Celestial navigation
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This document discusses the lost art of celestial navigation using the stars. It explains how sailors were able to determine their latitude and longitude at sea before modern navigation tools. Some key methods mentioned include using Polaris to determine latitude, observing the positions of stars near the eastern or western horizon over multiple nights to calculate longitude, and using a Mariner's Nocturnal instrument to determine local time by the positions of Polaris and Ursa Major/Minor in the sky. Mastering these celestial techniques was essential for navigation before accurate clocks and other technologies.
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Celestial navigation
This document discusses the lost art of celestial navigation using the stars. It explains how sailors were able to determine their latitude and longitude at sea before modern navigation tools. Some key methods mentioned include using Polaris to determine latitude, observing the positions of stars near the eastern or western horizon over multiple nights to calculate longitude, and using a Mariner's Nocturnal instrument to determine local time by the angles between stars like Polaris and Ursa Major.
Celestial navigation
The document discusses various methods and instruments used for celestial navigation. It describes tools like the sextant, astrolabe, and octant that were used to determine position by measuring the angle between celestial objects and the horizon. It also discusses coordinate systems and modern GPS technology used for navigation.
The celestial sphere
The ancient Greeks conceived of the celestial sphere, a massive imaginary sphere with Earth at the center containing all objects in the sky. While the stars appear close together, they are actually very far apart and at varying distances from Earth, creating the illusion of proximity. This celestial sphere model, though not accurate, is still useful as it allows us to map the night sky as seen from Earth.
L02 night
The document discusses several methods for locating astronomical objects in the night sky, including using constellations, coordinates, and accounting for the effect of precession over time. It also covers the motion of stars across the sky due to the Earth's rotation and defines key angular measurement terms. The first homework assignment is due on Monday.
Constellations in the night sky
Constellations are groups of stars that form imaginary patterns in the night sky. Different cultures have identified different shapes among the same stars. Historically, constellations were useful for navigation and keeping track of seasons. The North Star is particularly important for navigation in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Cross serves a similar purpose in the Southern Hemisphere. Popular constellations represent myths and stories from different traditions around the world.
Life Cycles Of Stars
The document discusses various topics related to stars and astronomy, including:
1) It describes the Sun and stars, and how their brightness, color, and names are determined. Distance and temperature affect a star's observed properties.
2) Precise measurements of nearby stars were made by the Hipparcos satellite in the 1990s, allowing their distances and properties to be better understood.
3) Spectroscopy is used to determine stars' chemical compositions and physical conditions by analyzing spectral lines from their emitted light.
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This document discusses different coordinate systems used to locate celestial bodies in the sky, including the horizontal and equatorial coordinate systems. The horizontal coordinate system uses azimuth and altitude to describe positions relative to the observer's horizon. Issues with this system include variations based on location and time. The equatorial coordinate system uses right ascension and declination to provide a consistent frame of reference. Right ascension is measured eastward along the celestial equator, while declination indicates positions north or south of the equator. This system allows uniform positioning of stars and other objects from any location on Earth.
Introductionto constellation
This document provides an introduction to constellations and backyard astronomy. It discusses what constellations are, how to locate Polaris, and some key things needed for stargazing like darkness, star maps, binoculars, and warm clothing. It then describes several prominent northern circumpolar constellations like Ursa Minor, Ursa Major, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, and Draco. Finally, it summarizes some common zodiac constellations like Aquarius, Aries, Cancer, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Pisces, Sagittarius, Scorpius, Taurus, and Virgo.
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Celestial navigation
This document discusses the lost art of celestial navigation using the stars. It explains how sailors were able to determine their latitude and longitude at sea before modern navigation tools. Some key methods mentioned include using Polaris to determine latitude, observing the positions of stars near the eastern or western horizon over multiple nights to calculate longitude, and using a Mariner's Nocturnal instrument to determine local time by the angles between stars like Polaris and Ursa Major.
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The ancient Greeks conceived of the celestial sphere, a massive imaginary sphere with Earth at the center containing all objects in the sky. While the stars appear close together, they are actually very far apart and at varying distances from Earth, creating the illusion of proximity. This celestial sphere model, though not accurate, is still useful as it allows us to map the night sky as seen from Earth.
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The document discusses several methods for locating astronomical objects in the night sky, including using constellations, coordinates, and accounting for the effect of precession over time. It also covers the motion of stars across the sky due to the Earth's rotation and defines key angular measurement terms. The first homework assignment is due on Monday.
Constellations in the night sky
Constellations are groups of stars that form imaginary patterns in the night sky. Different cultures have identified different shapes among the same stars. Historically, constellations were useful for navigation and keeping track of seasons. The North Star is particularly important for navigation in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Cross serves a similar purpose in the Southern Hemisphere. Popular constellations represent myths and stories from different traditions around the world.
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The document discusses various topics related to stars and astronomy, including:
1) It describes the Sun and stars, and how their brightness, color, and names are determined. Distance and temperature affect a star's observed properties.
2) Precise measurements of nearby stars were made by the Hipparcos satellite in the 1990s, allowing their distances and properties to be better understood.
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This document discusses different coordinate systems used to locate celestial bodies in the sky, including the horizontal and equatorial coordinate systems. The horizontal coordinate system uses azimuth and altitude to describe positions relative to the observer's horizon. Issues with this system include variations based on location and time. The equatorial coordinate system uses right ascension and declination to provide a consistent frame of reference. Right ascension is measured eastward along the celestial equator, while declination indicates positions north or south of the equator. This system allows uniform positioning of stars and other objects from any location on Earth.
Introductionto constellation
This document provides an introduction to constellations and backyard astronomy. It discusses what constellations are, how to locate Polaris, and some key things needed for stargazing like darkness, star maps, binoculars, and warm clothing. It then describes several prominent northern circumpolar constellations like Ursa Minor, Ursa Major, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, and Draco. Finally, it summarizes some common zodiac constellations like Aquarius, Aries, Cancer, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Pisces, Sagittarius, Scorpius, Taurus, and Virgo.
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1) On a clear night, the unaided human eye can see about 6,000 stars, though light pollution limits this to a few hundred in urban/suburban areas.
2) Constellations originally referred to patterns of the brightest stars representing mythological figures, though today they are defined regions of the sky regardless of star brightness.
3) The apparent motion of stars is caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun, making some stars appear to rise and set daily or be visible only seasonally.
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3) Time zones were established in 1884 to standardize time based on lines of longitude, in order to account for the fact that the sun reaches different places on Earth at different times. There are 24 global time zones, each approximately 15 degrees of longitude wide.
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2) It discusses how observations of celestial objects like the apparent motion of stars informed early inferences about Earth's rotation and revolution.
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1) On a clear night, the unaided human eye can see about 6,000 stars, though light pollution limits this to a few hundred in urban/suburban areas.
2) Constellations originally referred to patterns of the brightest stars representing mythological figures, though today they are defined regions of the sky regardless of star brightness.
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Ptolemy originally defined 48 constellations that were used by later astronomers and navigators. These constellations represented gods and figures from mythology and were used as a celestial calendar. In the early 20th century, the IAU standardized 88 constellations still used today to provide consistency for astronomers globally. Though constellations have evolved over millennia of human observation, their patterns continue to help people explore and understand the night sky.
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Ancient civilizations used the motions of celestial bodies like the moon and stars to develop calendars and tell time. They observed that the sun's path through the sky shifted over the course of a year, marking seasons. The geocentric model viewed Earth as the center of the universe, with objects like the sun and stars orbiting around it. Stars twinkle due to differences in the density of Earth's atmosphere refracting light. Stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and undergo various stages of life depending on their mass, eventually ending as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.
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The unaided human eye can see about 6,000 stars on a clear night, with about 3,000 stars visible at any given time. However, light pollution limits the number of visible stars to a few hundred for most locations. The apparent brightness of celestial objects is measured on the magnitude scale, with 1st magnitude stars being the brightest and 6th magnitude stars being the faintest visible to the unaided eye. Constellations help organize the sky into defined regions, though the stars within a constellation may be located at different distances.
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Scientific evidence shows that the Earth is approximately spherical rather than flat. Observations such as ships appearing to gradually sink below the horizon from the bottom up, the changing position of Polaris in the night sky at different latitudes, and lunar eclipses always casting a round shadow on the moon can only be explained if the Earth is spherical. While the Earth is not a perfect sphere, gravity measurements have demonstrated it is slightly oblate or flattened at the poles due to the Earth's rotation.
Dwithiya sopan
This document provides information on using stars and constellations to determine north. It explains that the North Star is nearly directly north and does not move much in the sky. The Big Dipper and Little Dipper constellations can help locate the North Star. It notes that the North Star can only be seen in the northern hemisphere and gets higher in the sky the farther north one travels. Other stars may be used for navigation but require more frequent checks of direction. The Southern Cross is used as a guide south of the equator.
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The powerpoint presentation has something to do with locating places on earth using latitude and longitude
The sky lrg
The document discusses concepts related to observing the night sky, including:
- The celestial sphere represents the sky as a hollow dome centered on Earth. Key points are the zenith overhead and horizon.
- The altitude is a star's height above the horizon, and azimuth is its direction from true north.
- The celestial sphere model orients observations using the north and south celestial poles and celestial equator analogously to Earth's geographic coordinates.
Astronomy lesson 1
The document discusses different types of telescopes used in astronomy. It describes refracting telescopes which use lenses and reflecting telescopes which use mirrors. Most large telescopes found in observatories are reflecting telescopes because it is easier to build large mirrors that can collect more light. The document also discusses other types of telescopes like infrared telescopes that can observe invisible light beyond the visible spectrum.
Astronomy lesson 1
The document discusses different types of telescopes used in astronomy. It describes refracting telescopes which use lenses and reflecting telescopes which use mirrors. Most large telescopes found in observatories are reflecting telescopes because it is easier to build large mirrors that can collect more light. The document also discusses other types of telescopes like infrared telescopes that can observe invisible light beyond the visible spectrum.
The Study of Geography
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geography. It introduces geography as the study of Earth's physical features, environments, people and places. It outlines the goals of a world geography class as appreciating what you have, building self-esteem, accepting others, thinking critically, and understanding global connections. The document then defines important geographic terms and concepts like continents, oceans, mountain ranges, rivers, maps, globes, latitude, longitude, hemispheres, and time zones. It emphasizes geography as understanding Earth's physical systems and the relationships between people and places.
Latitudes and longitudes and india size and location
This presentation covers the following topics:
1. Geographic coordinate system, i.e, latitude and longitudes
2. Size and location of India
(because before understanding the size and location our country, Geographic coordinate system, i.e, latitude and longitudes are important)
which enables the students to locate all four hemispheres including
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Students will be able to identify which line divides the earth into the correct hemispheres.
Students will be able to find locations on map using longitude and latitude.
Chapter 13 universe
Ancient civilizations used the motions of celestial bodies like the moon and stars to track time and develop calendars. Stonehenge was constructed to follow the sun and moon's movements with the seasons. The geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the universe, with other celestial objects orbiting it. Later models accounted for phenomena like retrograde motion that the geocentric model could not. Stars twinkle due to refraction of light in Earth's atmosphere. Celestial objects can be located using coordinates relative to the celestial equator, poles, and meridian. Distances in space are measured using units like parsecs based on parallax. Stars are born from nebulae and undergo nuclear fusion as they evolve through stages like the
Tema 1 La tierra
This document provides an overview of geography and history concepts for 1st year secondary students in Spain. It covers topics like the universe, conditions for life, Earth's latitude and longitude, how to locate points on a map, time zones, Earth's rotation and revolution, axial tilt and seasons. It also discusses map projections, types of maps like physical, topographic, and thematic maps. Remote sensing images are briefly mentioned. The document is bilingual, providing definitions and explanations in both Spanish and English.
Astronomical distance meassurements.pptx
This document discusses various units used to measure astronomical distances, including the astronomical unit (AU), light year, and parsec. It describes how trigonometric parallax can be used to determine the distance to stars by measuring their change in position over half a year. Standard candles, like Cepheid variables and Type Ia supernovae, which have known intrinsic luminosities, allow distances to be calculated using the inverse square law. The Hubble law relates a galaxy's redshift to its distance from Earth, showing the expansion of the universe.
field astronomy
little information related to survey (field astronomy ) zenith and nadir ,sensible horizon ,equator and seasons and the sky local sidereal time
Chapter 12.1: The View from Earth
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 12 Lesson 1 on the view of space from Earth. This lesson gives a short introduction on constellations, relative brightness, luminosity, and the apparent size of a star.
Field.astronomy
contains description about field astronomy in ppt format of advanced surveying subject useful for civil engineering students.
Tema 1 1 eso 2019
The document provides information about the universe and conditions required for life. It discusses objects in space like stars, planets, asteroids and comets. It also covers topics like the solar system, Earth's rotation, time zones, seasons, latitude and longitude. Maps and different types of maps like physical, topographic, and thematic maps are described. Remote sensing images and factors influencing climate zones are also mentioned.
Astronomical studies about the earth
The document discusses several key facts about the Earth:
1) Estimates of the Earth's age come from radioactive dating of rocks and minerals, with the oldest being approximately 4.2 billion years old. The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from collisions of planetesimals.
2) Multiple lines of evidence show that the Earth is approximately spherical in shape, including observations of ships disappearing over the horizon and photographs from space. While spherical, the Earth is actually an oblate spheroid due to spinning, being flattened at the poles.
3) Measurements of the positions of stars like Polaris in the northern night sky provide evidence that the Earth must be approximately spherical, as these observations could only
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Celestial navigation
- 1. Sailing by Starlight: the Lost Art of Celestial Navigation Andrew Thaler
- 2. Do you know where you are?
- 3. Finding your way home
- 4. Finding your way home Southern Sky Northern Sky
- 5. Finding your way home How do you travel in a straight line? Latitude hook Must be calibrated to a specific location Polaris above the loop, head south Polaris below the loop, head north Kamal Why does this work?
- 6. Determining Latitude Polaris tan θ = x/y θ = Latitude X θ Horizon y
- 7. Determining Latitude Accurate to within 1 Degree 1 degree of latitude = 60 minutes 1 minute = 1 nautical mile Polaris is 430 light years away 2.5 X 1015 miles If surveyors were as accurate as Polaris - 0.0000000002 inches If Polaris was as accurate as a surveyors - 4,000,000,000 miles
- 8. Latitude is θ Cross staff Quadrant Astrolabe Octant Sextant
- 9. Longitude The X-Prize of the millennium No accurate method until 19th century 3 puzzle pieces Rotation of the earth = 15o per hour Time the sun peaks at prime meridian = 1200 Time (GMT) the sun peaks at your location
- 10. Relative Longitude Not very accurate! Find a star near the eastern or western horizon Measure the altitude of that star at the same time every night Changes in degrees correspond to movement east or west 2 Caveats Need to correct for latitude Need to know what time it is
- 11. What time is it? The sky is a clock, too Mariner’s Nocturnal Measures the angle between Polaris and Ursa Major or Ursa Minor
- 13. Set the dial to the date
- 14. Sight Polaris through the center hole
- 16. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- What would you do without all these things?
- Step 1 – figure out what hemisphere you’re inPlenty of ocean to get lost in
- Celestial pole – lucky if you’re in the north, polaris is at the poleLearn your landmarks – the two bears in the north, the southern cross in the southFind the southern pole by drawing a line from acrux and the tip of the cross and between agena and rigelcentaurus, lines intersect at the southern celestial pole
- 20 billionths of an inch4 billion miles