The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and allows some substances to pass through more easily than others. It contains phospholipids arranged in a bilayer with hydrophobic tails interacting in the middle and hydrophilic heads facing outwards. Embedded proteins can be integral and span the entire membrane or peripheral and attach to surface. The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a fluid structure with phospholipids and proteins able to move laterally. Transport across the membrane can be passive via diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion or active via protein pumps and requires cell energy. Endocytosis and exocytosis involve vesicle transport across the membrane.
Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
cell biology topic transport across cell membrane. transport of important structures accross plasma mebrane of different types of cell in humans. structure and function of cell membane
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
cell biology topic transport across cell membrane. transport of important structures accross plasma mebrane of different types of cell in humans. structure and function of cell membane
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Membrane proteins are proteins that interact with, or are part of, biological membranes. They include integral membrane proteins that are permanently anchored to the membrane and peripheral membrane proteins which are only temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins.
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model ORDanielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells and Tissue RenewalGarry D. Lasaga
This report will talk about the physiology of tissue renewal among different tissues and the important role played by stem cells in such mechanism as wells as the various key signaling mechanism involved.
Introduction-Cell wall and functions
Gram +ve and -ve cell wall
Bacterial cell wall - structure
Peptidoglycan-Composition and Structure
Types of polysaccharidesBacterial cell wall
Functions of polysaccharides in Bacterial cell wall
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Extra cellular matrix is recently being explored in connection with cancer , metastases and autoimmune disorders. It is prepared for the benefit of both UG and PG medical and dental students.
Membrane proteins are proteins that interact with, or are part of, biological membranes. They include integral membrane proteins that are permanently anchored to the membrane and peripheral membrane proteins which are only temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins.
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model ORDanielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells and Tissue RenewalGarry D. Lasaga
This report will talk about the physiology of tissue renewal among different tissues and the important role played by stem cells in such mechanism as wells as the various key signaling mechanism involved.
Introduction-Cell wall and functions
Gram +ve and -ve cell wall
Bacterial cell wall - structure
Peptidoglycan-Composition and Structure
Types of polysaccharidesBacterial cell wall
Functions of polysaccharides in Bacterial cell wall
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Extra cellular matrix is recently being explored in connection with cancer , metastases and autoimmune disorders. It is prepared for the benefit of both UG and PG medical and dental students.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Membrane Structure and Function
Cells must contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm
and genetic material.
The cell membrane is the EDGE, “boundary of
life”, while the cytoplasm is the site of all the
reactions of life and the genetic material is the
information required for life.
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE means that the cell
membrane allows some substances across more
easily than others… some it helps and some it
inhibits or rejects all together.
3. Molecules need to move across
membranes in cells
Image modiified from: http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/importProt.html
IN
food
carbohydrates
sugars,
proteins
amino acids
lipids
salts, O2, H2O
OUT
waste
ammonia
salts
CO2
H2O
products
4. Membrane Structure
Development of models as a scientific
process
Models include
Overton – proposed lipid base
Langmuir (phospholipids) – made membrane
Gorter and Grendel (two layers)
Davson and Danielli (sandwich image, protein outside)
Singer and Nicolson = Fluid Mosaic Model
Required electron microscopy
1972
5. MEMBRANE MODELS
1915: Scientists analyzed isolated red blood cell
membranes, found them made up of proteins and lipids
10 years later: E. Gorter and F. Grendel reasoned
membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer
1935: Hugh Davson and James Danielli
proposed membrane was a “sandwich”
of proteins and phospholipid bilayer
with proteins on outside of phopholipids
DAVSON-DANIELLI
MODEL
6. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
1972- S.J. Singer and G. Nicolson propose membrane is a
“mosaic” of proteins and phospholipids that are constantly
moving and changing
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
7.
8. Membrane Structure
Phospholipids – phosphate and fatty acid tails
Hydrophilic phosphates
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Two layers
With tails together
Protein
Embedded throughout - integral
Some just surface – peripheral
Motility
Phospholipid
9.
10.
11. Idea of Fluidity
Cholesterol molecules prevent membrane
from becoming ‘crispy’
Proteins ‘bob’ along surface
Proteins are anchored by fibers in the
cytoskeleton
Phospholipids can even flip flop
Merging of membranes.
12.
13. Membrane Proteins
Proteins determine most of membrane’s specific
functions
cell membrane & organelle membranes each have
unique collections of proteins
Membrane proteins:
peripheral proteins = loosely
bound to surface of membrane
integral proteins = penetrate into
lipid bilayer, often completely
spanning the membrane =
transmembrane protein
14. Membrane Carbohydrates
Attached to proteins (glycoproteins)
or lipids (glycolipids)
Play a key role in cell-cell recognition
ability of a cell to distinguish neighboring cells from
another
important in organ &
tissue development
basis for rejection of
foreign cells by
immune system
17. Other organelles
The cell membrane is
continuous with other
membranes in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
starts/ends at cell membrane
ER makes cell membrane & it
is turned inside out as the
new cell membrane flows out
of the ER
18. Traffic Across the Membrane
Small particles and ions move in both directions;
sugars, amino acids, CO2, NH4 and O2. Also Na+, K+,
Ca+2 and Cl-
Hydrophobic molecules ( like CO2) can dissolve in lipid
layer
Hydrophilic core of cell membrane impedes movement
of ions and polar molecules that are hydrophilic.
Proteins built into membrane facilitate the process
19.
20. Transport Proteins
Span the Cell membrane
Function as a channel
Some also physically move
passengers
Specificity of fit allows for membrane
selectivity.
21. Passive Transport
Molecules have intrinsic kinetic energy
They are in constant motion.
Cytoplasm, extracellular fluid and cell membrane vary
in concentrations and pressure gradients.
Concentration refers to the overall POPULATION of
molecules as well as the RATIO in that location
compared to another.
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
22. Passive transport includes
Diffusion
Tendency of molecules of any substance to spread out
into the available space. Substances will diffuse
DOWN their concentration gradient.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively
permeable membrane.
Hypertonic = solution with higher [conc.] of solutes
Hypotonic = solution with lower [conc.] of solutes
Isotonic = solutions are equal in solute concentration
Facilitative Diffusion
Transport proteins are helping molecules to cross
membrane, but still diffusion (lowering overall free
energy) thus doesn’t require energy from cell.
23. Concentration of water
Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations
Hypertonic - more solute, less water
Hypotonic - less solute, more water
Isotonic - equal solute, equal water
hypotonic hypertonic
water
net movement of water
24. Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier Proteins
Grab molecule,
undergo conformational
change, flip to other side
Channel Proteins
Create passageway for
substances to pass
through
May be gated or not:
open in response to
chemical or electrical
signals
25. Active Transport
Movement of solutes, UP
their concentration gradient,
with the help of transport
proteins in a CM.
Requires cell to expend
energy / do work.
Solute becomes more
concentrated or
“stock- piled” in a particular
area.
Example is Sodium-Potassium
Pump. (Na-K)
26.
27. Electrogenic Pumps
In addition to moving ions, some active transport
pump also generate electric current and/ ATP.
An enzyme called ATP
synthase is built into the
membrane and ADP is
phosphorylated as a result
of ions (often H+) passing
through the membrane.
Examples are found in the
Electron Transport Chains
of respiration (inner
mitochondrial membrane)
and photosynthesis
(chloroplasts thylakoid
membrane)
29. EXOCYTOSIS
• Active transport (requires ATP)
• Uses vesicles
• Releases substances to outside
INSULIN being released by pancreas cells using exocytosis