There are two main types of cells - eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, while prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. All cells contain organelles that perform specific functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes. Cells can also specialize to form tissues, organs and organ systems that carry out vital functions in living organisms.

1. {{
CELLCELL
FUNDAMENTAL UNITSFUNDAMENTAL UNITS

2. Two types of cellTwo types of cell
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell

3. Three main parts:Three main parts:
-Membrane cell-Membrane cell
-Cytoplasm-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus-Nucleus

4. Animal cellAnimal cell
 Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
 Cell membraneCell membrane
 NucleusNucleus
 CentriolesCentrioles
 EndoplasmicEndoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
 CytoplasmCytoplasm
 RibosomesRibosomes
 LysosomeLysosome
 MithocondrionMithocondrion
 NuclearNuclear
membranemembrane

5. Plant cellPlant cell
 Cell wallCell wall
 VacuoleVacuole
 Membrane cellMembrane cell
 LysosomeLysosome
 CytoplasmCytoplasm
 ChloroplastChloroplast
 NucleusNucleus
 NucleolusNucleolus
 MitochondriaMitochondria
 EndoplasmicEndoplasmic
 ReticulumReticulum
 Golgi complexGolgi complex

6. Specialised cells:Specialised cells:
-Leaf cell-Leaf cell
-Root hair cell-Root hair cell
-Sperm cell-Sperm cell
-Red blood cell-Red blood cell
-Egg cell-Egg cell
-Nerve cell-Nerve cell

7. Leaf cellLeaf cell
 light energylight energy
 photosynthesisphotosynthesis
 chlorophyllchlorophyll

8. Root hair cellRoot hair cell
Water andWater and
mineral ionsmineral ions
from the soilfrom the soil

9. Sperm cellSperm cell
 FertilisesFertilises
 Egg cellEgg cell
 Head gametesHead gametes
 TailTailmovemove

10. Red blood cellsRed blood cells
 haemoglobinhaemoglobin
oxygenoxygen cells.cells.

11. Egg cellEgg cell
 LargeLarge
 Much cytoplasmMuch cytoplasm

12. Nerve cellNerve cell
 LongLong
 ConnectionConnection
 ElectricalElectrical
signalssignals

13. CellsCellsTissueTissueOrgansOrgansOrganOrgan
SystemSystem
Tissue:Tissue:
-muscle-muscle
-the lining of the intestine-the lining of the intestine
-the lining of the lungs-the lining of the lungs
--phloemphloem
--root hair tissueroot hair tissue

14. Organs:Organs:
-Heart-Heart
-Stomach-Stomach
-Brain-Brain
-Lung-Lung
-Leaf-Leaf
-Root-Root

15. Organ systems.Organ systems.
-Circulatory system-Circulatory system
-Respiratory system-Respiratory system
-Digestive system-Digestive system
-Nervous system-Nervous system
-Reproductive system-Reproductive system
-Leaf canopy-Leaf canopy

16. DiffusionDiffusion Movement of particles fromMovement of particles from
an area of higheran area of higher
concentration to a area ofconcentration to a area of
lowerlower
Osmosis
Important for plants

17. Inside the Cell

18. Nucleus
• Almost all cells contain a single nucleus.
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
• Function-Stores and transmits genetic information in the
form of DNA. Genetic information passes from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build proteins

19. Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
• Openings allow material to
enter and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for traits &
characteristics

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type (Agranular):
lacks ribosomes. Site of
lipid molecule
synthesized
• Rough type (Granular):
ribosomes embedded in
surface. Packaging of
proteins to be secreted or
distributed.
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

21. Ribosomes
• Composed of proteins
and several RNA
molecules
• Proteins factories of
the cell
• Either bound to the
organelle or found
free in the cytoplasm
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

22. Golgi Apparatus
• Most cells have
single Golgi
apparatus.
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

23. Lysosome
• Spherical or oval
• Typical cell may contain
several hundreds
• Digestive enzyme for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

24. Mitochondria
• Spherical rode like structure
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html