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Ccri text 2012

The document provides a detailed overview of the history of European exploration and colonization in North America from the 15th century through the early 18th century. It discusses early Native American groups, key European explorers like Columbus, Cabot, and Cartier, the establishment of colonies by various European powers, including struggles over land and relations with native populations, the growth of the slave trade, and increasing tensions between the British Crown and the colonies over taxation and autonomy. Major topics, people, and events are covered in comprehensive detail across multiple pages of text.

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• ―Native‖ Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498 • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west – Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral
– Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing – Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England
– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel • England supplants Spain – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond • England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit – Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • ―The Starving Time‖ • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival
– Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage • Spread of the vile weed – Scattered settlements – Constant encroaching • Labor force – Indentured • Lack of labor • Poor, willing • Cheap, abundant • 2x or 3x pay • Most migrants to Chesapeake • Many premature deaths • Society of servants and ex-servants • Sometimes sold • Extended– legally
– Stole, ran away, pregnant – Women no marriage – Freedom dues – Headright • Wealthy gentry class – More land, more workers – New arrivals in 1619 • Africans & wives? • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self-government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629 • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
• Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant
• Contract for a mission – ―City Upon a Hill‖ • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts • The sewer where the ―Lord’s debris‖ collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God • Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade
– Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock • Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan society
– Ergot • The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • ―in the souls there is no sex‖
• Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados in south • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crops – Eliza Lucas – VA influence in north • Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah • Navigation Acts – Mercantilism—raw materials – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated – Designed to make money and stop competition – Board of Trade • Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole
– Ignoring leads to more wealth • Admiralty Courts • Crown attacks colonies charters – Mass Bay Colony charter revoked – Dominion of New England • Under direct English control • All land titles invalidated – Edmund Andros – Glorious Revolution • Influenced colonists to rise as well • Mass Bay restored with additions – Leisler’s Rebellion – Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them – North Carolina • Tuscarora—many enslaved – South Carolina • Yamassee – Abused by whites (sold into slavery)
– Threatened lands – Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese – Africans practiced violence • Europeans didn’t have to • Xtianized them instead – Triangular Trade • Products/ trade became basis of European economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono – Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom. • Colonial experiences – The Great Awakening • First shared • Religious indifference – Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers – Most didn’t go to church • Revivals – Jonathan Edwards » Sinners… • Led to religious diversity
• Enlightenment – Liberty, liberty, property » John Locke • Right of rebellion » Peter Zenger – Religion » Deism » God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin » Poor Richard’s • Work & wealth • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes—Jesuits – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi – No suppression of Indian – They liked European goods • Kept Spanish out • Wars with the French – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European affairs
• Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection – King George’s War – Louisbourg • Colonists furious – Boston widows • French and Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin » Win Indians—they made no commitment » Colonists meet annually » Colonies & crown refused • Not enough or too much independence – General Braddock • Duquesne—war declared
• Colonists refused to fight • British thought colonists bear the responsibility • Indians side with French—less land-hungry – William Pitt—Great Commoner • Picked better commanders – Recruitment was local now • Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt – Boon to colonies economy – Turning point • Focus on North America – Attack Quebec – Cripple France’s colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe & Montcalm » Iroquois allied w/ GB – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land as colonists mover west • England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover • Colonists have military confidence • Colonist officers treated poorly – No promotions—British discipline brutal – Amateurs • British concerns – Americans traded with enemy – Americans begin to head west – Pontiac’s Rebellion • Refused to surrender lands • Britain raised prices • Several British forts attacked • Many lives lost, long time to quell • Britain retaliated with germ warfare – Proclamation of 1763 • Keep peace—no settling west • Stationed soldiers here for same • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act
• Sugar Act – Molasses Act – Rewards for capture • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George – Stamp Act Congress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver
» Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned • Boycott worked • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed
• Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose • Boston Tea Party – British East India Tea Co. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • ―Intolerable‖ Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England – 4. New Quartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » ―we must hang together…‖ – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75 – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock – Boston under siege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax
• Ethan Allen • Canadian Invasion – Ben Arnold • Fawkes Day – Americans need European support • Common Sense/ Thomas Paine • Hessian = war’s unpopularity • Independence needed for European support – Richard Henry Lee – ―these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states‖ – Committee formed • Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al • SC & GA edit – ―all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…‖ – Government purpose is to allow constituents… – Government derive their power – If government fails… • All signers… treason! – All states were encouraged to write const • All took power away from executive • Battle of New York – No pursuit – Lots of desertion
– The Crisis • Brit ad/disadvantages – Profession army – 3000 miles – Re-conquer w/o destroy • Divide and conquer • Tories • Keep allegiance • Americans – Good generals/ bad also – Home game – Bonus (land) for enlistment • Women – Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher • New Jersey – Delaware River • Trenton • Princeton • Britain attempts to cut off NE – Howe – Philadelphia – Burgoyne – Saratoga
• One of the world’s biggest! • French – Repossess – Reconcile? • Home-rule • Philadelphia – Brandywine – Accomplished nothing – Fired-up colonists • Valley Forge – Baron von Steuben – Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy • War in the west – Iroquois Alliance – George Rogers Clark – Indians neutral to British • War on the sea – John Paul Jones • Bonhomme Richard – Privateers • War in the South – Charleston/ Savannah • Put Tories in charge
• African-Americans • Nathaniel Greene – ―we fight, get beat, fight again – Guerrilla warfare » Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter » Drag British inland – Yorktown • De Grasse • Cut their loses – Treaty of Paris
• State Constitutions – Reduced power of governors – Most bi-cameral – Limited voting rights—25-50% of all males disenfranchised • South—at least you ain’t Black – VA had Bill of Rights • Republican government – Elected reps – Most favor weak central government – Articles of Confed. • 1st constitution – Conduct foreign affairs – Maintain armed forces – Borrow money – Issue currency » Could not » Regulate trade » Draft an army » Tax » To pass law—9 of 13 » To amend—all 13 » No exec, no judicial » Tariff tried but…
– One vote per state – Ratification problems » Western lands • March 1781 • Accomplishments – Won war – Foreign affairs – New states • Land Policy – Ordinance 1785 • First independent source of revenue • rectangular with 1 of every 36 for education • 640 acres each—$1 per acre • Public auction • Speculators – Ordinance of 1787 • Northwest Territory • 3 to 5 states • 60,000 • Equal to others • Bill of Rights • No slavery – Fugitive slave law included
• Problems with money – Soldiers wages – 1781 march on PHL – Paper $ worthless – Dept. of Finance created • Robert Morris • 5% on imports – Denied—A of C government could get too powerful • Depression – Rice crop destroyed – Farms confiscated for non-payment of state taxes – West Indies closed to trade (Britain) – Britain flooded • Shay’s Rebellion – Mass broke – Tax farmers – Judge taking lands – Shay leads rebellion to courts, arsenal – 4 killed by Bowdoin’s troops • Many feared future rebellions • A of C not strong enough • Slavery – Many states immediate to gradual in Northern states
– Manumission – All men…. Quok Walker • Only humans in South – NJ let free & women vote • Constitutional Convention – Annapolis Conference – Madison/Hamilton • Changes—A of C too weak • 55 delegates—most lawyers, all rich • Closed doors no notes – VA Plan & NJ Plan—how to satisfy big/small states • VA 2 house, both pop proportional, chief chose by legislature • People choose lower, lower chooses upper • NJ one house one vote per state • Plural execs – The Great Compromise • Roger Sherman • 2-house, H of Reps by pop, Senate (2 for all states) • 3/5 clause • Slavery not interfered with till 1808 • 9 of 13 states required to ratify • Ratification – Federalists
– Anti-Federalists • Fear of a distant power • Bill of Rights – Delaware • New Hampshire • Virginia – B of Rights to be added • New York – Federalist essays • Detailed failure of A of C • First Election – Washington • Adams • Dept of State—Jefferson • Dept of the Treasury—Hamilton • Dept of War • Cabinet (advisers) – Adams just presided of Senate • Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Ct. – John Jay • Bill of Rights – Madison
– 12—10 – Nothing on who could vote • Financial Problems – Hamilton • Tariff – To protect/ foster – South no, North yes • Report on Public Credit • Fed debt (par) – Speculators—wealthy have stake • Assumption – States – South not happy – Washington • National Bank • Vault, loans, currency • Strict • Loose—Necessary & Proper • Political parties • Whiskey Rebellion – Hamilton’s programs • 25% • Barter = no cash
• Serious threat • Nationalize PA militia • Frontier Problems – Indians look to Britain/Spain – Anthony Wayne • Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 • Treaty of Greenville 1795 – Ohio • European Problems – French Revolution – Neutrality – Citizen Genet – Jefferson resigns – British impress • Jay’s Treaty – Hamilton’s role – Northwest – Withdraw – Pay for ships – Allow trade w/ British W.I. – Freed slaves – French capture US ships • Executive Privilege
– Pinckney’s Treaty • Right of Deposit • Mississippi • Washington’s Farewell – Precedent – Party system – Foreign alliances • Election of 1796 – Adams/ Chas. Pinckney – Jefferson/ Burr – 71-68 – 12th Amendment • Adam’s Presidency – Problems w/ France • XYZ Affair – Shipping – Talleyrand • Undeclared war – Dept of Navy – Alien & Sedition Acts • Aimed at Republicans – 14 year naturalization • Sedition Act
– KY & VA Resolutions • Constitution a compact • Nullification
• Election of 1800 – Adams hurt by A/S & taxes to build navy – Jay’s Treaty – Whiskey Rebellion – Jeff called Jacobin etc – Fathered mulatto – Atheist – Jeff v. Burr – 26 ballots later – Deal made? – Hamilton role – VA threat to march on DC – Revolution of 1800—peaceful transition—―we are all Republicans, we are all…‖ • Jeff presidency – Weak gov’t • States center of power – Compact! • New capital • Pay down debt – Albert Gallatin – Warships decommissioned – Army downsized – Excise tax abolished
– Sedition Act expires—many freed – Repealed Naturalization Act – Kept par, assumption, tariff • Midnight Appts – Keep feds in power – John Marshall – Marbury v. Madison • Madison Secy of State*** – Writ of mandamus – Part of 1789 Act unconstitutional because only exec can enforce, not SC – Judicial Review – Sam Chase—big proponent of Sedition Act • Senate too Federalist • SC maintains its independence • Foreign Policy – Tripoli • Increased tribute refused by Jeff • War declared • Stephen Decatur – Louisiana Purchase • French get Louisiana back • Threat to Right of Deposit • French Empire here?
• Eli Whitney • Robert Livingston, James Monroe mission • Haitian Revolt – Toussaint L’Ouverture – Malaria killed 1000s of French soldiers – War w/ GB financed by sale • Federalists oppose—losing influence to South & West – Strict v. loose – Louisiana 1812 – Doubled size – Lewis & Clark » Foster good relations » Flora/fauna » Water route to Pacific » Claim to Oregon » Sacajawea • Scout/translator • Domestic – Essex Junto » New England, NY & NJ • NE threatened by Louis. Purchase » Burr as governor of NY » Hamilton remarks
» Duel » Burr flees • Southwest Empire? • Acquitted of treason • 2nd Term – Problems w/ Britain & France • Continental system • Orders in Council • Impressment – 6,000 from 1808-1811 • Chesapeake v. HMS Leopard – 3 dead, 18 wounded • Embargo Act – Disaster – Smuggling – GB not as reliant as hoped – Feds in Northeast hating on Jeff – Started Industrial Revolution as US became self-sufficient • 1809 Non-Intercourse Act – Every nation except GB/FR • Election of 1808 – Madison but Feds gain seats in Congress – Macon’s Bill Number 2
• Hope both drop restrictions • Napoleon deceives – War Hawks • Henry Clay • John C Calhoun • Andrew Jackson • Anti-British – Tippecanoe • William Henry Harrison • Prophet/Tecumseh • Federation • Tecumseh flees to Canada • Causes for War – War Hawks push for declaration of war and attack on Canada – Attack Florida – Impressment – Federalists opposed – Sectional vote – Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow • War of 1812 – Ad: GB tied up w/ Napoleon • Home game • Canada real target & not heavily populated
– Dis-ad: • Small army & old • ―Mr. Madison’s War‖ – Invasion of Canada • William Hull & Detroit • NY militia – Lake Erie • Oliver Hazard Perry • Retreating British (former loyalists) at Thames/Tecumseh by Harrison • York – Naval Victories • USS Constitution • Mostly fought on inland lakes • Privateers very successful • British impose blockade – Economy crippled – Treasury broke – Bank allowed to expire – 1814 Napoleon defeated • British invade Chesapeake – Washington – Baltimore 8/14 » Francis Scott Key
• British invade from Canada – Macdonough » Plattsburgh 9/14 » Too costly • Southwest Campaign – Andrew Jackson – Horseshoe Bend – Treaty of Ghent • Status Quo Ante Bellum • Battle of New Orleans • Hartford Convention – Feds last hurrah • Openly traded w/ GB • Militia refused to leave states – 3/5 Clause—60 day embargo—1 term President—no successive Pres. From same state—2/3 vote for new states – Delegation arrives same time as news of Jackson victory • Era of Good Feelings – Nationalism high – BUS re-chartered 1816 • Local banks printed worthless • War effort hurt – Tariff of 1816 • Protect
– Florida • Adams- Onis – 1816 Election • James Monroe – Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818 • Demilitarized Great Lakes • To the Rockies • 49th
• Panic of 1819 – Westward migration • Steamships • Land speculation • Wildcat banks • Couldn’t redeem notes • 1st panic ever • Many people lost $$$ • Led to distrust of BUS – MD tried to tax BUS out of existence – McCulloch v. MD • MO Compromise – Whitney and LA Purchase – Slavery to foreground • Profitable & expanding – Balanced Senate • Tallmadge Amendment – Gradual abolition – Dangerous precedent for rest of LA Purchase » Dangerous for South too – Comp reached • Clay • MO slave, Maine free, 12-12
• No slavery north of 36-30 • Foreign Policy under Monroe cont’d – Monroe Doctrine • US with GB help • Closed • US stays out of European affairs • Britain maintains trade & Canada • Election of 1824 – Caucus system breaks down • One party • Crawford—Clay—Adams—Jackson • Jackson wins pop & electoral but – Plurality – House – Clay’s role – ―Corrupt Bargain‖ • Adam’s Presidency – Internal improvements • National road • Canals – Chesapeake & Ohio – Erie—private • National University?
• Naval College? • Election of 1828 – Jackson • Democratic Republicans (Democrats) – Property qualifications dropped (RI 1842 Dorr) • Rachel • Opposed to all things Adams – Adams • National Republicans • Jackson’s Presidency – Inauguration • ―King Mob‖ – Spoils System • Loyalists • Beginnings of patronage in a two-party system • Jackson & the Tariff of 1828 – Inherited – Abominations – South manufactured little – South sold worldwide so could be penalized – Real crux—slavery could be interfered with by feds • MO Compromise rekindled • Denmark Vesey Rebellion 1822
• SC Exposition • Calhoun • KY & VA Resolutions – Nullies • Tariff of 1832 – Not enough – Declared null & void – Threatened secession – Jackson… ―Hang the first…‖ – Clay compromise » 1833 tariff drops to 1816 levels » Force Bill • Repealed nullification & nullified Force Bill • Indian Removal—Trail of Tears – Cherokee Americanized • Sequoya alphabet • Slave owners • GA refused to recognize them • Supreme Court ruled them a sovereign nation • Worcester v. GA • ―John Marshall has made his decision…‖ • West to save them • Sauk/Fox led by Black Hawk
– Davis/Lincoln • Seminole/Osceola • Eaton Malaria – Peggy Eaton—wife of Sec’y of War – Floride Calhoun – Rachel??? – Entire cabinet resigned – Martin Van Buren sympathetic – Becomes frontrunner for VP • The Bank War & Election of 1832 – BUS controlled economy – Private & answerable to few – Controlled gold & silver – Nicholas Biddle – Clay/ Webster try to re-charter in 1832 • Charter not up till 1836 • Force the issue w/ Jackson to beat him • Vetoed (as he did more than any other Pres.) • Clay as Nat-Rep – 1st National Nominating Conventions (no more caucus) with platforms • Third Party—Anti-Mason – William Wirt/ William Morgan (former Mason) – Anti- Jackson party
– Later morphed into Whigs • Killing the Bank – Roger Taney – BUS calls in loans to create crisis – ―Pet‖ banks • Wildcats again – Specie Circular • Public lands in ―hard‖ currency to counter wildcats • Led to less speculation but another panic in 1837 that cost his successor • Whig Party origins & the Election of 1836 – Anti-Jacksonians—King Andrew I • Only last so long • South hates tariffs • North hates slavery • Clay hates Jackson • Westerners for Clay & the American System • Anti-Masons – Election of 1836 • Van Buren • Whigs—―Favorite Sons‖ – Wm. Henry Harrison • Van Buren’s Presidency – First born in ―America‖
– ―Machine-made‖ – Other Dems resented – Trouble in Maine • Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842 – Abolitionism in full swing – Panic of 1837 • Land spec. • Wildcats • Specie Circular • Wheat crop fail • Pet banks failed • Government $$$ • Buren– laissez faire • Independent Treasury Bill – Trail of Tears 1838 – Texas

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Ccri text 2012

  • 1.
    • ―Native‖ Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498 • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion
  • 2.
    • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west – Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral
  • 3.
    – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing – Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England
  • 4.
    – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel • England supplants Spain – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond • England Colonizes in a Big Way
  • 5.
    • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit – Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • ―The Starving Time‖ • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival
  • 6.
    – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage • Spread of the vile weed – Scattered settlements – Constant encroaching • Labor force – Indentured • Lack of labor • Poor, willing • Cheap, abundant • 2x or 3x pay • Most migrants to Chesapeake • Many premature deaths • Society of servants and ex-servants • Sometimes sold • Extended– legally
  • 7.
    – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Women no marriage – Freedom dues – Headright • Wealthy gentry class – More land, more workers – New arrivals in 1619 • Africans & wives? • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self-government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629 • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
  • 8.
    • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant
  • 9.
    • Contract for a mission – ―City Upon a Hill‖ • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts • The sewer where the ―Lord’s debris‖ collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God • Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade
  • 10.
    – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock • Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan society
  • 11.
    – Ergot • The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • ―in the souls there is no sex‖
  • 13.
    • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados in south • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crops – Eliza Lucas – VA influence in north • Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah • Navigation Acts – Mercantilism—raw materials – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated – Designed to make money and stop competition – Board of Trade • Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole
  • 14.
    – Ignoring leads to more wealth • Admiralty Courts • Crown attacks colonies charters – Mass Bay Colony charter revoked – Dominion of New England • Under direct English control • All land titles invalidated – Edmund Andros – Glorious Revolution • Influenced colonists to rise as well • Mass Bay restored with additions – Leisler’s Rebellion – Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them – North Carolina • Tuscarora—many enslaved – South Carolina • Yamassee – Abused by whites (sold into slavery)
  • 15.
    – Threatened lands – Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese – Africans practiced violence • Europeans didn’t have to • Xtianized them instead – Triangular Trade • Products/ trade became basis of European economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono – Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom. • Colonial experiences – The Great Awakening • First shared • Religious indifference – Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers – Most didn’t go to church • Revivals – Jonathan Edwards » Sinners… • Led to religious diversity
  • 16.
    • Enlightenment – Liberty, liberty, property » John Locke • Right of rebellion » Peter Zenger – Religion » Deism » God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin » Poor Richard’s • Work & wealth • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes—Jesuits – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi – No suppression of Indian – They liked European goods • Kept Spanish out • Wars with the French – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European affairs
  • 17.
    • Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection – King George’s War – Louisbourg • Colonists furious – Boston widows • French and Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin » Win Indians—they made no commitment » Colonists meet annually » Colonies & crown refused • Not enough or too much independence – General Braddock • Duquesne—war declared
  • 18.
    • Colonists refused to fight • British thought colonists bear the responsibility • Indians side with French—less land-hungry – William Pitt—Great Commoner • Picked better commanders – Recruitment was local now • Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt – Boon to colonies economy – Turning point • Focus on North America – Attack Quebec – Cripple France’s colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe & Montcalm » Iroquois allied w/ GB – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land as colonists mover west • England east, Spain west
  • 19.
    – Colonial hangover • Colonists have military confidence • Colonist officers treated poorly – No promotions—British discipline brutal – Amateurs • British concerns – Americans traded with enemy – Americans begin to head west – Pontiac’s Rebellion • Refused to surrender lands • Britain raised prices • Several British forts attacked • Many lives lost, long time to quell • Britain retaliated with germ warfare – Proclamation of 1763 • Keep peace—no settling west • Stationed soldiers here for same • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act
  • 20.
    • Sugar Act – Molasses Act – Rewards for capture • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George – Stamp Act Congress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver
  • 21.
    » Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned • Boycott worked • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed
  • 22.
    • Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose • Boston Tea Party – British East India Tea Co. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • ―Intolerable‖ Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England – 4. New Quartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances
  • 23.
    • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » ―we must hang together…‖ – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75 – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock – Boston under siege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax
  • 25.
    • Ethan Allen • Canadian Invasion – Ben Arnold • Fawkes Day – Americans need European support • Common Sense/ Thomas Paine • Hessian = war’s unpopularity • Independence needed for European support – Richard Henry Lee – ―these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states‖ – Committee formed • Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al • SC & GA edit – ―all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…‖ – Government purpose is to allow constituents… – Government derive their power – If government fails… • All signers… treason! – All states were encouraged to write const • All took power away from executive • Battle of New York – No pursuit – Lots of desertion
  • 26.
    – The Crisis • Brit ad/disadvantages – Profession army – 3000 miles – Re-conquer w/o destroy • Divide and conquer • Tories • Keep allegiance • Americans – Good generals/ bad also – Home game – Bonus (land) for enlistment • Women – Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher • New Jersey – Delaware River • Trenton • Princeton • Britain attempts to cut off NE – Howe – Philadelphia – Burgoyne – Saratoga
  • 27.
    • One of the world’s biggest! • French – Repossess – Reconcile? • Home-rule • Philadelphia – Brandywine – Accomplished nothing – Fired-up colonists • Valley Forge – Baron von Steuben – Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy • War in the west – Iroquois Alliance – George Rogers Clark – Indians neutral to British • War on the sea – John Paul Jones • Bonhomme Richard – Privateers • War in the South – Charleston/ Savannah • Put Tories in charge
  • 28.
    • African-Americans • Nathaniel Greene – ―we fight, get beat, fight again – Guerrilla warfare » Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter » Drag British inland – Yorktown • De Grasse • Cut their loses – Treaty of Paris
  • 29.
    • State Constitutions – Reduced power of governors – Most bi-cameral – Limited voting rights—25-50% of all males disenfranchised • South—at least you ain’t Black – VA had Bill of Rights • Republican government – Elected reps – Most favor weak central government – Articles of Confed. • 1st constitution – Conduct foreign affairs – Maintain armed forces – Borrow money – Issue currency » Could not » Regulate trade » Draft an army » Tax » To pass law—9 of 13 » To amend—all 13 » No exec, no judicial » Tariff tried but…
  • 30.
    – One vote per state – Ratification problems » Western lands • March 1781 • Accomplishments – Won war – Foreign affairs – New states • Land Policy – Ordinance 1785 • First independent source of revenue • rectangular with 1 of every 36 for education • 640 acres each—$1 per acre • Public auction • Speculators – Ordinance of 1787 • Northwest Territory • 3 to 5 states • 60,000 • Equal to others • Bill of Rights • No slavery – Fugitive slave law included
  • 31.
    • Problems with money – Soldiers wages – 1781 march on PHL – Paper $ worthless – Dept. of Finance created • Robert Morris • 5% on imports – Denied—A of C government could get too powerful • Depression – Rice crop destroyed – Farms confiscated for non-payment of state taxes – West Indies closed to trade (Britain) – Britain flooded • Shay’s Rebellion – Mass broke – Tax farmers – Judge taking lands – Shay leads rebellion to courts, arsenal – 4 killed by Bowdoin’s troops • Many feared future rebellions • A of C not strong enough • Slavery – Many states immediate to gradual in Northern states
  • 32.
    – Manumission – All men…. Quok Walker • Only humans in South – NJ let free & women vote • Constitutional Convention – Annapolis Conference – Madison/Hamilton • Changes—A of C too weak • 55 delegates—most lawyers, all rich • Closed doors no notes – VA Plan & NJ Plan—how to satisfy big/small states • VA 2 house, both pop proportional, chief chose by legislature • People choose lower, lower chooses upper • NJ one house one vote per state • Plural execs – The Great Compromise • Roger Sherman • 2-house, H of Reps by pop, Senate (2 for all states) • 3/5 clause • Slavery not interfered with till 1808 • 9 of 13 states required to ratify • Ratification – Federalists
  • 33.
    – Anti-Federalists • Fear of a distant power • Bill of Rights – Delaware • New Hampshire • Virginia – B of Rights to be added • New York – Federalist essays • Detailed failure of A of C • First Election – Washington • Adams • Dept of State—Jefferson • Dept of the Treasury—Hamilton • Dept of War • Cabinet (advisers) – Adams just presided of Senate • Judiciary Act of 1789 – Supreme Ct. – John Jay • Bill of Rights – Madison
  • 34.
    – 12—10 – Nothing on who could vote • Financial Problems – Hamilton • Tariff – To protect/ foster – South no, North yes • Report on Public Credit • Fed debt (par) – Speculators—wealthy have stake • Assumption – States – South not happy – Washington • National Bank • Vault, loans, currency • Strict • Loose—Necessary & Proper • Political parties • Whiskey Rebellion – Hamilton’s programs • 25% • Barter = no cash
  • 35.
    • Serious threat • Nationalize PA militia • Frontier Problems – Indians look to Britain/Spain – Anthony Wayne • Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 • Treaty of Greenville 1795 – Ohio • European Problems – French Revolution – Neutrality – Citizen Genet – Jefferson resigns – British impress • Jay’s Treaty – Hamilton’s role – Northwest – Withdraw – Pay for ships – Allow trade w/ British W.I. – Freed slaves – French capture US ships • Executive Privilege
  • 36.
    – Pinckney’s Treaty • Right of Deposit • Mississippi • Washington’s Farewell – Precedent – Party system – Foreign alliances • Election of 1796 – Adams/ Chas. Pinckney – Jefferson/ Burr – 71-68 – 12th Amendment • Adam’s Presidency – Problems w/ France • XYZ Affair – Shipping – Talleyrand • Undeclared war – Dept of Navy – Alien & Sedition Acts • Aimed at Republicans – 14 year naturalization • Sedition Act
  • 37.
    – KY & VA Resolutions • Constitution a compact • Nullification
  • 38.
    • Election of 1800 – Adams hurt by A/S & taxes to build navy – Jay’s Treaty – Whiskey Rebellion – Jeff called Jacobin etc – Fathered mulatto – Atheist – Jeff v. Burr – 26 ballots later – Deal made? – Hamilton role – VA threat to march on DC – Revolution of 1800—peaceful transition—―we are all Republicans, we are all…‖ • Jeff presidency – Weak gov’t • States center of power – Compact! • New capital • Pay down debt – Albert Gallatin – Warships decommissioned – Army downsized – Excise tax abolished
  • 39.
    – Sedition Act expires—many freed – Repealed Naturalization Act – Kept par, assumption, tariff • Midnight Appts – Keep feds in power – John Marshall – Marbury v. Madison • Madison Secy of State*** – Writ of mandamus – Part of 1789 Act unconstitutional because only exec can enforce, not SC – Judicial Review – Sam Chase—big proponent of Sedition Act • Senate too Federalist • SC maintains its independence • Foreign Policy – Tripoli • Increased tribute refused by Jeff • War declared • Stephen Decatur – Louisiana Purchase • French get Louisiana back • Threat to Right of Deposit • French Empire here?
  • 40.
    • Eli Whitney • Robert Livingston, James Monroe mission • Haitian Revolt – Toussaint L’Ouverture – Malaria killed 1000s of French soldiers – War w/ GB financed by sale • Federalists oppose—losing influence to South & West – Strict v. loose – Louisiana 1812 – Doubled size – Lewis & Clark » Foster good relations » Flora/fauna » Water route to Pacific » Claim to Oregon » Sacajawea • Scout/translator • Domestic – Essex Junto » New England, NY & NJ • NE threatened by Louis. Purchase » Burr as governor of NY » Hamilton remarks
  • 41.
    » Duel » Burr flees • Southwest Empire? • Acquitted of treason • 2nd Term – Problems w/ Britain & France • Continental system • Orders in Council • Impressment – 6,000 from 1808-1811 • Chesapeake v. HMS Leopard – 3 dead, 18 wounded • Embargo Act – Disaster – Smuggling – GB not as reliant as hoped – Feds in Northeast hating on Jeff – Started Industrial Revolution as US became self-sufficient • 1809 Non-Intercourse Act – Every nation except GB/FR • Election of 1808 – Madison but Feds gain seats in Congress – Macon’s Bill Number 2
  • 42.
    • Hope both drop restrictions • Napoleon deceives – War Hawks • Henry Clay • John C Calhoun • Andrew Jackson • Anti-British – Tippecanoe • William Henry Harrison • Prophet/Tecumseh • Federation • Tecumseh flees to Canada • Causes for War – War Hawks push for declaration of war and attack on Canada – Attack Florida – Impressment – Federalists opposed – Sectional vote – Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow • War of 1812 – Ad: GB tied up w/ Napoleon • Home game • Canada real target & not heavily populated
  • 43.
    – Dis-ad: • Small army & old • ―Mr. Madison’s War‖ – Invasion of Canada • William Hull & Detroit • NY militia – Lake Erie • Oliver Hazard Perry • Retreating British (former loyalists) at Thames/Tecumseh by Harrison • York – Naval Victories • USS Constitution • Mostly fought on inland lakes • Privateers very successful • British impose blockade – Economy crippled – Treasury broke – Bank allowed to expire – 1814 Napoleon defeated • British invade Chesapeake – Washington – Baltimore 8/14 » Francis Scott Key
  • 44.
    • British invade from Canada – Macdonough » Plattsburgh 9/14 » Too costly • Southwest Campaign – Andrew Jackson – Horseshoe Bend – Treaty of Ghent • Status Quo Ante Bellum • Battle of New Orleans • Hartford Convention – Feds last hurrah • Openly traded w/ GB • Militia refused to leave states – 3/5 Clause—60 day embargo—1 term President—no successive Pres. From same state—2/3 vote for new states – Delegation arrives same time as news of Jackson victory • Era of Good Feelings – Nationalism high – BUS re-chartered 1816 • Local banks printed worthless • War effort hurt – Tariff of 1816 • Protect
  • 45.
    – Florida • Adams- Onis – 1816 Election • James Monroe – Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818 • Demilitarized Great Lakes • To the Rockies • 49th
  • 46.
    • Panic of 1819 – Westward migration • Steamships • Land speculation • Wildcat banks • Couldn’t redeem notes • 1st panic ever • Many people lost $$$ • Led to distrust of BUS – MD tried to tax BUS out of existence – McCulloch v. MD • MO Compromise – Whitney and LA Purchase – Slavery to foreground • Profitable & expanding – Balanced Senate • Tallmadge Amendment – Gradual abolition – Dangerous precedent for rest of LA Purchase » Dangerous for South too – Comp reached • Clay • MO slave, Maine free, 12-12
  • 47.
    • No slavery north of 36-30 • Foreign Policy under Monroe cont’d – Monroe Doctrine • US with GB help • Closed • US stays out of European affairs • Britain maintains trade & Canada • Election of 1824 – Caucus system breaks down • One party • Crawford—Clay—Adams—Jackson • Jackson wins pop & electoral but – Plurality – House – Clay’s role – ―Corrupt Bargain‖ • Adam’s Presidency – Internal improvements • National road • Canals – Chesapeake & Ohio – Erie—private • National University?
  • 48.
    • Naval College? • Election of 1828 – Jackson • Democratic Republicans (Democrats) – Property qualifications dropped (RI 1842 Dorr) • Rachel • Opposed to all things Adams – Adams • National Republicans • Jackson’s Presidency – Inauguration • ―King Mob‖ – Spoils System • Loyalists • Beginnings of patronage in a two-party system • Jackson & the Tariff of 1828 – Inherited – Abominations – South manufactured little – South sold worldwide so could be penalized – Real crux—slavery could be interfered with by feds • MO Compromise rekindled • Denmark Vesey Rebellion 1822
  • 49.
    • SC Exposition • Calhoun • KY & VA Resolutions – Nullies • Tariff of 1832 – Not enough – Declared null & void – Threatened secession – Jackson… ―Hang the first…‖ – Clay compromise » 1833 tariff drops to 1816 levels » Force Bill • Repealed nullification & nullified Force Bill • Indian Removal—Trail of Tears – Cherokee Americanized • Sequoya alphabet • Slave owners • GA refused to recognize them • Supreme Court ruled them a sovereign nation • Worcester v. GA • ―John Marshall has made his decision…‖ • West to save them • Sauk/Fox led by Black Hawk
  • 50.
    – Davis/Lincoln • Seminole/Osceola • Eaton Malaria – Peggy Eaton—wife of Sec’y of War – Floride Calhoun – Rachel??? – Entire cabinet resigned – Martin Van Buren sympathetic – Becomes frontrunner for VP • The Bank War & Election of 1832 – BUS controlled economy – Private & answerable to few – Controlled gold & silver – Nicholas Biddle – Clay/ Webster try to re-charter in 1832 • Charter not up till 1836 • Force the issue w/ Jackson to beat him • Vetoed (as he did more than any other Pres.) • Clay as Nat-Rep – 1st National Nominating Conventions (no more caucus) with platforms • Third Party—Anti-Mason – William Wirt/ William Morgan (former Mason) – Anti- Jackson party
  • 51.
    – Later morphed into Whigs • Killing the Bank – Roger Taney – BUS calls in loans to create crisis – ―Pet‖ banks • Wildcats again – Specie Circular • Public lands in ―hard‖ currency to counter wildcats • Led to less speculation but another panic in 1837 that cost his successor • Whig Party origins & the Election of 1836 – Anti-Jacksonians—King Andrew I • Only last so long • South hates tariffs • North hates slavery • Clay hates Jackson • Westerners for Clay & the American System • Anti-Masons – Election of 1836 • Van Buren • Whigs—―Favorite Sons‖ – Wm. Henry Harrison • Van Buren’s Presidency – First born in ―America‖
  • 52.
    – ―Machine-made‖ – Other Dems resented – Trouble in Maine • Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842 – Abolitionism in full swing – Panic of 1837 • Land spec. • Wildcats • Specie Circular • Wheat crop fail • Pet banks failed • Government $$$ • Buren– laissez faire • Independent Treasury Bill – Trail of Tears 1838 – Texas