1. • “Native” Americans
• Beringia
– Eskimo
– Northwest
– Anasazi
• Pueblos
• Water conservation
– Similarities
• Diet
– Hunt, farm, fish
• Bows & arrows
• No writing
• Vs. Europeans
– Less dense
– No wheels or ships
– Small animals only
• Ericsson
• Prince Henry
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498
• Portugal inches along African coast
– Slaves
– Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations
• Ottoman Turks
2. – Genoa & Venice
– Atlantic nations look west
– Spain
– Moors
• Columbus
– Bad with the ruler
– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola
• La Navidad
– Returns with natives
– 4 trips
– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– Portugal
– Brazil only
– de Gama 1498
• Cabot
– Northwest Passage/ cod
• Cabral
– Vespucci
• Balboa
• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
3. • Conquistadores
– Cortez
• Aztec
– Empire, tribute, sacrifice
• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro
• Inca
• French
– Verrazano
– Cartier
– Up to now
– No settlements in America
– Spanish Empire
– Portugal to China
– International fishing
– Huguenots
– Challenge to Spain
– St. Augustine 1st
• England
– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti
• Factors encouraging exploration
– Technological advances
– Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich
– Gold, glory & the Gospel
• England supplants Spain
4. – Henry VIII
– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake
– Roanoke Island
– Armada
• Spain defends Cath.
• English pond
• England Colonizes in a Big Way
5. • Hakluyt
– New trade partners
– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve
• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company
– VA London
– VA Plymouth
– Takes time for profit
– Jamestown
– License to poach
– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants
– Search for gold
• 38/144
– Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor
– Could have done better if they learned to farm
– John Smith
• Harsh
• “The Starving Time”
• Powhatan Confederacy
– Aid led to survival
– Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr
6. – Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal
• Natives inferior
• Almost exterminated due to VA success
• John Rolfe
– Made VA a stable colony
– Seals peace by marriage
• Spread of the vile weed
– Scattered settlements
– Constant encroaching
• Labor force
– Indentured
• Lack of labor
• Poor, willing
• Cheap, abundant
• 2x or 3x pay
• Most migrants to Chesapeake
• Many premature deaths
• Society of servants and ex-servants
• Sometimes sold
• Extended– legally
– Stole, ran away, pregnant
– Women no marriage
– Freedom dues
– Headright
7. • Wealthy gentry class
– More land, more workers
– New arrivals in 1619
• Africans & wives?
• House of Burgesses
– Series of harsh rulers
– Representative self-government
• Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in
colonies
• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
• Maryland
– Proprietary
• Lord B’more
• Sanctuary
– But… conflict
» Majority Protestants as yeoman
» Catholics as gentry
– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
• Polarized society post 1649
– Land, money in east
– Untamed in the west
– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years
• Only male landowners & heads of households
8. • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians
• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed
– New workforce
• New England
• Pilgrims
– Separatists
– Too corrupt
– Holland
– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth
• Will of majority
– Squanto
• Pilgrims as allies
• Thanksgiving
• Mass. Bay Colony
– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”
• Reform the Church of Eng.
– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, college
– Voting rights
• Property owning males
• Popular got big tracts
9. • The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted
• Connecticut
– Thomas Hooker
– All males
– Fundamental Orders of CT.
• Rhode Island
– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…
• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson
• Comm. Directly with God
• Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637
– White settlement disrupted trade
– Narragansett allies
– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize
• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
• King Philip’s War
– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns
• Sassamon
• Mohawk
• Great Swamp
10. • Sold into slavery
• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred
• Eunice Williams stayed
• Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock
• Trouble in New England
• Salem
– Tituba
• Witchcraft
• Specters
– Causes
• Continual disorder explained by blame
– Indian attacks
– Decline of Puritan society
– Ergot
• The Other Colonies
• New York
– 1609 Hudson
– Albany
– New Netherlands
– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan
• Patroonships
• Headright
– Diverse
– Huguenots
11. • Peter Stuyvesant
• Duke of York– James
• Pennsylvania
– Wm. Penn
– Quaker
– Proprietary
– Indians
• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims
• Those having probs elsewhere
– Religious toleration
• “in the souls there is no sex”
12. • Carolina
– Restoration as others
– Barbados in south
• Charles Town
• Slaves
• Staple crops
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence in north
• Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented
• Georgia
– Oglethorpe
– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
• Navigation Acts
– Mercantilism—raw materials
– Only English/colonial ships
– Enumerated
– Designed to make money and stop competition
– Board of Trade
• Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated
– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole
– Ignoring leads to more wealth
• Admiralty Courts
13. • Crown attacks colonies charters
– Mass Bay Colony charter revoked
– Dominion of New England
• Under direct English control
• All land titles invalidated
– Edmund Andros
– Glorious Revolution
• Influenced colonists to rise as well
• Mass Bay restored with additions
– Leisler’s Rebellion
– Coode
• More Indian Wars
– New York
• Beaver Wars
• Iroquois
– Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them
– North Carolina
• Tuscarora—many enslaved
– South Carolina
• Yamassee
– Abused by whites (sold into slavery)
– Threatened lands
– Spanish intrigue
• Slavery
– Portuguese
14. – Africans practiced violence
• Europeans didn’t have to
• Xtianized them instead
– Triangular Trade
• Products/ trade became basis of European economy
• Middle Passage
– Rebellion
• Stono
– Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom.
• Colonial experiences
– The Great Awakening
• First shared
• Religious indifference
– Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers
– Most didn’t go to church
• Revivals
– Jonathan Edwards
» Sinners…
• Led to religious diversity
• Enlightenment
– Liberty, liberty, property
» John Locke
• Right of rebellion
» Peter Zenger
– Religion
15. » Deism
» God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin
» Poor Richard’s
• Work & wealth
• The French in America
– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois
• Black Robes—Jesuits
– Robert de la Salle
• Mississippi
– No suppression of Indian
– They liked European goods
• Kept Spanish out
• Wars with the French
– King William/Queen Anne
• Mostly European affairs
• Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed
English protection
– King George’s War
– Louisbourg
• Colonists furious
– Boston widows
• French and Indian War
– Contested land
• Ohio Valley
16. • French forts
• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington
» Surrenders
» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress
• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
» Win Indians—they made no commitment
» Colonists meet annually
» Colonies & crown refused
• Not enough or too much independence
– General Braddock
• Duquesne—war declared
• Colonists refused to fight
• British thought colonists bear the responsibility
• Indians side with French—less land-hungry
– William Pitt—Great Commoner
• Picked better commanders
– Recruitment was local now
• Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt
– Boon to colonies economy
– Turning point
• Focus on North America
17. – Attack Quebec
– Cripple France’s colonies
– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe & Montcalm
» Iroquois allied w/ GB
– Treaty of Paris
• Indians lose land as colonists mover west
• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover
• Colonists have military confidence
• Colonist officers treated poorly
– No promotions—British discipline brutal
– Amateurs
• British concerns
– Americans traded with enemy
– Americans begin to head west
– Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Refused to surrender lands
• Britain raised prices
• Several British forts attacked
• Many lives lost, long time to quell
• Britain retaliated with germ warfare
– Proclamation of 1763
• Keep peace—no settling west
• Stationed soldiers here for same
18. • British problems
– War debt
– Colonists should help pay for empire
– Pitt’s role
– Standing Army (where?!?)
– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act
– Molasses Act
– Rewards for capture
• Stamp Act
– Internal tax
– James Otis
• No rep in Parle
• Direct rep here
• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters
• Boycott
– VA Resolves
• Patrick Henry
• Caesar, Chas I and George
– Stamp Act Congress
• First successful union
• 9 of 13
• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux
19. – Jury w/o trial
– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution
– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy
– Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
• Boycott worked
• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts
– Revenue Act of 1765
– Customs collectors paid by crown
– Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea
– Writs of assistance
– New York Assembly
– Circular Letter
• Sam Adams
• Tax w/o consent?
• VA Assembly agrees dissolved
• Currently
– Taxes
– Houses searched
– Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds
• Boston Massacre
– March 5, 1770
20. – Soldiers withdrawn
– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée
– Crown’s commission to find perpetrators
– Committees of Correspondence
• Cooperation to oppose
• Boston Tea Party
– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea
• Tax lowered
• Favoritism
• Hurt current suppliers
• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts
– 1. Boston Harbor
– 2. Mass. Charter
– 3. Trials in England
– 4. New Quartering Act
– 5. Quebec Act
• New borders
– Land granted to Catholics!
– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental Congress
– Rights & Grievances
21. • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
• Continental Association
– Manage boycott
– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang together…”
– Colonists forced to choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75
– Stockpiles
– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes
– Sam Adams/John Hancock
– Boston under siege
• Second Continental Congress
– G. Washington C-in-C
– Mass Militia named Cont. Army
• Bunker Hill
– 3 attempts
– Pyrrhic victory
– Hessians
– Ports closed
– Halifax
• Ethan Allen
• Canadian Invasion
– Ben Arnold
• Fawkes Day
22. – Americans need European support
• Common Sense/ Thomas Paine
• Hessian = war’s unpopularity
• Independence needed for European support
– Richard Henry Lee
– “these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states”
– Committee formed
• Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al
• SC & GA edit
– “all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…”
– Government purpose is to allow constituents…
– Government derive their power
– If government fails…
• All signers… treason!
– All states were encouraged to write const
• All took power away from executive
• Battle of New York
– No pursuit
– Lots of desertion
– The Crisis
• Brit ad/disadvantages
– Profession army
– 3000 miles
– Re-conquer w/o destroy
• Divide and conquer
23. • Tories
• Keep allegiance
• Americans
– Good generals/ bad also
– Home game
– Bonus (land) for enlistment
• Women
– Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher
• New Jersey
– Delaware River
• Trenton
• Princeton
• Britain attempts to cut off NE
– Howe
– Philadelphia
– Burgoyne
– Saratoga
• One of the world’s biggest!
• French
– Repossess
– Reconcile?
• Home-rule
• Philadelphia
– Brandywine
– Accomplished nothing
24. – Fired-up colonists
• Valley Forge
– Baron von Steuben
– Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy
• War in the west
– Iroquois Alliance
– George Rogers Clark
– Indians neutral to British
• War on the sea
– John Paul Jones
• Bonhomme Richard
– Privateers
• War in the South
– Charleston/ Savannah
• Put Tories in charge
• African-Americans
• Nathaniel Greene
– “we fight, get beat, fight again
– Guerrilla warfare
» Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter
» Drag British inland
– Yorktown
• De Grasse
• Cut their loses
– Treaty of Paris