This document summarizes several major mobile radio standards used in the United States and Europe. It provides information on the standard type, year introduced, multiple access technique used, operating frequency band, modulation type, and channel bandwidth for standards such as AMPS, GSM, CDMA, IS-95 and others. Additionally, it discusses the evolution of cellular networks through generations from analog to digital systems and increasing data capabilities.

1. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 1
Major Mobile Radio Standards
USA
Standard Type Year
Intro
Multiple
Access
Frequency
Band
(MHz)
Modulation Channel
BW
(KHz)
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30
USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30
CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30
IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894
1800-2000
QPSK/BPSK 1250
FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15
DCS-1900
(GSM)
PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200
PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300

2. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 2
Major Mobile Radio Standards - Europe
Standard Type Year
Intro
Multiple
Access
Frequency
Band
(MHz)
Modulation Channel
BW
(KHz)
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25
NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5
GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz
C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10
ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25
CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100
DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728
DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200

3. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 3
Cellular Networks
• First Generation
• Analog Systems
• Analog Modulation, mostly FM
• AMPS
• Voice Traffic
• FDMA/FDD multiple access
• Second Generation (2G)
• Digital Systems
• Digital Modulation
• Voice Traffic
• TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
• 2.5G
• Digital Systems
• Voice + Low-datarate Data
• Third Generation
• Digital
• Voice + High-datarate Data
• Multimedia Transmission also

4. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 4
2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
890-915 MHz (Eurpe)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
(Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
935-960 (Europa)
1930-1990 (US PCS)
869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature
Spreading
GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per
carrier
64 8 3
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps
RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps

5. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 5
2G and Data
• 2G is developed for voice communications
• You can send data over 2G channels by using
modem
• Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
• Increased data rates are requires for internet
application
• This requires evolution towards new systems:
2.5 G

6. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 6
2.5 Technologies
• Evolution of TDMA Systems
– HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
– Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate
– GPRS for GSM and IS-136
– Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate
– EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
– Up to 384 Kbps data-rate
• Evolution of CDMA Systems
– IS-95B
– Up to 64 Kbps

7. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 7
3G Systems
• Goals
– Voice and Data Transmission
• Simultanous voice and data access
– Multi-megabit Internet access
• Interactive web sessions
– Voice-activated calls
– Multimedia Content
• Live music

8. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 8
3G Systems
• Evolution of Systems
• CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000
» CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps
» CDMA2000-1xEV:
» CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
» CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate
• GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband
CDMA) (also called UMTS)
» Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
» Future systems 8Mbps
» Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
• New spectrum is allocated for these technologies

9. CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 9
Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies
IS-136
PDC
GSM
IS-95
IS-95B HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
W-CDMA
EDGE
TD-SCDMA
cdma200-1xRTT
cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
cdma200-3xRTT
2G
2.5G
3G

10. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 10
Evolution of cellular networks
• First-generation: Analog cellular systems (450-900 MHz)
– Frequency shift keying; FDMA for spectrum sharing
– NMT (Europe), AMPS (US)
• Second-generation: Digital cellular systems (900, 1800 MHz)
– TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching
– GSM (Europe), IS-136 (US), PDC (Japan)
– <9.6kbps data rates
• 2.5G: Packet switching extensions
– Digital: GSM to GPRS; Analog: AMPS to CDPD
– <115kbps data rates
• 3G: Full-fledged data services
– High speed, data and Internet services
– IMT-2000, UMTS
– <2Mbps data rates

11. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 11
GSM to GPRS
• Radio resources are allocated for only one or
a few packets at a time, so GPRS enables
– many users to share radio resources, and allow
efficient transport of packets
– connectivity to external packet data networks
– volume-based charging
• High data rates (up to 171 kbps in ideal case)
• GPRS carries SMS in data channels rather than
signaling channels as in GSM

12. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 12
Evolution to 3G Technologies
IS-95B
CDMA
2G 3G
cdma2000
GSM
FDD
TDD
W-CDMA
GPRS
IS-136
TDMA
UWC-136
EDGE & 136
HS outdoor
136 HS
indoor

13. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 13
384 Kbps
56 Kbps
54 Mbps
72 Mbps
5-11 Mbps
1-2 Mbps 802.11
Wireless Technology Landscape
Bluetooth
802.11b
802.11{a,b}
Turbo .11a
Indoor
10 – 30m
IS-95, GSM, CDMA
WCDMA, CDMA2000
Outdoor
50 – 200m
Mid range
outdoor
200m – 4Km
Long range
outdoor
5Km – 20Km
Long distance
com.
20m – 50Km
µwave p-to-p links
.11 p-to-p link
2G
3G

14. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 14
Infrastructure vs. Adhoc Networks
infrastructure
network
ad-hoc network
AP
AP
AP
wired network
AP: Access Point
Source: Schiller

15. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 15
Air Interface: Physical Channel
• Uplink/Downlink of 25MHz
– 890 -915 MHz for Up link
– 935 - 960 MHz for Down link
• Combination of frequency division and time
division multiplexing
– FDMA
– 124 channels of 200 kHz
– 200 kHz guard band
– TDMA
– Burst
• Modulation used
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

16. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 16
Options for data transfer
• Two enhancements to GSM for data
– HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
– GPRS - General Packet Radio Service
• Both have capacity to use new coding schemes
and to make multislot allocation
• GPRS, being a packet switched service, is known
to be more efficient and flexible for data transfer
purposes
• It delivers circuit and packet-switched services in
one mobile radio network

17. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 17
GPRS features
• Radio resources are allocated for only one or
a few packets at a time, so GPRS enables
– many users to share radio resources, and allow
efficient transport of packets
– fast setup/access times
– connectivity to external packet data n/w
– volume-based charging
• GPRS also carries SMS in data channels rather
than signaling channels as in GSM

18. Sridhar Iyer IIT Bombay 18
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
• HTTP/HTML have not been designed for
mobile devices and applications
• WAP empowers mobile users with wireless
devices to easily access and interact with
information and services.
• A “standard” created by wireless and
Internet companies to enable Internet
access from a cellular phone

19. 19
• 1899 - Marconi sends first radio message across Atlantic
• 1905 - Hulsmeyer detects ships with radar
• 1927 - US & Europe telephones linked by HF radio
• 1934 - AM mobile police radios for public safety widely used
• 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrates FM radio system,
became the primary modulation technique.
• 1940 - First microwave radar
• 1965 - First commercial communication satellite
• 1968 - AT&T proposes cellular phone system to Federal
Communications Commission (FCC)

20. 20
• 1983 - FCC allocates spectrum for analog cellular service
(AMPS)
• 1990 - GSM digital cellular service introduced in Europe
• 1995 - FCC auctions new Personal Communication Service
(PCS) licenses in U.S. for digital services
• 1998 - 40 million cellular phone users in U.S.
• 2000 - In some countries, mobile users outnumber
conventional wireline customers.

21. 21
• Cellular Phone
– AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
• 824-849 MHz
– Reverse Channel: Transmit from mobile to fixed
base station
• 869-894 MHz
– Forward Channel: Transmit from base station to
mobile
– FCC mandated duopoly in Major Trading Areas (MTAs)
• MTA = 51 largest U.S. cities
• two providers per MTA

22. 22
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) spectrum
allocated by FCC in 1983
– Full duplex (FDX) operation : simultaneous two-way
communication
• two 30 kHz channels (forward & reverse)
– Two providers for each market - duopoly
• limited competition
– Analog frequency modulation (FM) used exclusively
– Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• one channel per pair of users

23. 23
• USDC: U.S. Digital Cellular proposed in 1991 (D-
AMPS or IS-54)
– Replace single user analog channel with digital
channels that support 3 users/30 kHz channel BW
– User capacity is 3 times greater than AMPS - more
provider revenue ($$)
– Digital modulation & speech coding allow Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• 3 users share one channel by using different time slots
– This service is provided under the title "Digital
Cellular"

24. 24
VII. Paging Systems
• One-way communication (SX)
• Send short message to mobile unit (pager)
• Wide area coverage
• Page broadcast from many base stations
simultaneously to remote units
– no information as to user location
• Reliable communication everywhere (need good Signal
to Noise performance)
– Requires large Tx power and low data rate (~ 2-8 kbps)
– Noise has less of an effect when the data rate is lower.
– Coverage needed even inside buildings w/ 20-30 dB signal
attenuation
– Needs an extensive network of transmitters to transmit the
signal everywhere

25. 25
VIII. Cordless Telephone Systems
• Primarily in-home use
• Use ISM bands – 900 MHz most popular for a while, now 2.4
GHz is common and 5.8 GHz is available.
• Low power, limited range (~ 100 m) and coverage, and limited
mobility

27. Limitations and Difficulties of
Wireless Technologies
• Wireless is convenient and less expensive
• Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit
wireless technologies
• Lack of an industry-wide standard
• Device limitations
– E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines
of text
– E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup
language (WML) instead of HTML

28. Where We are Today
• Wireless
– WAN
• 1G – Analog voice
• 2G – Digital voice
• 3G/4G – Broadband data/voice
• No notion of physical location or proximity
– LAN
• WiFi
• Bluetooth
• Ad hoc networks (WiFi P2P mode)
• Wired
– Ethernet – local
– Internet
• Global
• No notion of physical location or proximity
We Are Social Beings That Interact With The Physical World Around Us
28

29. 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
• Major Mobile Radio Systems
– 1934 - Police Radio uses conventional AM mobile communication system.
– 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrate FM
– 1946 - First public mobile telephone service - push-to-talk
– 1960 - Improved Mobile Telephone Service, IMTS - full duplex
– 1960 - Bell Lab introduce the concept of Cellular mobile system
– 1968 - AT&T propose the concept of Cellular mobile system to FCC.
– 1976 - Bell Mobile Phone service, poor service due to call blocking
– 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), FDMA, FM
– 1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM), TDMA, GMSK
– 1991 - U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) IS-54, TDMA, DQPSK
– 1993 - IS-95, CDMA, QPSK, BPSK

30. 1.2 Example of Mobile Radio Systems
• Examples
– Cordless phone
– Remote controller
– Hand-held walkie-talkies
– Pagers
– Cellular telephone
– Wireless LAN
• Mobile - any radio terminal that could be moves during operation
• Portable - hand-held and used at walking speed
• Subscriber - mobile or portable user

31. • Classification of mobile radio transmission system
– Simplex: communication in only one direction
– Half-duplex: same radio channel for both transmission and reception
(push-to-talk)
– Full-duplex: simultaneous radio transmission and reception (FDD, TDD)
• Frequency division duplexing uses two radio channel
– Forward channel: base station to mobile user
– Reverse channel: mobile user to base station
• Time division duplexing shares a single radio channel in time.
Forward Channel
Reverse Channel

32. Cellular Network Basics
• There are many types of cellular services; before delving into
details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
• Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio
waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
• Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900
MHz frequency bands
Cell phones operate in this frequency
range (note the logarithmic scale)

33. Cellular Network Generations
• It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in
terms of generations:
– 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
– 1G: Analog cellular telephony
– 2G: Digital cellular telephony
– 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
– 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
(to be deployed in 2012–2015)

34. Evolution of Cellular Networks
1G 2G 3G 4G
2.5G

35. The Multiple Access Problem
• The base stations need to serve many mobile
terminals at the same time (both downlink
and uplink)
• All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the
base station
• Interference among different senders and
receivers
• So we need multiple access scheme

36. Multiple Access Schemes
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
3 orthogonal Schemes:

37. Frequency Division Multiple Access
• Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the
duration of the call
• Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
• Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band
and one uplink frequency band
• Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
• Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it
– Cognitive radio
frequency

38. Frequency Division Multiple Access
• Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the
duration of the call
• Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
• Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band
and one uplink frequency band
• Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
• Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it
– Cognitive radio
frequency

39. Code Division Multiple Access
• Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions
• Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits
using the user specific code – Spreading
– Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
– But all users use the same frequency band together
Orthogonal among users

40. 2G(GSM)

41. GSM
• Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile
Communications
• Concurrent development in USA and Europe in
the 1980’s
• The European system was called GSM and
deployed in the early 1990’s

42. GSM Services
• Voice, 3.1 kHz
• Short Message Service (SMS)
– 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl.
spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations
– Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
– GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to
114 kbps
– Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data
– GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio,
video messages to each other
– Performance degrades as number of users increase
– GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G

43. GSM Channels
• Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a
physical channel
• Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted
between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels:
– Traffic channel
– Control Channel
Downlink
Uplink
Channels

44. GSM Frequencies
• Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also
available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz
ranges.
• Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies
– One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band,
where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz
1710 MHz 1880 MHz
1805 MHz
1785 MHz
UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ

45. 3G Overview
• 3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000

46. Evolution from 2G
IS-95 IS-136 & PDC
GSM-
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
IS-95B
Cdma2000-1xRTT
Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
Cdma2000-3xRTT
W-CDMA
EDGE
TD-SCDMA
2G
3G
2.5G
3GPP
3GPP2

47. Service Roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)
WEB browsing
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
Voice & SMS Presence/location
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
MMS picture / video
Multitasking
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
HSDPA
1-10
Mbps
WCDMA
2
Mbps
EGPRS
473
kbps
GPRS
171
kbps
GSM
9.6
kbps
Push-to-talk
Broadband
in wide area
Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
multimedia and games
Multicasting
CDMA
2000-
EVDO
CDMA
2000-
EVDV
CDMA
2000
1x

48. GSM Evolution to 3G
GSM
9.6kbps (one timeslot)
GSM Data
Also called CSD
GSM
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA
(3G)
GPRS
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50
kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing
sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
Uses 8PSK modulation
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
WCDMA

49. UMTS
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried out
by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
• Data rates of UMTS are:
– 144 kbps for rural
– 384 kbps for urban outdoor
– 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

50. UMTS Frequency Spectrum
• UMTS Band
– 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission
– In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will be
used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.

51. 3.5G (HSPA)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two
mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA
protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS
technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the
features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface

52. 4G (LTE)
• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
• Next Generation mobile broadband
technology
• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Based on UMTS 3G technology
• Optimized for All-IP traffic

53. Advantages of LTE

54. Comparison of LTE Speed

55. Major LTE Radio Technogies
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for
enhanced throughput
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less
battery power used by handsets)