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This document summarizes several major mobile radio standards used in the United States and Europe. It provides information on the standard type, year introduced, multiple access technique used, operating frequency band, modulation type, and channel bandwidth for standards such as AMPS, GSM, CDMA, IS-95 and others. Additionally, it discusses the evolution of cellular networks through generations from analog to digital systems and increasing data capabilities.

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CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 1 Major Mobile Radio Standards USA Standard Type Year Intro Multiple Access Frequency Band (MHz) Modulation Channel BW (KHz) AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30 USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30 CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30 IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894 1800-2000 QPSK/BPSK 1250 FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15 DCS-1900 (GSM) PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200 PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 2 Major Mobile Radio Standards - Europe Standard Type Year Intro Multiple Access Frequency Band (MHz) Modulation Channel BW (KHz) ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25 NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5 GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10 ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25 CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100 DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728 DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 3 Cellular Networks • First Generation • Analog Systems • Analog Modulation, mostly FM • AMPS • Voice Traffic • FDMA/FDD multiple access • Second Generation (2G) • Digital Systems • Digital Modulation • Voice Traffic • TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access • 2.5G • Digital Systems • Voice + Low-datarate Data • Third Generation • Digital • Voice + High-datarate Data • Multimedia Transmission also
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 4 2G Technologies cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136 PDC Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz (Japan) 1850-1910 (US PCS) Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 935-960 (Europa) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 869-894 MHz (Cellular) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan) Deplexing FDD FDD FDD Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA Modulation BPSK with Quadrature Spreading GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136) (25 KHz PDC) Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136) 42 Kbps (PDC) Voice Channels per carrier 64 8 3 Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps EVRC at 8Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 5 2G and Data • 2G is developed for voice communications • You can send data over 2G channels by using modem • Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps • Increased data rates are requires for internet application • This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 6 2.5 Technologies • Evolution of TDMA Systems – HSCSD for 2.5G GSM – Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate – GPRS for GSM and IS-136 – Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate – EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136 – Up to 384 Kbps data-rate • Evolution of CDMA Systems – IS-95B – Up to 64 Kbps
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 7 3G Systems • Goals – Voice and Data Transmission • Simultanous voice and data access – Multi-megabit Internet access • Interactive web sessions – Voice-activated calls – Multimedia Content • Live music
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 8 3G Systems • Evolution of Systems • CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000 » CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps » CDMA2000-1xEV: » CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps » CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate • GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) (also called UMTS) » Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates » Future systems 8Mbps » Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015 • New spectrum is allocated for these technologies
CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 9 Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies IS-136 PDC GSM IS-95 IS-95B HSCSD GPRS EDGE W-CDMA EDGE TD-SCDMA cdma200-1xRTT cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO cdma200-3xRTT 2G 2.5G 3G
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 10 Evolution of cellular networks • First-generation: Analog cellular systems (450-900 MHz) – Frequency shift keying; FDMA for spectrum sharing – NMT (Europe), AMPS (US) • Second-generation: Digital cellular systems (900, 1800 MHz) – TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching – GSM (Europe), IS-136 (US), PDC (Japan) – <9.6kbps data rates • 2.5G: Packet switching extensions – Digital: GSM to GPRS; Analog: AMPS to CDPD – <115kbps data rates • 3G: Full-fledged data services – High speed, data and Internet services – IMT-2000, UMTS – <2Mbps data rates
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 11 GSM to GPRS • Radio resources are allocated for only one or a few packets at a time, so GPRS enables – many users to share radio resources, and allow efficient transport of packets – connectivity to external packet data networks – volume-based charging • High data rates (up to 171 kbps in ideal case) • GPRS carries SMS in data channels rather than signaling channels as in GSM
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 12 Evolution to 3G Technologies IS-95B CDMA 2G 3G cdma2000 GSM FDD TDD W-CDMA GPRS IS-136 TDMA UWC-136 EDGE & 136 HS outdoor 136 HS indoor
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 13 384 Kbps 56 Kbps 54 Mbps 72 Mbps 5-11 Mbps 1-2 Mbps 802.11 Wireless Technology Landscape Bluetooth 802.11b 802.11{a,b} Turbo .11a Indoor 10 – 30m IS-95, GSM, CDMA WCDMA, CDMA2000 Outdoor 50 – 200m Mid range outdoor 200m – 4Km Long range outdoor 5Km – 20Km Long distance com. 20m – 50Km µwave p-to-p links .11 p-to-p link 2G 3G
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 14 Infrastructure vs. Adhoc Networks infrastructure network ad-hoc network AP AP AP wired network AP: Access Point Source: Schiller
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 15 Air Interface: Physical Channel • Uplink/Downlink of 25MHz – 890 -915 MHz for Up link – 935 - 960 MHz for Down link • Combination of frequency division and time division multiplexing – FDMA – 124 channels of 200 kHz – 200 kHz guard band – TDMA – Burst • Modulation used Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 16 Options for data transfer • Two enhancements to GSM for data – HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data – GPRS - General Packet Radio Service • Both have capacity to use new coding schemes and to make multislot allocation • GPRS, being a packet switched service, is known to be more efficient and flexible for data transfer purposes • It delivers circuit and packet-switched services in one mobile radio network
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 17 GPRS features • Radio resources are allocated for only one or a few packets at a time, so GPRS enables – many users to share radio resources, and allow efficient transport of packets – fast setup/access times – connectivity to external packet data n/w – volume-based charging • GPRS also carries SMS in data channels rather than signaling channels as in GSM
Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 18 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) • HTTP/HTML have not been designed for mobile devices and applications • WAP empowers mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and services. • A “standard” created by wireless and Internet companies to enable Internet access from a cellular phone
19 • 1899 - Marconi sends first radio message across Atlantic • 1905 - Hulsmeyer detects ships with radar • 1927 - US & Europe telephones linked by HF radio • 1934 - AM mobile police radios for public safety widely used • 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrates FM radio system, became the primary modulation technique. • 1940 - First microwave radar • 1965 - First commercial communication satellite • 1968 - AT&T proposes cellular phone system to Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
20 • 1983 - FCC allocates spectrum for analog cellular service (AMPS) • 1990 - GSM digital cellular service introduced in Europe • 1995 - FCC auctions new Personal Communication Service (PCS) licenses in U.S. for digital services • 1998 - 40 million cellular phone users in U.S. • 2000 - In some countries, mobile users outnumber conventional wireline customers.
21 • Cellular Phone – AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System • 824-849 MHz – Reverse Channel: Transmit from mobile to fixed base station • 869-894 MHz – Forward Channel: Transmit from base station to mobile – FCC mandated duopoly in Major Trading Areas (MTAs) • MTA = 51 largest U.S. cities • two providers per MTA
22 • Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) spectrum allocated by FCC in 1983 – Full duplex (FDX) operation : simultaneous two-way communication • two 30 kHz channels (forward & reverse) – Two providers for each market - duopoly • limited competition – Analog frequency modulation (FM) used exclusively – Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • one channel per pair of users
23 • USDC: U.S. Digital Cellular proposed in 1991 (D- AMPS or IS-54) – Replace single user analog channel with digital channels that support 3 users/30 kHz channel BW – User capacity is 3 times greater than AMPS - more provider revenue ($$) – Digital modulation & speech coding allow Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • 3 users share one channel by using different time slots – This service is provided under the title "Digital Cellular"
24 VII. Paging Systems • One-way communication (SX) • Send short message to mobile unit (pager) • Wide area coverage • Page broadcast from many base stations simultaneously to remote units – no information as to user location • Reliable communication everywhere (need good Signal to Noise performance) – Requires large Tx power and low data rate (~ 2-8 kbps) – Noise has less of an effect when the data rate is lower. – Coverage needed even inside buildings w/ 20-30 dB signal attenuation – Needs an extensive network of transmitters to transmit the signal everywhere
25 VIII. Cordless Telephone Systems • Primarily in-home use • Use ISM bands – 900 MHz most popular for a while, now 2.4 GHz is common and 5.8 GHz is available. • Low power, limited range (~ 100 m) and coverage, and limited mobility
Limitations and Difficulties of Wireless Technologies • Wireless is convenient and less expensive • Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologies • Lack of an industry-wide standard • Device limitations – E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines of text – E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML
Where We are Today • Wireless – WAN • 1G – Analog voice • 2G – Digital voice • 3G/4G – Broadband data/voice • No notion of physical location or proximity – LAN • WiFi • Bluetooth • Ad hoc networks (WiFi P2P mode) • Wired – Ethernet – local – Internet • Global • No notion of physical location or proximity We Are Social Beings That Interact With The Physical World Around Us 28
1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications • Major Mobile Radio Systems – 1934 - Police Radio uses conventional AM mobile communication system. – 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrate FM – 1946 - First public mobile telephone service - push-to-talk – 1960 - Improved Mobile Telephone Service, IMTS - full duplex – 1960 - Bell Lab introduce the concept of Cellular mobile system – 1968 - AT&T propose the concept of Cellular mobile system to FCC. – 1976 - Bell Mobile Phone service, poor service due to call blocking – 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), FDMA, FM – 1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM), TDMA, GMSK – 1991 - U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) IS-54, TDMA, DQPSK – 1993 - IS-95, CDMA, QPSK, BPSK
1.2 Example of Mobile Radio Systems • Examples – Cordless phone – Remote controller – Hand-held walkie-talkies – Pagers – Cellular telephone – Wireless LAN • Mobile - any radio terminal that could be moves during operation • Portable - hand-held and used at walking speed • Subscriber - mobile or portable user
• Classification of mobile radio transmission system – Simplex: communication in only one direction – Half-duplex: same radio channel for both transmission and reception (push-to-talk) – Full-duplex: simultaneous radio transmission and reception (FDD, TDD) • Frequency division duplexing uses two radio channel – Forward channel: base station to mobile user – Reverse channel: mobile user to base station • Time division duplexing shares a single radio channel in time. Forward Channel Reverse Channel
Cellular Network Basics • There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”) • Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate • Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands Cell phones operate in this frequency range (note the logarithmic scale)
Cellular Network Generations • It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of generations: – 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones – 1G: Analog cellular telephony – 2G: Digital cellular telephony – 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony) – 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G (to be deployed in 2012–2015)
Evolution of Cellular Networks 1G 2G 3G 4G 2.5G
The Multiple Access Problem • The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the same time (both downlink and uplink) • All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station • Interference among different senders and receivers • So we need multiple access scheme
Multiple Access Schemes • Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 3 orthogonal Schemes:
Frequency Division Multiple Access • Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call • Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference • Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band • Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies • Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it – Cognitive radio frequency
Frequency Division Multiple Access • Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call • Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference • Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band • Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies • Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it – Cognitive radio frequency
Code Division Multiple Access • Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions • Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using the user specific code – Spreading – Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information transmission rate – But all users use the same frequency band together Orthogonal among users
2G(GSM)
GSM • Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile Communications • Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980’s • The European system was called GSM and deployed in the early 1990’s
GSM Services • Voice, 3.1 kHz • Short Message Service (SMS) – 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations – Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps – Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data – GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other – Performance degrades as number of users increase – GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G
GSM Channels • Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel • Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels: – Traffic channel – Control Channel Downlink Uplink Channels
GSM Frequencies • Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz ranges. • Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies – One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz 1710 MHz 1880 MHz 1805 MHz 1785 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ
3G Overview • 3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000
Evolution from 2G IS-95 IS-136 & PDC GSM- EDGE GPRS HSCSD IS-95B Cdma2000-1xRTT Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO Cdma2000-3xRTT W-CDMA EDGE TD-SCDMA 2G 3G 2.5G 3GPP 3GPP2
Service Roadmap Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery Typical average bit rates (peak rates higher) WEB browsing Corporate data access Streaming audio/video Voice & SMS Presence/location xHTML browsing Application downloading E-mail MMS picture / video Multitasking 3G-specific services take advantage of higher bandwidth and/or real-time QoS A number of mobile services are bearer independent in nature HSDPA 1-10 Mbps WCDMA 2 Mbps EGPRS 473 kbps GPRS 171 kbps GSM 9.6 kbps Push-to-talk Broadband in wide area Video sharing Video telephony Real-time IP multimedia and games Multicasting CDMA 2000- EVDO CDMA 2000- EVDV CDMA 2000 1x
GSM Evolution to 3G GSM 9.6kbps (one timeslot) GSM Data Also called CSD GSM General Packet Radio Services Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G) GPRS HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD) EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Uses 8PSK modulation 3x improvement in data rate on short distances Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps Can also be combined with HSCSD WCDMA
UMTS • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) • UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE • The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) • Data rates of UMTS are: – 144 kbps for rural – 384 kbps for urban outdoor – 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor • Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
UMTS Frequency Spectrum • UMTS Band – 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission – In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.
3.5G (HSPA) High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols 3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include: - Adaptive Modulation and Coding - Fast Scheduling - Backward compatibility with 3G - Enhanced Air Interface
4G (LTE) • LTE stands for Long Term Evolution • Next Generation mobile broadband technology • Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps • Based on UMTS 3G technology • Optimized for All-IP traffic
Advantages of LTE
Comparison of LTE Speed
Major LTE Radio Technogies • Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink • Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink • Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput • Reduced power consumption • Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by handsets)

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Wireless

  • 1.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 1 Major Mobile Radio Standards USA Standard Type Year Intro Multiple Access Frequency Band (MHz) Modulation Channel BW (KHz) AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30 USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30 CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30 IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894 1800-2000 QPSK/BPSK 1250 FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15 DCS-1900 (GSM) PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200 PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300
  • 2.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 2 Major Mobile Radio Standards - Europe Standard Type Year Intro Multiple Access Frequency Band (MHz) Modulation Channel BW (KHz) ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25 NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5 GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10 ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25 CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100 DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728 DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200
  • 3.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 3 Cellular Networks • First Generation • Analog Systems • Analog Modulation, mostly FM • AMPS • Voice Traffic • FDMA/FDD multiple access • Second Generation (2G) • Digital Systems • Digital Modulation • Voice Traffic • TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access • 2.5G • Digital Systems • Voice + Low-datarate Data • Third Generation • Digital • Voice + High-datarate Data • Multimedia Transmission also
  • 4.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 4 2G Technologies cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136 PDC Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz (Japan) 1850-1910 (US PCS) Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 935-960 (Europa) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 869-894 MHz (Cellular) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan) Deplexing FDD FDD FDD Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA Modulation BPSK with Quadrature Spreading GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136) (25 KHz PDC) Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136) 42 Kbps (PDC) Voice Channels per carrier 64 8 3 Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps EVRC at 8Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
  • 5.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 5 2G and Data • 2G is developed for voice communications • You can send data over 2G channels by using modem • Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps • Increased data rates are requires for internet application • This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G
  • 6.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 6 2.5 Technologies • Evolution of TDMA Systems – HSCSD for 2.5G GSM – Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate – GPRS for GSM and IS-136 – Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate – EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136 – Up to 384 Kbps data-rate • Evolution of CDMA Systems – IS-95B – Up to 64 Kbps
  • 7.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 7 3G Systems • Goals – Voice and Data Transmission • Simultanous voice and data access – Multi-megabit Internet access • Interactive web sessions – Voice-activated calls – Multimedia Content • Live music
  • 8.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 8 3G Systems • Evolution of Systems • CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000 » CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps » CDMA2000-1xEV: » CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps » CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate • GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) (also called UMTS) » Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates » Future systems 8Mbps » Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015 • New spectrum is allocated for these technologies
  • 9.
    CS 515 IbrahimKorpeoglu 9 Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies IS-136 PDC GSM IS-95 IS-95B HSCSD GPRS EDGE W-CDMA EDGE TD-SCDMA cdma200-1xRTT cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO cdma200-3xRTT 2G 2.5G 3G
  • 10.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 10 Evolution of cellular networks • First-generation: Analog cellular systems (450-900 MHz) – Frequency shift keying; FDMA for spectrum sharing – NMT (Europe), AMPS (US) • Second-generation: Digital cellular systems (900, 1800 MHz) – TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching – GSM (Europe), IS-136 (US), PDC (Japan) – <9.6kbps data rates • 2.5G: Packet switching extensions – Digital: GSM to GPRS; Analog: AMPS to CDPD – <115kbps data rates • 3G: Full-fledged data services – High speed, data and Internet services – IMT-2000, UMTS – <2Mbps data rates
  • 11.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 11 GSM to GPRS • Radio resources are allocated for only one or a few packets at a time, so GPRS enables – many users to share radio resources, and allow efficient transport of packets – connectivity to external packet data networks – volume-based charging • High data rates (up to 171 kbps in ideal case) • GPRS carries SMS in data channels rather than signaling channels as in GSM
  • 12.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 12 Evolution to 3G Technologies IS-95B CDMA 2G 3G cdma2000 GSM FDD TDD W-CDMA GPRS IS-136 TDMA UWC-136 EDGE & 136 HS outdoor 136 HS indoor
  • 13.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 13 384 Kbps 56 Kbps 54 Mbps 72 Mbps 5-11 Mbps 1-2 Mbps 802.11 Wireless Technology Landscape Bluetooth 802.11b 802.11{a,b} Turbo .11a Indoor 10 – 30m IS-95, GSM, CDMA WCDMA, CDMA2000 Outdoor 50 – 200m Mid range outdoor 200m – 4Km Long range outdoor 5Km – 20Km Long distance com. 20m – 50Km µwave p-to-p links .11 p-to-p link 2G 3G
  • 14.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 14 Infrastructure vs. Adhoc Networks infrastructure network ad-hoc network AP AP AP wired network AP: Access Point Source: Schiller
  • 15.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 15 Air Interface: Physical Channel • Uplink/Downlink of 25MHz – 890 -915 MHz for Up link – 935 - 960 MHz for Down link • Combination of frequency division and time division multiplexing – FDMA – 124 channels of 200 kHz – 200 kHz guard band – TDMA – Burst • Modulation used Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
  • 16.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 16 Options for data transfer • Two enhancements to GSM for data – HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data – GPRS - General Packet Radio Service • Both have capacity to use new coding schemes and to make multislot allocation • GPRS, being a packet switched service, is known to be more efficient and flexible for data transfer purposes • It delivers circuit and packet-switched services in one mobile radio network
  • 17.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 17 GPRS features • Radio resources are allocated for only one or a few packets at a time, so GPRS enables – many users to share radio resources, and allow efficient transport of packets – fast setup/access times – connectivity to external packet data n/w – volume-based charging • GPRS also carries SMS in data channels rather than signaling channels as in GSM
  • 18.
    Sridhar Iyer IITBombay 18 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) • HTTP/HTML have not been designed for mobile devices and applications • WAP empowers mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and services. • A “standard” created by wireless and Internet companies to enable Internet access from a cellular phone
  • 19.
    19 • 1899 -Marconi sends first radio message across Atlantic • 1905 - Hulsmeyer detects ships with radar • 1927 - US & Europe telephones linked by HF radio • 1934 - AM mobile police radios for public safety widely used • 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrates FM radio system, became the primary modulation technique. • 1940 - First microwave radar • 1965 - First commercial communication satellite • 1968 - AT&T proposes cellular phone system to Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
  • 20.
    20 • 1983 -FCC allocates spectrum for analog cellular service (AMPS) • 1990 - GSM digital cellular service introduced in Europe • 1995 - FCC auctions new Personal Communication Service (PCS) licenses in U.S. for digital services • 1998 - 40 million cellular phone users in U.S. • 2000 - In some countries, mobile users outnumber conventional wireline customers.
  • 21.
    21 • Cellular Phone –AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System • 824-849 MHz – Reverse Channel: Transmit from mobile to fixed base station • 869-894 MHz – Forward Channel: Transmit from base station to mobile – FCC mandated duopoly in Major Trading Areas (MTAs) • MTA = 51 largest U.S. cities • two providers per MTA
  • 22.
    22 • Advanced MobilePhone System (AMPS) spectrum allocated by FCC in 1983 – Full duplex (FDX) operation : simultaneous two-way communication • two 30 kHz channels (forward & reverse) – Two providers for each market - duopoly • limited competition – Analog frequency modulation (FM) used exclusively – Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • one channel per pair of users
  • 23.
    23 • USDC: U.S.Digital Cellular proposed in 1991 (D- AMPS or IS-54) – Replace single user analog channel with digital channels that support 3 users/30 kHz channel BW – User capacity is 3 times greater than AMPS - more provider revenue ($$) – Digital modulation & speech coding allow Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • 3 users share one channel by using different time slots – This service is provided under the title "Digital Cellular"
  • 24.
    24 VII. Paging Systems •One-way communication (SX) • Send short message to mobile unit (pager) • Wide area coverage • Page broadcast from many base stations simultaneously to remote units – no information as to user location • Reliable communication everywhere (need good Signal to Noise performance) – Requires large Tx power and low data rate (~ 2-8 kbps) – Noise has less of an effect when the data rate is lower. – Coverage needed even inside buildings w/ 20-30 dB signal attenuation – Needs an extensive network of transmitters to transmit the signal everywhere
  • 25.
    25 VIII. Cordless TelephoneSystems • Primarily in-home use • Use ISM bands – 900 MHz most popular for a while, now 2.4 GHz is common and 5.8 GHz is available. • Low power, limited range (~ 100 m) and coverage, and limited mobility
  • 27.
    Limitations and Difficultiesof Wireless Technologies • Wireless is convenient and less expensive • Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologies • Lack of an industry-wide standard • Device limitations – E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines of text – E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML
  • 28.
    Where We areToday • Wireless – WAN • 1G – Analog voice • 2G – Digital voice • 3G/4G – Broadband data/voice • No notion of physical location or proximity – LAN • WiFi • Bluetooth • Ad hoc networks (WiFi P2P mode) • Wired – Ethernet – local – Internet • Global • No notion of physical location or proximity We Are Social Beings That Interact With The Physical World Around Us 28
  • 29.
    1.1 Evolution ofMobile Radio Communications • Major Mobile Radio Systems – 1934 - Police Radio uses conventional AM mobile communication system. – 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrate FM – 1946 - First public mobile telephone service - push-to-talk – 1960 - Improved Mobile Telephone Service, IMTS - full duplex – 1960 - Bell Lab introduce the concept of Cellular mobile system – 1968 - AT&T propose the concept of Cellular mobile system to FCC. – 1976 - Bell Mobile Phone service, poor service due to call blocking – 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), FDMA, FM – 1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM), TDMA, GMSK – 1991 - U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) IS-54, TDMA, DQPSK – 1993 - IS-95, CDMA, QPSK, BPSK
  • 30.
    1.2 Example ofMobile Radio Systems • Examples – Cordless phone – Remote controller – Hand-held walkie-talkies – Pagers – Cellular telephone – Wireless LAN • Mobile - any radio terminal that could be moves during operation • Portable - hand-held and used at walking speed • Subscriber - mobile or portable user
  • 31.
    • Classification ofmobile radio transmission system – Simplex: communication in only one direction – Half-duplex: same radio channel for both transmission and reception (push-to-talk) – Full-duplex: simultaneous radio transmission and reception (FDD, TDD) • Frequency division duplexing uses two radio channel – Forward channel: base station to mobile user – Reverse channel: mobile user to base station • Time division duplexing shares a single radio channel in time. Forward Channel Reverse Channel
  • 32.
    Cellular Network Basics •There are many types of cellular services; before delving into details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”) • Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate • Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands Cell phones operate in this frequency range (note the logarithmic scale)
  • 33.
    Cellular Network Generations •It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of generations: – 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones – 1G: Analog cellular telephony – 2G: Digital cellular telephony – 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony) – 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G (to be deployed in 2012–2015)
  • 34.
    Evolution of CellularNetworks 1G 2G 3G 4G 2.5G
  • 35.
    The Multiple AccessProblem • The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the same time (both downlink and uplink) • All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station • Interference among different senders and receivers • So we need multiple access scheme
  • 36.
    Multiple Access Schemes •Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 3 orthogonal Schemes:
  • 37.
    Frequency Division MultipleAccess • Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call • Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference • Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band • Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies • Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it – Cognitive radio frequency
  • 38.
    Frequency Division MultipleAccess • Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call • Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference • Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band • Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies • Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it – Cognitive radio frequency
  • 39.
    Code Division MultipleAccess • Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions • Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using the user specific code – Spreading – Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information transmission rate – But all users use the same frequency band together Orthogonal among users
  • 40.
  • 41.
    GSM • Abbreviation forGlobal System for Mobile Communications • Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980’s • The European system was called GSM and deployed in the early 1990’s
  • 42.
    GSM Services • Voice,3.1 kHz • Short Message Service (SMS) – 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations – Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps – Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data – GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other – Performance degrades as number of users increase – GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G
  • 43.
    GSM Channels • PhysicalChannel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel • Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels: – Traffic channel – Control Channel Downlink Uplink Channels
  • 44.
    GSM Frequencies • Originallydesigned on 900MHz range, now also available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz ranges. • Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies – One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz 1710 MHz 1880 MHz 1805 MHz 1785 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ
  • 45.
    3G Overview • 3Gis created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000
  • 46.
    Evolution from 2G IS-95IS-136 & PDC GSM- EDGE GPRS HSCSD IS-95B Cdma2000-1xRTT Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO Cdma2000-3xRTT W-CDMA EDGE TD-SCDMA 2G 3G 2.5G 3GPP 3GPP2
  • 47.
    Service Roadmap Improved performance,decreasing cost of delivery Typical average bit rates (peak rates higher) WEB browsing Corporate data access Streaming audio/video Voice & SMS Presence/location xHTML browsing Application downloading E-mail MMS picture / video Multitasking 3G-specific services take advantage of higher bandwidth and/or real-time QoS A number of mobile services are bearer independent in nature HSDPA 1-10 Mbps WCDMA 2 Mbps EGPRS 473 kbps GPRS 171 kbps GSM 9.6 kbps Push-to-talk Broadband in wide area Video sharing Video telephony Real-time IP multimedia and games Multicasting CDMA 2000- EVDO CDMA 2000- EVDV CDMA 2000 1x
  • 48.
    GSM Evolution to3G GSM 9.6kbps (one timeslot) GSM Data Also called CSD GSM General Packet Radio Services Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G) GPRS HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD) EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Uses 8PSK modulation 3x improvement in data rate on short distances Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps Can also be combined with HSCSD WCDMA
  • 49.
    UMTS • Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) • UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE • The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) • Data rates of UMTS are: – 144 kbps for rural – 384 kbps for urban outdoor – 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor • Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
  • 50.
    UMTS Frequency Spectrum •UMTS Band – 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission – In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.
  • 51.
    3.5G (HSPA) High SpeedPacket Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols 3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include: - Adaptive Modulation and Coding - Fast Scheduling - Backward compatibility with 3G - Enhanced Air Interface
  • 52.
    4G (LTE) • LTEstands for Long Term Evolution • Next Generation mobile broadband technology • Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps • Based on UMTS 3G technology • Optimized for All-IP traffic
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
    Major LTE RadioTechnogies • Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink • Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink • Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput • Reduced power consumption • Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by handsets)