The green benefits of cement and concrete are hidden due to the vast quantities consumed around the globe. Therefore, despite the low carbon footprint, cement and concrete are often given low marks for sustainability. The presentation attempts to set the record straight.

1. 1
Cement and CO2
A Victim of Success !
John Kline - VP Technical Expertise
Laurent Barcelo – Manager Strategic Projects
and Scientific Networks

2. 2
The Blue Map Scenarios from IEA for
Carbon Reduction
2007 2050 Baseline 2050 Blue
Map Target
29
57
14
Global CO2 emissions in Billions of Tons according
to IEA…
Business as Usual Limit temperature increase
to max +3°C (5°F)

3. 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Electricity
Transport
Industry
Buildings
Average
76
28
24
40
52
2007-2050reductionaccordingto
IEABlueMapScenarios(%)
The IEA Sectorial Approach :
the least cost way to meet reduction targets

4. 4
The Cement Industry Technology
Roadmap to Reduce Carbon Emissions
Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) and IEA partnered
to establish a roadmap for the cement industry:
2007 2050 Baseline 2050 Blue Map
Target
2
2.34
1.55
(in billion of tons of CO2)
(-23%)
+/- 7%
of Total

5. 5
The Cement Industry Technology
Roadmap to Reduce Carbon Emissions
In terms of specific emissions (kg of CO2 per ton of cement):
2006 Low Demand High Demand
680
406 338
Blue Map
(-40%) (-50%)

6. 6
Why such a high CO2 footprint?
Worldwide
annual
CO2 footprint
(t CO2/year)
=
Worldwide
annual
production
(t/year)
.Intrinsic
CO2 footprint
(t CO2/t)

7. 7
data extracted from Hammond and Jones (2011), University of Bath, UK

8. 8
Why such a high CO2 footprint?
Worldwide
annual
CO2 footprint
(t CO2/year)
=
Worldwide
annual
production
(t/year)
.Intrinsic
CO2 footprint
(t CO2/t)

9. 9
Relative Usage of Common Building Materials
15 Billion t/y

10. 10
Life Cycle Analysis on 2 House Types in 2 Climates

11. 11
78%
4%
18%
11%
41%
26%
16%
6%
water
sand
gravel
cement
air
clinker
gypsum
Other
additions
Concrete
vs
Cement
Cement
vs
Clinker
Clinker
vs
Raw Materials
80%
20%
Limestone
Other
Raw
Materials

12. 12
Direct CO2 emissions in Cement
Manufacture
CO2 from Limestone calcination ~535 kg/t clinker
CO2 from fuels combustion ~330 kg/t clinker
(fairly constant from plant to plant)
(larger variations from plant to plant)
+
=
~865 kg/t clinker
Note: Excludes CO2 from electricity (about 10% in the case of cement)
x
78%
~680 kg/t cement
=
Direct CO2 emissions for clinker
Average clinker content in cement
(2006 value from CSI)
Direct CO2 emissions for cement

13. 13
3 main levers to reduce CO2 emissions
Energy Efficiency
Alternative Fuels
and Biomass
Clinker Substitution

14. 14
3 main levers to reduce CO2 emissions

15. 15
1. Energy Efficiency
Process Typical Fuel
Consumtion (GJ/t)
Efficiency
(%)
Theoretical consumption 1.75
Vertical Shaft Kilns ~5 35%
Wet Kilns 5.9 - 6.7 25-30%
Dry Kilns
Long Dry Kilns 4.6 38%
2 Stages Pre-Heater (PH) 3.8 46%
4 Stages PH 3.3 53%
4 Stages PH + Pre-Calciner (PC) 3.1 56%
5 Stages PH+PC (BAT)* 3 58%
* Industry’s Best Available Technology

16. 16
1. Energy Efficiency
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1974 1980 1990 2000 2008
MillionofBTUperton
Average kiln consumption in the US
Theoretical value
5 stage pre-heater with precalciner (BAT)

17. 17
2. Alternative Fuels and BiomassAlternativeFuelsusedinclinkerproduction
2006 data

18. 18
3. Clinker Substitution
2006 data, CSI
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
26% 26%
24%
22% 21% 20%
17% 16% 16%
AverageAdditioncontentincement

19. 19
3 main levers to reduce CO2 emissions

20. 20
Reducing the lime content
C3S
C2S
Compound RM CO2
kg/kg
Delta H
kJ/kg
C3S 0.578 1860
C2S 0.511 1334
C3A 0.489 1946
C4AF 0.362 1359

21. 21
The Cement Technology Roadmap (CSI+IEA)BtofCO2

22. 22
Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies
Undeveloped and Expensive

23. 23
Do Not Allow Cement to become a Victim of Success
As an industry, we must work together to:
Actively promote the overall carbon efficiency of concrete;
Support the IEA roadmap and their sectorial approach,
Develop and promote a common approach to carbon footprint
analysis;
Push for a common understanding and accounting for traditional
levers;
Further promote and educate others on life cycle analysis.
Ensure that everyone knows, that at least for today,
cement and concrete remain the best alternative