This document discusses the structure and function of cells. It begins with an overview of levels of biological organization from atoms to biomes. It then covers cell structure, including organelles and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure of the cell membrane is described as a fluid mosaic model with phospholipids and embedded proteins that regulate transport. Transport mechanisms across the membrane include passive diffusion and facilitated transport as well as active transport processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and sodium-potassium pumps that require energy.
Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridiza...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
Physical conditions for cultivation of bacteriavinaya warad
To understand temperature , gaseous and pH requirement of bacteria
To study effect of physical conditions on growth of microorganisms
To understand concepts of optimum temperature and pH of growth.
Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridiza...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
Physical conditions for cultivation of bacteriavinaya warad
To understand temperature , gaseous and pH requirement of bacteria
To study effect of physical conditions on growth of microorganisms
To understand concepts of optimum temperature and pH of growth.
during this ppt of microscopes we will be able to know
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
VARIABLES USED IN MICROSCOPY
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE - Structure and Function
USE OF MICROSCOPE
CARE OF MICROSCOPE
defintion
A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim)
MICROSCOPE - An instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye
MICROSCOPY - The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy
Compound microscope is the highly used instrument for the purpose to watch / observed any micro organism. It is the basic instrument for the analysis of the micro object.It used in the various fields such as biology, physics, chemistry,forensic science,geology etc.
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background.
This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
Pure culture preservation of microbes are described in detain. Different short and long term preservation are explained in detail. Methods like Agar slant cultures (Sub culturing) & Refrigeration , Mineral Oil or Liquid Paraffin Method,Saline suspension storage, Drying in Vacuum, Storage at low temperatures (Cryopreservation) and Lyophilization (Freeze drying) are included.
during this ppt of microscopes we will be able to know
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
VARIABLES USED IN MICROSCOPY
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE - Structure and Function
USE OF MICROSCOPE
CARE OF MICROSCOPE
defintion
A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim)
MICROSCOPE - An instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye
MICROSCOPY - The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy
Compound microscope is the highly used instrument for the purpose to watch / observed any micro organism. It is the basic instrument for the analysis of the micro object.It used in the various fields such as biology, physics, chemistry,forensic science,geology etc.
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM
Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background.
This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
Pure culture preservation of microbes are described in detain. Different short and long term preservation are explained in detail. Methods like Agar slant cultures (Sub culturing) & Refrigeration , Mineral Oil or Liquid Paraffin Method,Saline suspension storage, Drying in Vacuum, Storage at low temperatures (Cryopreservation) and Lyophilization (Freeze drying) are included.
introduction to cell biology
Cell Biology
The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm
The cell is a chemical system that can maintain its structure and reproduce.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
All living things are cells or composed of cells.
The interior contents of cells in the cytoplasm.
Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed.
A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast.
Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature.
These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals.
The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called mycoplasmas; some of these single-celled organisms are spheres as small as 0.2 μm in diameter.
Largest cell ….
The largest single-celled organism is an animal
called Syringammina fragilissima, which can grow to a width of 4 inches.
– are highly folded, forming a complex network of tubes.
The biological science which deals with the study of structure, function, molecular organization, growth, reproduction, and genetics of the cells, is called cytology or cell biology
(Gr., kytos = hollow vessel or cell; logos = to discourse).
Much of cell biology is devoted to the study of structures and functions of specialized cells.
Individual cells that form our bodies can grow, reproduce, process information, respond to stimuli, and carry out an amazing array of chemical reactions.
Briefly discuss five criteria used to classify an organism as a multi.pdfMALASADHNANI
Briefly discuss five criteria used to classify an organism as a multicelled animal?
Solution
Organisms that consist of more than one cell are known as multicellular organisms. Multicelluar
organisms are made up of more than one cell. These cells identify and attach to each other to
form a multicellular organism. Most of the multicellular organisms are visible to the naked eye.
Organisms like plants, animals, and some algae from a single cell and they grow up into a
multicelled organism. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes show multicellularity. True multicellular
organisms regenerate a whole organism from germ cells.
There are there theories to discuss the mechanisms by which multicellularity could have evolved.
Symbiotic Theory- Symbiotic theory states that the first multicellular organism arose from
symbiosis behaviour of different species of a single-celled organism, each performing different
functions. Such symbiotic relation ship is seen between clown fish and Riterri sea anemones.
The Cellularization Theory or The Syncytial Theory- The cellularization theory states a
unicellular organismwould have developed from membrane boundaries/partitions around each
nuclei from a single celled organisms with multiple nuclei. Protists like cliates and slime molds
have multiple nuclei supporting this theory.
The Colonial Theory- The colonial theory that the symbiosis of many organisms of the same
species led to the evolution of multicellular organisms. This theory was proposed by Haecked in
1874.Majority of multicellularity occurs as a consequence of the cells falling to separate
following the process of division. Example of this theory can be seen in multicellular protists like
Volvox, Eudorina.
Advantages of Multicellularity in organism are that multicellularity allows the organism to
exceed the size limits. Multicelluarity also permits in increasing the complexity of the organism
by allowing differentiation of numerous cellular lineages in an organism.
Animals are multicellular and move with the aid of cilia, flagella, or muscular organs based on
contractile proteins. They have organelles including a nucleus, but no chliorplasts or cell walls.
Animals acquire nutrients by ingestion.
They have multiple cell with mitochondria and they depend on other organisms for food
Biologists recognize 36 phyla in the animals kingdom.
Size-The size of animals ranges from a few celled organosm like the mesozoans to animals
weighing many tones like the blue whale.
Animals bodies- Bodies of animals are made of cells organized into tissues which perform
specific functions in most animals tissue are organized into complex organs, which form organ
systems.
Cell structure_ The animal cell contains organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi
complex, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles, cytoskeieton.
Animals are made up of many organs systems, that aids in performing specific functions that are
necessary for the survival of the organism.
O.
Similar to Structural-Functional organization of the Cell (20)
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Structural-Functional organization of the Cell
1. THEME: Introduction in to the course of
medical biology. Structural-functional
organization of cell.
1. Levels of biological organization. Cell
Theory.
2. Cell Structure.
3. Structure of the cell membrane.
4. Transport of substances across
membrane.
2. •Medical biologyMedical biology is a field of biology that has is a field of biology that has
practical applications in practical applications in medicinemedicine, health, health
care and laboratory diagnostics.care and laboratory diagnostics.
It includes many biomedical disciplines such as:It includes many biomedical disciplines such as:
cell biology, embryology, cell biology, embryology,
nanobiotechnology, biologicalnanobiotechnology, biological
engineering, cytogenetics, genetics, microbiologyengineering, cytogenetics, genetics, microbiology
, virology, parasitology., virology, parasitology.
3. Levels of biological organization in order fromLevels of biological organization in order from
smallest to largest.smallest to largest.
1. Atom1. Atom - The smallest identifiable form - The smallest identifiable form
of an element.of an element.
2. Molecule2. Molecule - Molecules are made from - Molecules are made from
two or more atoms covalently two or more atoms covalently
bonded together. Depending on the bonded together. Depending on the
number of atoms bonding, number of atoms bonding,
molecules can be very small (like molecules can be very small (like
carbon monoxide, made from one carbon monoxide, made from one
carbon and one oxygen atom), or carbon and one oxygen atom), or
they can be very large, like the they can be very large, like the
protein catalase shown to the right.protein catalase shown to the right.
4. 3. Organelle - Organelles are3. Organelle - Organelles are
membrane-boundmembrane-bound
compartments found withincompartments found within
eukaryotic cells. Eacheukaryotic cells. Each
organelle carries out aorganelle carries out a
specific function in the cell,specific function in the cell,
analogous to how each organanalogous to how each organ
in our body carries out ain our body carries out a
specific function.specific function.
Not all cells containNot all cells contain
organelles - only eukaryoticorganelles - only eukaryotic
cells do (plants, fungi, animalscells do (plants, fungi, animals
and protists). Prokaryoticand protists). Prokaryotic
cells (bacteria and archaea)cells (bacteria and archaea)
lack organelles, including thelack organelles, including the
nucleus.nucleus.
"Organelle is" the highest"Organelle is" the highest
level of biologicallevel of biological
organization that is notorganization that is not
considered to be "living" onconsidered to be "living" on
6. 4. Cell - The cell is the smallest4. Cell - The cell is the smallest
level of biological organizationlevel of biological organization
that is able to livethat is able to live
independently. Some organismsindependently. Some organisms
are made of single cells, likeare made of single cells, like
eubacteria, archaebacteria andeubacteria, archaebacteria and
some protists.some protists.
Other organisms are made ofOther organisms are made of
collections of cells.collections of cells.
Cells are divided into two mainCells are divided into two main
types: prokaryotic cellstypes: prokaryotic cells
and eukaryoticcells. Prokaryoticand eukaryoticcells. Prokaryotic
cells do not contain organelles,cells do not contain organelles,
while eukaryotic cells do.while eukaryotic cells do.
Cells arise from the division ofCells arise from the division of
pre-existing cells, an idea that ispre-existing cells, an idea that is
the basis of Cell Theorythe basis of Cell Theory
7. 5. TISSUE - group of similar5. TISSUE - group of similar
cells performing a job orcells performing a job or
functionfunction
6. Organ - An organ is a6. Organ - An organ is a
collection of tissues thatcollection of tissues that
carry out a collectivecarry out a collective
function for a multi-celledfunction for a multi-celled
organism.organism.
An example are lungs,An example are lungs,
which contain several layerswhich contain several layers
of tissue and together helpof tissue and together help
with absorption of oxygenwith absorption of oxygen
from the air you breathe.from the air you breathe.
Organs are made fromOrgans are made from
tissues, and collections oftissues, and collections of
organs often make organorgans often make organ
systems.systems.
8. 7. Organ System - An organ7. Organ System - An organ
system is a group ofsystem is a group of
organs that together workorgans that together work
to fulfill a larger role for ato fulfill a larger role for a
multi-celled organism.multi-celled organism.
An example is theAn example is the
pulmonary system, shownpulmonary system, shown
to the left. In this organto the left. In this organ
system, organssystem, organs
connecting our nose andconnecting our nose and
mouth to our lungs workmouth to our lungs work
together to help ustogether to help us
breathe.breathe.
Other examples of organOther examples of organ
systems include oursystems include our
skeletal system, ourskeletal system, our
nervous system, ournervous system, our
circulatory system andcirculatory system and
our gastro-intestinalour gastro-intestinal
system.system.
9. 8. Multicelled Organism -8. Multicelled Organism -
An organism made fromAn organism made from
two or more cells whentwo or more cells when
mature. All multicelledmature. All multicelled
organisms belong to theorganisms belong to the
Eukarya Domain, andEukarya Domain, and
include some protists,include some protists,
some fungi, all plants andsome fungi, all plants and
all animals. Multicelledall animals. Multicelled
organisms also canorganisms also can
contain some lower levelscontain some lower levels
of biological organizationof biological organization
not found in single-cellednot found in single-celled
organisms, includingorganisms, including
organ systems, organsorgan systems, organs
and tissues.and tissues.
10. 9. Population - A9. Population - A
group of membersgroup of members
of the sameof the same
species living in aspecies living in a
given area. Thegiven area. The
idea of aidea of a
population ispopulation is
important inimportant in
biology as this isbiology as this is
the organizationalthe organizational
level at whichlevel at which
reproduction andreproduction and
genetic change ingenetic change in
a species occurs.a species occurs.
11. 10. Community -10. Community -
Communities areCommunities are
formed throught theformed throught the
interactions of differentinteractions of different
populations of speciespopulations of species
living in the same area.living in the same area.
11. Ecosystem - All the11. Ecosystem - All the
living and non-livingliving and non-living
components of an areacomponents of an area
compose ancompose an
ecosystem. Non-livingecosystem. Non-living
components includecomponents include
temperature,temperature,
recipitation andrecipitation and
surroundingsurrounding
geography.geography.
12. 12. BIOME -Large12. BIOME -Large
areas of the worldareas of the world
with similar climateswith similar climates
and organismsand organisms
13. Biosphere - All13. Biosphere - All
regions of the earth'sregions of the earth's
waters, surface, andwaters, surface, and
atmosphere whereatmosphere where
organisms live. Theorganisms live. The
biosphere includesbiosphere includes
all life on earth asall life on earth as
well as thewell as the
environments inenvironments in
which they live.which they live.
13. History:History:
-Discovery of the cell followed by the-Discovery of the cell followed by the
development of the microscopedevelopment of the microscope
1665-Robert Hooke- observed cells from the1665-Robert Hooke- observed cells from the
fruiting bodies of fungifruiting bodies of fungi
Anton van Leewenhoek- observed a variety ofAnton van Leewenhoek- observed a variety of
cells and called them "animalcules"cells and called them "animalcules"
1830’s-Theodor Schwann and Matthias1830’s-Theodor Schwann and Matthias
Schleiden developed theSchleiden developed the cell theorycell theory
14. Cell Theory states:Cell Theory states:
1. All living organisms are1. All living organisms are
composed of cellscomposed of cells
2. Cells are the functional units of2. Cells are the functional units of
living organismsliving organisms
3. Cells arise from preexisting3. Cells arise from preexisting
cells via divisioncells via division
22. Superficially there are two types of organelles;Superficially there are two types of organelles;
organelles that are bound by a membrane andorganelles that are bound by a membrane and
those that are not.those that are not.
Below are some examples of each:Below are some examples of each:
Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles
VacuolesVacuoles
LysosomesLysosomes
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
MitochondriaMitochondria
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Nonmembrane Bound OrganellesNonmembrane Bound Organelles
RibosomesRibosomes
CentriolesCentrioles
MiscrotubulesMiscrotubules
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. 3. Structure of the cell membrane3. Structure of the cell membrane
(Plasma or Plasmolemma).(Plasma or Plasmolemma).
42.
43. The Plasma MembraneThe Plasma Membrane
fluid mosaic model, semi-permeable (selectivelyfluid mosaic model, semi-permeable (selectively
permeable), double layer of phospholipids with embeddedpermeable), double layer of phospholipids with embedded
proteinsproteins
Jobs of the cell membraneJobs of the cell membrane
Isolate the cytoplasm from the external environmentIsolate the cytoplasm from the external environment
Regulate the exchange of substancesRegulate the exchange of substances
Communicate with other cellsCommunicate with other cells
IdentificationIdentification
Phospholipids (fats) contain a hydrophilic head and aPhospholipids (fats) contain a hydrophilic head and a
nonpolar hydrophobic tail, which creates a barrier.nonpolar hydrophobic tail, which creates a barrier.
44.
45. Cholesterol - stiffens the membrane by connectingCholesterol - stiffens the membrane by connecting
phospholipidsphospholipids
Glycolipids - signal moleculesGlycolipids - signal molecules
Glycoproteins - have an attached chain of sugarGlycoproteins - have an attached chain of sugar
(antibodies)(antibodies)
Proteins embedded in membrane serve differentProteins embedded in membrane serve different
functionsfunctions
1. Channel Proteins - form small openings for molecules1. Channel Proteins - form small openings for molecules
to difuse throughto difuse through
2. Carrier Proteins- binding site on protein surface2. Carrier Proteins- binding site on protein surface
"grabs" certain molecules and pulls them into the cell,"grabs" certain molecules and pulls them into the cell,
(gated channels)(gated channels)
3. Receptor Proteins - molecular triggers that set off cell3. Receptor Proteins - molecular triggers that set off cell
responses (such as release of hormones or opening ofresponses (such as release of hormones or opening of
channel proteins)channel proteins)
4. Cell Recognition Proteins - ID tags, to idenitfy cells to4. Cell Recognition Proteins - ID tags, to idenitfy cells to
the body's immune systemthe body's immune system
5. Enzymatic Proteins - carry out metabolic reactions5. Enzymatic Proteins - carry out metabolic reactions
46. 4. Transport Across4. Transport Across
MembraneMembrane
-The membrane is-The membrane is
selectively permeableselectively permeable
(also called(also called
semipermeable )semipermeable )
- Small particles, or- Small particles, or
particles with noparticles with no
charge can passcharge can pass
through the bilayerthrough the bilayer
(carbon dioxide and(carbon dioxide and
oxygen)oxygen)
- Water has a charge,- Water has a charge,
does not easily crossdoes not easily cross
the membrane - athe membrane - a
channel protein,channel protein,
Aquaporin helpsAquaporin helps
water acrosswater across
47. Passive TransportPassive Transport
Simple Diffusion - water, oxygen and otherSimple Diffusion - water, oxygen and other
molecules move from areas of high concentrationmolecules move from areas of high concentration
to areas of low concentration, down ato areas of low concentration, down a
concentration gradientconcentration gradient
Facilitation Diffusion - diffusion that is assisted byFacilitation Diffusion - diffusion that is assisted by
proteins (channel or carrier proteins)proteins (channel or carrier proteins)
Osmosis - diffusion of waterOsmosis - diffusion of water
Solutions: Hypertonic | Isotonic | HypotonicSolutions: Hypertonic | Isotonic | Hypotonic
48.
49.
50.
51. Active TransportActive Transport
- involves moving molecules "uphill"- involves moving molecules "uphill"
against the concentration gradient, whichagainst the concentration gradient, which
requires energy (ATP)requires energy (ATP)
Endocytosis - taking substances into theEndocytosis - taking substances into the
cell (pinocytosis for water, phagocytosis forcell (pinocytosis for water, phagocytosis for
solids)solids)
Exocytosis - pushing substances out of theExocytosis - pushing substances out of the
cell, such as the removal of wastecell, such as the removal of waste
Sodium-Potassium Pump - pumps out 3Sodium-Potassium Pump - pumps out 3
sodiums for ever 2 potassium's taken insodiums for ever 2 potassium's taken in
against gradient.against gradient.