Centrifugal pumps are dynamic machines that use centrifugal force to convert rotational kinetic energy to hydrodynamic energy. They have many applications including water supply and drainage. Key components include an impeller, casing, shaft, and diffuser. The impeller rotates and imparts kinetic energy on the fluid, increasing pressure and flow towards the outlet. Cavitation can occur if pressure drops too low and vapor bubbles form, undermining efficiency. Centrifugal pumps come in various types defined by factors like number of stages, impeller design, and position of inlets and outlets.

1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
SUBMITTED TO-
DR. H.C. THAKUR
Submitted By-
Satyajeet Pal
Shubham Singh
Shubhendu
Subodh
Contact No.- 09717146360
(SUBODH)

2. DEFINITION
 Centrifugal Pumps are a sub-class of
dynamic work absorbing turbo machinery.
 Designed base on centrifugal force
 It is used by the conversion of rotational
kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of
fluid flow.

3. HISTORY
 The first mechine catagrised a
centrifugal pump was a mud lifting
mechine.
 which appeared as earlier 1475 by
Italian Renaissance Engineer Francesco
Di Giorgo Martini.
 Scientist Denis papin and British
Inventor John Appoid in 1851
developed a modern centrifugal pump.

4. Types of Centrifugal Pumps
 Based on number of impeller/s in the pump:
Single stage - pump has one impeller only; for low head service
Two-stage - pump has two impellers in series; for medium head service
Multi-stage - pump has three or more impellers in series; for high head service
 Based on impeller suction:
Single suction - pump with single suction impeller (impeller has suction cavity
on one side only); simple design but impeller is subjected to higher axial thrust
imbalance due to flow coming in on one side of impeller only.
Double suction - pump with double suction impeller (impeller has suction
cavities on both sides); Pump is considered hydraulically balanced but is
susceptible to uneven flow on both sides of impeller if suction piping is not done
properly.

5.  Based on type of volute:
Single volute - pump volute has single lip which is very easy to cast.
Is usually
used in small low capacity pumps where a double volute design is
impractical
due to relatively small size of volute passageway which make
obtaining good
quality commercial casting difficult. Pumps with single volute design
have higher radial loads.
Double volute - pump volute has dual lips located 180 degrees apart
resulting in
balanced radial loads; most centrifugal pumps are of double volute
design.

7.  Based on nozzle location:
End suction/top discharge - the suction nozzle is located at the end of, and
concentric to, the shaft while the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the case
perpendicular to the shaft. Pump is always of an overhung type and typically has
lower NPSHR because the liquid feeds directly into the impeller eye.
Top/top nozzles -the suction and discharge nozzles are located at the top of the
case perpendicular to the shaft. Pump can either be overhung type or
between-bearing type but is always a radially-split case pump.
Side/side nozzles - the suction and discharge nozzles are located at the sides of
the case perpendicular to the shaft. Pump can either be an axially or radially split
case type.

8.  Based on shaft orientation:
Horizontal - pump with shaft in horizontal plane; popular due
to ease of servicing
and maintenance.
Vertical - pump with shaft in vertical plane; ideal when space
is limited.

9. MAIN PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 Impeller
Casing
Shaft
Diffuser
Sealing Ring

10. Impeller
 An impeller is a rotating component of
a Centrifugal pump.
 It create suction through which the fluid is
drawn.
 Its made up of iron, steel,bronze,
brass,aluminum or plastic.
 Impellers are usually have an open inlet
(called an eye) to accept incoming
fluid,vanes to push the fluid radially.

12. Different Types of Impeller
 The impeller of a Centrifugal
Pump can be of three types:
 • Open Impeller: The vanes
cast free on both sides.
 • Semi-Open Impeller: The vanes
are cast free on one side and
enclosed on the other.
 • Enclosed Impeller: The vanes
are located between the two
discs, all in a single casting.

13. SEALING RING
Sealing ring (leakage
reduction ring)
-Reduce the internal leakage
-Delay the impeller and pump
casing

14. DIFFUSER
 Diffuser consist of
floating ring of
stationary guide
vanes surrounding
the impeller.
 Its increase the
efficiency of pump.

15. CASING
 The pump’s casing houses the hole
assembly and protects is from harm
 The impellers are fitted inside the
casings
 It is important to reduce friction losses
 Casings are generally of two types:
 (1)volute casing
 (2)circular casing

16. Volute casings
 Volute casings build a higher head.
 A volute is a curved funnel increasing
in area to the discharge port
 As the area of the cross-section
increases, the volute reduces the
speed of the liquid and increases the
pressure of the liquid.

17. VOLUTE CASING

18. circular casings
 circular casings are used for low head and
high capacity.
 Circular casing have stationary diffusion
vanes surrounding the impeller periphery
that convert velocity energy to pressure
energy.
 circular casings are divided in two way
(1)Solid casing
(2)split casing

19. PERMORMANCE CURVE

20. PRACTICAL CURVE

21. ACTUAL PERFORMANCE

22. WORKING PRINCIPLE
 Similar to all other pumps, the centrifugal pump also converts one
form of energy into another form to operate for pumping fluid.
 It principally takes mechanical energy from the motor assembled with
the pump, and converts it into either kinetic energy or the potential
energy of the fluid movement.
 It absolutely depends upon the fluid as to what energy mechanical
energy convert into.
 The impeller, as indicated earlier, is available in both straight and
curved blades/vanes.
 The continuous rotation of the fluid creates a pressure within the
impeller and this rise in pressure transfers some amount of energy to
the discharge end too.

23. WORKING DIAGRAM (PRINCIPLE)

24. WORKING OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 A centrifugal pumps converts mechanical energy from a motor to energy of a moving
fluid.
 Some of the energy goes into kinetic energy of fluid motion, and some into potential
energy,
 The transfer of energy from the mechanical rotation of the impeller to the motion and
pressure of the fluid is usually described in terms of centrifugal force, especially in
older sources written before the modern concept of centrifugal force as a fictitious
force in a rotating reference frame was well articulated.
 The concept of centrifugal force is not actually required to describe the action of the
centrifugal pump. In the modern centrifugal pump, most of the energy conversion is
due to the outward force that curved impeller blades impart on the fluid. Invariably,
some of the energy also pushes the fluid into a circular motion, and this circular motion
can also convey some energy and increase the pressure at the outlet.

25. DIAGRAM OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP(WORKING)

26. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
 To pump the general water supply.
 To provide booster service
 To pump the domestic water supply
 To support the fire protection systems.
 To provide sump drainage

27. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS (DIAGRAM)

28. Advantages
 There are no drive seals, therefore the risk of
leaks is completely eradicated.
 This means that hazardous liquids can be
pumped without spillages.
 Less heat transfer from the motor—the pump
chamber is separated from the motor by an air
gap; this provides a thermal barrier.
 Complete separation of the liquid means that
liquid cannot seep into the motor from the pump.
 Reduced friction.
 Pump has almost have 95% efficiency.

29. Disadvantages
 Cannot be able to work high head.
 Cannot deal with high viscous fluid.
 Unexpected heavy load may cause the
coupling to slip.
 Ferrous particles in liquid are problematic
when you are using magnetic drive.
 Its one of the disadvantages is its relative
poor suction power.

30. CAVITATION

31. EFFECT OF CAVITATION