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Ccri
This document provides an overview of Native American groups in North America prior to European contact, including their similarities in diet, tools, and lack of writing systems. It then contrasts Native Americans with early Europeans, noting Native Americans had less dense populations and no wheels, ships, or large domesticated animals. The document goes on to summarize European exploration of North America starting in the 15th century with Prince Henry, Bartolomeu Dias, and Vasco da Gama, leading up to early colonial settlements by Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. It concludes by outlining the growth of the Thirteen Colonies and events leading up to the American Revolutionary War.
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- 1. “Native” Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing
- 2. • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498
- 3. • Portugal inchesalong African coast – Slaves – Religion • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west
- 4. • Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas
- 5. • Treaty ofTordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible
- 6. • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier
- 8. • Up tonow – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing
- 9. • Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel
- 10. • England supplantsSpain – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond
- 12. England Colonizes ina Big Way • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit
- 13. • Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • “The Starving Time”
- 14. • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage
- 15. • Spread ofthe vile weed • Society of servants and ex-servants – Scattered settlements • Sometimes sold – Constant encroaching • Extended– legally • Labor force – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Indentured – Women no marriage • Lack of labor – Freedom dues • Poor, willing – Headright • Cheap, abundant • Wealthy gentry class • 2x or 3x pay – More land, more • Most migrants to workers Chesapeake – New arrivals in 1619 • Many premature deaths • Africans & wives?
- 16. • House ofBurgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self- government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self- government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
- 17. • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
- 18. • Polarized societypost 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce
- 19. • New England •Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving
- 20. • Mass. BayColony – Covenant • Contract for a mission – “City Upon a Hill” • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts
- 21. The sewer wherethe “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God
- 22. Relations with Indians •Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
- 23. • King Philip’sWar – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock
- 24. Trouble in NewEngland • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan s. – Ergot
- 25. The Other Colonies •New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James
- 26. • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • “in the souls there is no sex”
- 27. • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crop – Eliza Lucas – VA influence
- 28. • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah
- 29. Governing the Colonies •Navigation Acts – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated list – Make money/ competition – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole • Admiralty Courts
- 30. • Crown attackscolony’s charters – Mass Bay – Dominion of New England • Under direct crown control • Land titles invalidated • Edmund Andros • Glorious Revolution – Mass Bay restored
- 31. – Leisler’s Rebellion – John Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – European diseases – North Carolina • Tuscarora – Many enslaved – 6th Nation
- 32. • South Carolina – Yamassee • Abuse (slavery) • Lands • Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese • Africans practiced violence – European didn’t have too – Xtianized them instead
- 33. – Triangular Trade • Products & trade basis of economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono • No overturn, no winning fight for freedom • Colonial Experiences – The Great Awakening • First Shared
- 34. – Religious Indifference • Convert non-believer • Revive piety – Revivals • Jonathan Edwards – “Sinners… • Religious Diversity • Enlightenment – Life, liberty, property • John Locke – Right of rebellion • Peter Zenger
- 35. – Religion • Deism • God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin • Poor Richard’s • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi
- 36. – No suppressionIndians – Like European goods • Kept Spanish away • Wars with France – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European • Frontier towns attacked – Still need English prot. – King George’s War • Louisbourg – Colonists furious » Boston widows
- 37. • French/Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin
- 38. » Win Indians » Colonists meet annually » Refused by colony & crown • Independence – not enough, too much – General Braddock • Duquesne • Colonists refused • British feel colony bear responsibility • Indians side with French– less land hungry
- 39. – William Pitt • Better commanders – Local recruitment • Finance thoroughly, but… – Boon to colonial economy • Focus on NA not WI – Attack Quebec – Cripple colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe/Montcalm » Iroquois ally GB
- 40. – Treaty ofParis • Indians lose land • England east, Spain west – Colonial hangover • Colonists – Military confidence – Colonists treated poorly » No promotions » Discipline brutal » Amateurs • British concerns – Am. Trade w/ enemy – Am. Headed west
- 41. • Pontiac’s Rebellion – Refused to surrender lands – British raised prices – Several Br. Forts attacked – Many lives – Germ warfare • Proclamation of 1763 – Keep peace – Soldiers stationed here
- 42. • British problems – War debt – Colonists should help pay for empire – Pitt’s role – Standing Army (where?!?) – Quartering Act • Sugar Act – Molasses Act – Rewards for capture
- 43. • Stamp Act – Internal tax – James Otis • No rep in Parle • Direct rep here • Grenville virtual – Sons & Daughters • Boycott – VA Resolves • Patrick Henry • Caesar, Chas I and George
- 44. – Stamp ActCongress • First successful union • 9 of 13 • Rights & Grievances – Tax and represent redux – Jury w/o trial – Restrict on trade • Prevent distribution – Andrew Oliver » Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson » All resigned
- 45. • Boycott worked • Declaratory Act • Townsend Acts – Revenue Act of 1765 – Customs collectors paid by crown – Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea – Writs of assistance – New York Assembly
- 46. – Circular Letter • Sam Adams • Tax w/o consent? • VA Assembly agrees dissolved • Currently – Taxes – Houses searched – Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds
- 47. • Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 – Soldiers withdrawn – Townsend repealed • Gaspée – Crown’s commission to find perpetrators – Committees of Correspondence • Cooperation to oppose
- 49. • Boston TeaParty – British East India Tea Co. • Smuggled tea • Tax lowered • Favoritism • Hurt current suppliers • Hurt smugglers • “Intolerable” Acts – 1. Boston Harbor – 2. Mass. Charter – 3. Trials in England
- 50. – 4. NewQuartering Act – 5. Quebec Act • New borders – Land granted to Catholics! – No precedent – General Gage • First Continental Congress – Rights & Grievances • Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
- 51. • Continental Association – Manage boycott – Ben Franklin » “we must hang together…” – Colonists forced to choose sides – Meet again in one year • Lexington & Concord 4/75 – Stockpiles – Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes – Sam Adams/John Hancock
- 52. – Boston undersiege • Second Continental Congress – G. Washington C-in-C – Mass Militia named Cont. Army • Bunker Hill – 3 attempts – Pyrrhic victory – Hessians – Ports closed – Halifax