1) Wireless communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog cellular to 4G broadband cellular networks, with each generation providing improved data capabilities. 2) Future wireless networks are moving to an all-IP architecture using a combination of technologies like WiFi, WWAN, and WLAN to provide higher speeds and capacity. 3) Key drivers for beyond 4G networks include meeting increasing demand for multimedia services, improving spectrum efficiency, and supporting data rates of 100Mbps for outdoor use and 1Gbps for indoor use.

1. Wireless Communication Engineering UNIT 1 PART 2

2. Wireless Billions of wireless devices are in use 4 wireless technologies in 10 communication technologies with most market potential: Wi-Fi UWB Software Radio Wireless Mesh Other six are: Nanotech, PON, Soft Switching, MPLS, FSO, Optical Switching

4. EM Spectrum for Telecom Most spectra licensed; 3G license is very expensive; FCC is a mighty sector Infrared, ISM band, and amateur radio band are license-free HW2: Find out what spectrum is used for GSM, IS-95, 802.11b WLAN. What data rates are available in each system? What transmission characteristics makes these spectrum bands suitable for wireless communications?

5. APPLICATIONS 1G – analog signals only ( ph call) 2G – sms 2.5G – mms, www ,email access (WAP) 2.75 – High data rate 3G – mobile internet, mobile tv, video calling 3.5G – mobile broad bands, smart ph, mobile modems 4G – IP telephony, ultra broadband modems

6. Evolution of Wireless Sys. (1G) Handoff was not solved until the development of microprocessor, efficient remote-controlled RF synthesizer, and switching center. 1G Cellular System Designed in 1970s, deployed in early 1980s Analog, 42 control channels, 790 voice channels Handoff performed at BS based on received power AMPS in US; TACS in part of Europe; NTT in Japan; C450 in West German, and NMT in some countries. Became highly popular; AMPS still popular in US!

7. Evolution of Wireless Sys. (2G) 2G Systems Digital cellular telephony Modest data support, incompatible GSM: a common TDMA technology for Europe; claim about 3/4 of subscribers worldwide. IS-54 and IS-136: TDMA technology in US; compatible with AMPS; IS-95: CDMA; standardized in 1993; South Korea and Hong Kong deployed it in 1995; US in 1996.

8. Evolution of Wireless Sys. (2.5G) 2G telephony is highly successful Enhancement to 2G on data service GSM: HSCSD and GPRS IS-95: IS-95b IS-136: D-AMPS+ and CDPD The improved data rate is still too low to support multimedia traffic ITU initiated 3G standardization effort in 1992, and the outcome is IMT-2000.

9. Evolution of Wireless Sys. (3G) IMT-2000 comprises several 3G standards: EDGE, data rate up to 473Kbps, backward compatible with GSM/IS-136 cdma2000 (Qualcomm), data rate up to 2Mbps, backward compatible with IS-95 WCDMA (Europe), introduces a new 5MHz channel structure; data rate up to 2Mbps; TD-SCDMA (China), CDMA in TDD fashion

10. Evolution of Wireless Sys. (4G) Problems of 3G systems Immature 3G license auction increases the financial burden What are the killer applications of 3G? No unified standard (political factors dominate) 4G systems Research initiated, but still not well-defined Data-oriented, seamless integrated with wireline Indoor data rate up to 100 Mbps, outdoor data rate up to 20Mbps.

11. Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

12. Paradigm From 1G to Beyond 3G First Generation Analogue Circuit switched Basic voice telephony Low capacity Limited local and regional coverage Second Generation Digital Circuit switched Voice plus basic data applications Low data speed Enhancements towards packet switching higher data rates Trans-national and global roaming Digital Packet and circuit switched Advanced data (multimedia ) applications Fast data access Global coverage Global roaming Third Generation Beyond Third Generation Digital Packet switched All IP based (IPv6 ) More advanced multimedia applications User in control Flexible platform of complementary access systems High speed data Improved QoS Global coverage Global roaming

13. Mobility and Information Speed of Evolving Mobile Communication Systems

14. Trends in Wireless Commun. Personal Communications (Goal of mobile communications) All IP based (IPv6) (Packet switched) Flexible platform of complementary access systems( Combination of different wireless access systems , Hot spot services will be introduced by high-speed wireless access (>100mbps)) Higher system capacity (Users/Service, 5-10 times higher than 3G) Higher Transmission Data rate Higher frequency efficiency More advanced multimedia applications Improved QoS Realize high levels of security and authentication Global coverage Global roaming

15. All IP Based

16. All IP based IP/ATM/MPLS Backbone Mobile Internet Application Platforms Mobile Internet Application Servers Media Gateway Mobility, Connection & Control Servers Mobility Gateway Intelligent Edge Broadband Gateway IP Multi Radio OWLAN Broadband Accesses Network Domain Service Domain Internet PSTN ISDN

17. Combination of different wireless access systems IEEE.802.11 WLAN WPAN WLAN WWAN PAN Bluetooth PDMA

18. Network of 3G beyond Services and applications IP based core network Media access system IMT-2000 UMTS WLAN type cellular GSM short range connectivity Wireline xDSL other entities DAB DVB return channel: e.g. GSM download channel New radio interface

19. Transmission Data Rate Highest data rate(3G) at least 144 Kb/s in a vehicular environment, 384 Kb/s in a pedestrian environment, 2048 Kb/s in an indoor office environment. Highest data rate (4G) 2Mbps in a vehicular environment,, 20Mbps in a pedestrian environment Wide Area, high velocity ： 100Mbps Indoor, lower velocity ： 1Gbps Evolution of transmission data rate 2G 3G and beyond 9.6-14.4 kbps evolved 2G 64-144 kbps 384 kbps-2 Mbps 100 Mbps? 384 kbps-20 Mbps

20. System Capacity and spectrum efficiency Capacity: 5-10 times higher than 3G Frequency efficiency: Multi-cell: > 2bits/Hz Single-cell: 5~10 bits/Hz

21. Drivers of 3G Beyond 3G evolution … but difficult to extend to higher data rate with CDMA only technology; to provide various services with different QoS to have enough frequency resource to accommodate more subscribers Drawback Low system capacity Low spectrum efficiency 0 25 1998 1999 2000 2001 50 75 100 125 150 Pbit/day Real Time (e.g. Voice) Non Real Time (e.g. Internet access) Mobile Internet User Mobile User 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1995 2000 2005 2010 Subscriptions (millions) Mobile Fixed Mobile Internet Fixed Internet

22. Drivers of 3G Beyond 3G 2G Evolution from 2G systems and Beyond Revolution from subscriber service expectations IP Revolution from IP infrastructure

23. Service Forecast for Asia Region 0 5 10 15 20 25 1999 (Forecast by ITU-R TG-8/1 for Asia) 2015 (Extrapolation) Up Down Up Down Up Down 63% 23? 5.4 1 19.8 10 ％  30%  15%  28%  8% 3.4 0.5 0.5 91 % Multimedia  (U:128k,D:10Mbps)  (U:128k, D:2Mbps)  (U:64k,D:384kbps)  (U/D:128kbps×n) 1G/2G services Voice (U/D: 16k, VOX0.5) Others (<64 kbps) 9 %  Multimedia traffic increases 40%/year .  10Mbps downstream service emerges.  Saturation of 1G/2G services traffic. Subscribers ×1.5 Voice : Multimedia traffic ratio  1 : 2 (in 2010) 3.9 1.5 Relative traffic value in bits (Ref: 1999) Year 2010

24. Multimedia Services Internet access Shopping/banking(e-commerce) Video conferencing Video on demand Telemedicine Distance learning

25. Challenges Unreliable Channels (Cross Layer Design) Scarce Spectrum and Resource Management Stringent Power Budget Security Location and Routing Interfacing with Wired Networks Health Concern Diversified Standards and Political Struggle