome-diagram/
Charts and Diagrams. 2015. Diagram of a Centrosome Canvas Print. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from: http://www.zazzle.com/diagram_of_a_centrosome_canvas_print-192559813004413576
Biology Discussion. 2013. Centrosome: Useful notes on Centrosome. Retrieved on 2 October 2015 from: http://www.biologydiscussion.com/centrosome/centrosome-useful-notes-on-centrosome-biology/763
“The unique ability of centrosomes to nucleate and organize microtubules makes them unrivaled conductors of important interphase processes, such as intracellular payload traffic, cell polarity, cell locomotion, and organization of the immunologic synapse. But it is in mitosis that centrosomes loom large, for they orchestrate, with clockmaker's precision, the assembly and functioning of the mitotic spindle, ensuring the equal partitioning of the replicated genome into daughter cells. Centrosome dysfunction is inextricably linked to aneuploidy and chromosome instability, both hallmarks of cancer cells. Several aspects of centrosome function in normal and cancer cells have been molecularly characterized during the last two decades, greatly enhancing our mechanistic understanding of this tiny organelle. Whether centrosome defects alone can cause cancer, remains unanswered (Harvard, 2013).“
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA. Centrosome dysfunction contributes to chromosome instability, chromoanagenesis, and genome reprograming in cancer. 12 November 2013. Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282781
“Until recently, the aggregate of the evidence had suggested that centrosome dysfunction, by deregulating the fidelity of chromosome segregation, promotes and accelerates the characteristic Darwinian evolution of the cancer genome enabled by increased mutational load and/or decreased DNA repair. Very recent experimental work has shown that missegregated chromosomes resulting from centrosome dysfunction may experience extensive DNA damage, suggesting additional dimensions to the role of centrosomes in cancer. Centrosome dysfunction is particularly prevalent in tumors in which the genome has undergone extensive structural rearrangements and chromosome domain reshuffling. Ongoing gene reshuffling reprograms the genome for continuous growth, survival, and evasion of the immune system. Manipulation of molecular networks controlling centrosome function may soon become a viable target for specific therapeutic intervention in cancer, particularly since normal cells, which lack centrosome alterations, may be spared the toxicity of such therapies (Harvard, 2013).”
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA. Centrosome dysfunction contributes to chromosome instability, chromoanagenesis, and genome reprograming in cancer. 12 November 2013. Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282781
Mazzorana M, Montoya G, Mortuza GB. Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain. The centrosome: a target for cancer therapy. 2011. Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21486219
W.H. Freemand and Company. 2000. Aneuploidy. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21870/
Manipulation of molecular networks controlling centrosome function may soon become a viable target for specific therapeutic intervention in cancer, particularly since normal cells, which lack centrosome alterations, may be spared the toxicity of such therapies (Harvard, 2013).”
“The centrosome plays an essential role in cell cycle progression and cell polarity, organizing the microtubule network in interphase and mitosis. During cell division, the centrosome undergoes a series of structural and functional transitions and forms the two poles of the bipolar mitotic spindle. It is the microtubule cytoskeleton that is reorganized to form the two poles, ensuring accurate separation of the two daughter cells. To achieve this a large number of signalling proteins located at the centrosome, undergo precise time-dependent modulation. Protein kinases such as Aurora A, Polo and Neks, trigger and regulate events such as centrosome duplication, maturation and division. These enzymes are also involved in recruiting other proteins in cell division, thus they are likely to mediate the crosstalk between the cell and the centrosome cycle. In its function of microtubule organization, macromolecular complexes also have an important role. Tubulin polymerization confers the structural backbone to cell division, while other proteins may interact with it and/or mediate its recruitment to the centrosome. The interactions of these components regulate centrosome maturation and microtubule growth, essential mechanisms for cell division. Furthermore, dysregulation of this organelle, both at the level of signalling or as a structural element strongly correlates to aberrant proliferation, and the onset of tumours. Therefore, the centrosome represents an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy. Here we review the most important centrosomal proteins and their therapeutic potential. In addition, we summarize the current strategies of intervention and report the present stage of anti-cancer drug development targeting the centrosome (Mazzorana, 2011).”
Mazzorana M, Montoya G, Mortuza GB. Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain. The centrosome: a target for cancer therapy. 2011. Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21486219
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA. Centrosome dysfunction contributes to chromosome instability, chromoanagenesis, and genome reprograming in cancer. 12 November 2013. Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282781
Yingmei Wang, Ping Ji, Jinsong Liu, Russell R Braddus, Fenxia Xue, Wei Zhang. 2009. Centrosome-associated regulators of the G2/M checkpoint as targets for cancer therapy. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/8/1/8
Charts and Diagrams. 2015. Diagram of a Centrosome Canvas Print. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from: http://www.zazzle.com/diagram_of_a_centrosome_canvas_print-192559813004413576
Biology Discussion. 2013. Centrosome: Useful notes on Centrosome. Retrived on 2 October 2015 from: http://www.biologydiscussion.com/centrosome/centrosome-useful-notes-on-centrosome-biology/763
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA. Centrosome dysfunction contributes to chromosome instability, chromoanagenesis, and genome reprograming in cancer. 12 November 2013. Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282781
Front Yard Landscaping Ideas. 24 November 2014. What is the centrosome Diagram? Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from http://thegreatestgarden.com/ what-is-centrosome-diagram/
Mazzorana M, Montoya G, Mortuza GB. Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain. The centrosome: a target for cancer therapy. 2011. Retrieved on 4 Oct 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21486219
W.H. Freemand and Company. 2000. Aneuploidy. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21870/
Yingmei Wang, Ping Ji, Jinsong Liu, Russell R Braddus, Fenxia Xue, Wei Zhang. 2009. Centrosome-associated regulators of the G2/M checkpoint as targets for cancer therapy. Retrieved on 4 October 2015 from http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/8/1/8