This document provides an overview of Native American groups in North America prior to European contact, including their similarities in diet, tools, and lack of writing systems. It then contrasts Native Americans with early Europeans, noting Native Americans had less dense populations and no wheels, ships, or large domesticated animals. The document goes on to summarize European exploration of North America starting in the 15th century with Prince Henry, Bartolomeu Dias, and Vasco da Gama, leading up to early colonial settlements by Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. It concludes by outlining the growth of the Thirteen Colonies and events leading up to the American Revolutionary War.
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Supplement: http://www.slideshare.net/k12studycanada/canadian-history-and-the-development-of-the-north-american-west-myth-and-memory-supplement
Canadian History and the Development of the North American West: Myth and Me...K-12 STUDY CANADA
Canadian History and the Development of the North American West: Myth and Memory
Dr. Christopher Herbert, History, Columbia Basin College
Supplement: http://www.slideshare.net/k12studycanada/canadian-history-and-the-development-of-the-north-american-west-myth-and-memory-supplement
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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1. “Native” Americans
• Beringia
– Eskimo
– Northwest
– Anasazi
• Pueblos
• Water conservation
– Similarities
• Diet
– Hunt, farm, fish
• Bows & arrows
• No writing
2. • Vs. Europeans
– Less dense
– No wheels or ships
– Small animals only
• Ericsson
• Prince Henry
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama breaks
Mediterranean
monopoly 1498
3. • Portugal inches along
African coast
– Slaves
– Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations
• Ottoman Turks
– Genoa & Venice
– Atlantic nations look
west
4. • Spain
– Moors
• Columbus
– Bad with the ruler
– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola
• La Navidad
– Returns with natives
– 4 trips
– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
5. • Treaty of Tordesillas
– Portugal
– Brazil only
– de Gama 1498
• Cabot
– Northwest Passage/ cod
• Cabral
– Vespucci
• Balboa
• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
6. • Conquistadores
– Cortez
• Aztec
– Empire, tribute,
sacrifice
• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro
• Inca
• French
– Verrazano
– Cartier
7.
8. • Up to now
– No settlements in
America
– Spanish Empire
– Portugal to China
– International fishing
9. • Huguenots
– Challenge to Spain
– St. Augustine 1st
• England
– John Hawkins Africa to
Haiti
• Factors encouraging
exploration
– Technological advances
– Monarchs looking to
enlarge, enrich
– Gold, glory & the Gospel
10. • England supplants Spain
– Henry VIII
– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake
– Roanoke Island
– Armada
• Spain defends Cath.
• English pond
11.
12. England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt
– New trade partners
– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve
• 1530-1680 Pop doubled
causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company
– VA London
– VA Plymouth
– Takes time for profit
13. • Jamestown
– License to poach
– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants
– Search for gold
• 38/144
– Malnutrition, disease,
European traditions of
labor
– Could have done better if
they learned to farm
– John Smith
• Harsh
• “The Starving Time”
14. • Powhatan Confederacy
– Aid led to survival
– Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr
– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal
• Natives inferior
• Almost exterminated due
to VA success
• John Rolfe
– Made VA a stable colony
– Seals peace by marriage
15. • Spread of the vile weed • Society of servants and
ex-servants
– Scattered settlements • Sometimes sold
– Constant encroaching • Extended– legally
• Labor force – Stole, ran away,
pregnant
– Indentured – Women no marriage
• Lack of labor – Freedom dues
• Poor, willing – Headright
• Cheap, abundant • Wealthy gentry class
• 2x or 3x pay – More land, more
• Most migrants to workers
Chesapeake – New arrivals in 1619
• Many premature deaths • Africans & wives?
16. • House of Burgesses
– Series of harsh rulers
– Representative self-
government
• Local laws only but, it set
a precedent of self-
government at local level
in colonies
• James hates tobacco and
distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624,
reinstated 1629
17. • Maryland
– Proprietary
• Lord B’more
• Sanctuary
– But… conflict
» Majority
Protestants as
yeoman
» Catholics as gentry
– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco &
indentured servants
18. • Polarized society post
1649
– Land, money in east
– Untamed in the west
– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years
• Only male landowners &
heads of households
• Monopolized fur trade w/
Indians
• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little guys,
Berkeley removed
– New workforce
19. • New England
• Pilgrims
– Separatists
– Too corrupt
– Holland
– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth
• Will of majority
– Squanto
• Pilgrims as allies
• Thanksgiving
20. • Mass. Bay Colony
– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”
• Reform the Church of Eng.
– King’s puppet
– Families, educated,
college
– Voting rights
• Property owning males
• Popular got big tracts
21. The sewer where the “Lord’s debris”
collected and rotted
• Connecticut
– Thomas Hooker
– All males
– Fundamental Orders of CT.
• Rhode Island
– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…
• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson
• Comm. Directly with God
22. Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637
– White settlement
disrupted trade
– Narragansett allies
– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize
• Indians knew only unity
stops encroachment
23. • King Philip’s War
– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns
• Sassamon
• Mohawk
• Great Swamp
• Sold into slavery
• Debt, ruined frontier,
hatred
• Eunice Williams stayed
• Mary Rowlandson–
Redemption Rock
24. Trouble in New England
• Salem
– Tituba
• Witchcraft
• Specters
– Causes
• Continual disorder
explained by blame
– Indian attacks
– Decline of Puritan s.
– Ergot
25. The Other Colonies
• New York
– 1609 Hudson
– Albany
– New Netherlands
– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan
• Patroonships
• Headright
– Diverse
– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant
• Duke of York– James
26. • Pennsylvania
– Wm. Penn
– Quaker
– Proprietary
– Indians
• Purchase land, deal fairly,
respect claims
• Those having probs
elsewhere
– Religious toleration
• “in the souls there is no
sex”
27. • Carolina
– Restoration as others
– Barbados
• Charles Town
• Slaves
• Staple crop
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence
28. • Georgia
– Oglethorpe
– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
29. Governing the Colonies
• Navigation Acts
– Only English/colonial
ships
– Enumerated list
– Make money/
competition
– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole
• Admiralty Courts
30. • Crown attacks colony’s
charters
– Mass Bay
– Dominion of New
England
• Under direct crown
control
• Land titles invalidated
• Edmund Andros
• Glorious Revolution
– Mass Bay restored
31. – Leisler’s Rebellion
– John Coode
• More Indian Wars
– New York
• Beaver Wars
• Iroquois
– European diseases
– North Carolina
• Tuscarora
– Many enslaved
– 6th Nation
32. • South Carolina
– Yamassee
• Abuse (slavery)
• Lands
• Spanish intrigue
• Slavery
– Portuguese
• Africans practiced
violence
– European didn’t have
too
– Xtianized them instead
33. – Triangular Trade
• Products & trade basis of
economy
• Middle Passage
– Rebellion
• Stono
• No overturn, no winning
fight for freedom
• Colonial Experiences
– The Great Awakening
• First Shared
34. – Religious Indifference
• Convert non-believer
• Revive piety
– Revivals
• Jonathan Edwards
– “Sinners…
• Religious Diversity
• Enlightenment
– Life, liberty, property
• John Locke
– Right of rebellion
• Peter Zenger
35. – Religion
• Deism
• God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin
• Poor Richard’s
• The French in America
– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois
• Black Robes
– Robert de la Salle
• Mississippi
36. – No suppression Indians
– Like European goods
• Kept Spanish away
• Wars with France
– King William/Queen
Anne
• Mostly European
• Frontier towns attacked
– Still need English prot.
– King George’s War
• Louisbourg
– Colonists furious
» Boston widows
37. • French/Indian War
– Contested land
• Ohio Valley
• French forts
• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington
» Surrenders
» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress
• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
38. » Win Indians
» Colonists meet
annually
» Refused by colony
& crown
• Independence
– not enough,
too much
– General Braddock
• Duquesne
• Colonists refused
• British feel colony bear
responsibility
• Indians side with French–
less land hungry
39. – William Pitt
• Better commanders
– Local recruitment
• Finance thoroughly, but…
– Boon to colonial
economy
• Focus on NA not WI
– Attack Quebec
– Cripple colonies
– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe/Montcalm
» Iroquois ally GB
40. – Treaty of Paris
• Indians lose land
• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover
• Colonists
– Military confidence
– Colonists treated poorly
» No promotions
» Discipline brutal
» Amateurs
• British concerns
– Am. Trade w/ enemy
– Am. Headed west
41. • Pontiac’s Rebellion
– Refused to surrender
lands
– British raised prices
– Several Br. Forts attacked
– Many lives
– Germ warfare
• Proclamation of 1763
– Keep peace
– Soldiers stationed here
42. • British problems
– War debt
– Colonists should help
pay for empire
– Pitt’s role
– Standing Army
(where?!?)
– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act
– Molasses Act
– Rewards for capture
43. • Stamp Act
– Internal tax
– James Otis
• No rep in Parle
• Direct rep here
• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters
• Boycott
– VA Resolves
• Patrick Henry
• Caesar, Chas I and George
44. – Stamp Act Congress
• First successful union
• 9 of 13
• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux
– Jury w/o trial
– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution
– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy
– Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
45. • Boycott worked
• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts
– Revenue Act of 1765
– Customs collectors paid
by crown
– Tax on lead, glass, paint,
tea
– Writs of assistance
– New York Assembly
46. – Circular Letter
• Sam Adams
• Tax w/o consent?
• VA Assembly agrees
dissolved
• Currently
– Taxes
– Houses searched
– Troops stationed at the
center of hotbeds
47. • Boston Massacre
– March 5, 1770
– Soldiers withdrawn
– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée
– Crown’s commission to
find perpetrators
– Committees of
Correspondence
• Cooperation to oppose
48.
49. • Boston Tea Party
– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea
• Tax lowered
• Favoritism
• Hurt current suppliers
• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts
– 1. Boston Harbor
– 2. Mass. Charter
– 3. Trials in England
50. – 4. New Quartering Act
– 5. Quebec Act
• New borders
– Land granted to
Catholics!
– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental
Congress
– Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in
Parlement– no response
51. • Continental Association
– Manage boycott
– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang
together…”
– Colonists forced to
choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75
– Stockpiles
– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes
– Sam Adams/John Hancock
52. – Boston under siege
• Second Continental
Congress
– G. Washington C-in-C
– Mass Militia named Cont.
Army
• Bunker Hill
– 3 attempts
– Pyrrhic victory
– Hessians
– Ports closed
– Halifax