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This document provides an overview of the history of European exploration and colonization in North America from the 15th century through the 1760s. It discusses early explorers like Columbus, Cabot, and Cartier. It then summarizes the establishment of the 13 colonies by several European powers and the development of distinct colonial societies in New England, the Chesapeake region, and elsewhere. The document also outlines the conflicts between the colonies and Native American groups as well as the escalating tensions between the British colonies and the French in North America leading up to the French and Indian War.
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- 1. • “Native” Americans • Beringia – Eskimo – Northwest – Anasazi • Pueblos • Water conservation – Similarities • Diet – Hunt, farm, fish • Bows & arrows • No writing • Vs. Europeans – Less dense – No wheels or ships – Small animals only • Ericsson • Prince Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498 • Portugal inches along African coast – Slaves – Religion • Cape Verde 1st plantations • Ottoman Turks
- 2. – Genoa & Venice – Atlantic nations look west – Spain – Moors • Columbus – Bad with the ruler – San Salvador • Bahamas – Hispaniola • La Navidad – Returns with natives – 4 trips – Columbian Exchange • Goods, ppl & ideas • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal – Brazil only – de Gama 1498 • Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod • Cabral – Vespucci • Balboa • Magellan – West voyage not feasible
- 3. • Conquistadores – Cortez • Aztec – Empire, tribute, sacrifice • Spain most powerful after – Pizarro • Inca • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Up to now – No settlements in America – Spanish Empire – Portugal to China – International fishing – Huguenots – Challenge to Spain – St. Augustine 1st • England – John Hawkins Africa to Haiti • Factors encouraging exploration – Technological advances – Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich – Gold, glory & the Gospel • England supplants Spain
- 4. – Henry VIII – Elizabeth • Reform – Drake – Roanoke Island – Armada • Spain defends Cath. • English pond • England Colonizes in a Big Way
- 5. • Hakluyt – New trade partners – Ease unemployment • Pressure valve • 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave • Joint-stock company – VA London – VA Plymouth – Takes time for profit – Jamestown – License to poach – Terrible location • Swamp, drought – Gentlemen/servants – Search for gold • 38/144 – Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor – Could have done better if they learned to farm – John Smith • Harsh • “The Starving Time” • Powhatan Confederacy – Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing • Lord de la Warr
- 6. – Irish tactics • Raid, burn, steal • Natives inferior • Almost exterminated due to VA success • John Rolfe – Made VA a stable colony – Seals peace by marriage • Spread of the vile weed – Scattered settlements – Constant encroaching • Labor force – Indentured • Lack of labor • Poor, willing • Cheap, abundant • 2x or 3x pay • Most migrants to Chesapeake • Many premature deaths • Society of servants and ex-servants • Sometimes sold • Extended– legally – Stole, ran away, pregnant – Women no marriage – Freedom dues – Headright
- 7. • Wealthy gentry class – More land, more workers – New arrivals in 1619 • Africans & wives? • House of Burgesses – Series of harsh rulers – Representative self-government • Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies • James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B. • Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629 • Maryland – Proprietary • Lord B’more • Sanctuary – But… conflict » Majority Protestants as yeoman » Catholics as gentry – Act of Toleration 1649 • Depended on tobacco & indentured servants • Polarized society post 1649 – Land, money in east – Untamed in the west – Gov. Berkeley • No elections for 15 years • Only male landowners & heads of households
- 8. • Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians • Bacon’s Rebellion – Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed – New workforce • New England • Pilgrims – Separatists – Too corrupt – Holland – Mayflower Compact • Political body & legal auth • Will of majority – Squanto • Pilgrims as allies • Thanksgiving • Mass. Bay Colony – Covenant • Contract for a mission – “City Upon a Hill” • Reform the Church of Eng. – King’s puppet – Families, educated, college – Voting rights • Property owning males • Popular got big tracts
- 9. • The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted • Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – All males – Fundamental Orders of CT. • Rhode Island – Roger Williams • Land belonged to… • Freedom of religion – Newport 1658 – Anne Hutchinson • Comm. Directly with God • Relations with Indians • Pequot War of 1637 – White settlement disrupted trade – Narragansett allies – Heavily criticized • Tried to Christianize • Indians knew only unity stops encroachment • King Philip’s War – Encroachment • Surrounded Indian towns • Sassamon • Mohawk • Great Swamp
- 10. • Sold into slavery • Debt, ruined frontier, hatred • Eunice Williams stayed • Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock • Trouble in New England • Salem – Tituba • Witchcraft • Specters – Causes • Continual disorder explained by blame – Indian attacks – Decline of Puritan society – Ergot • The Other Colonies • New York – 1609 Hudson – Albany – New Netherlands – New Amsterdam • Manhattan • Patroonships • Headright – Diverse – Huguenots
- 11. • Peter Stuyvesant • Duke of York– James • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn – Quaker – Proprietary – Indians • Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims • Those having probs elsewhere – Religious toleration • “in the souls there is no sex”
- 12. • Carolina – Restoration as others – Barbados in south • Charles Town • Slaves • Staple crops – Eliza Lucas – VA influence in north • Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented • Georgia – Oglethorpe – Buffer/Reform • Between two empires – Savannah • Navigation Acts – Mercantilism—raw materials – Only English/colonial ships – Enumerated – Designed to make money and stop competition – Board of Trade • Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated – Salutary Neglect • Robert Walpole – Ignoring leads to more wealth • Admiralty Courts
- 13. • Crown attacks colonies charters – Mass Bay Colony charter revoked – Dominion of New England • Under direct English control • All land titles invalidated – Edmund Andros – Glorious Revolution • Influenced colonists to rise as well • Mass Bay restored with additions – Leisler’s Rebellion – Coode • More Indian Wars – New York • Beaver Wars • Iroquois – Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them – North Carolina • Tuscarora—many enslaved – South Carolina • Yamassee – Abused by whites (sold into slavery) – Threatened lands – Spanish intrigue • Slavery – Portuguese
- 14. – Africans practiced violence • Europeans didn’t have to • Xtianized them instead – Triangular Trade • Products/ trade became basis of European economy • Middle Passage – Rebellion • Stono – Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom. • Colonial experiences – The Great Awakening • First shared • Religious indifference – Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers – Most didn’t go to church • Revivals – Jonathan Edwards » Sinners… • Led to religious diversity • Enlightenment – Liberty, liberty, property » John Locke • Right of rebellion » Peter Zenger – Religion
- 15. » Deism » God the Clockmaker – Ben Franklin » Poor Richard’s • Work & wealth • The French in America – Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Black Robes—Jesuits – Robert de la Salle • Mississippi – No suppression of Indian – They liked European goods • Kept Spanish out • Wars with the French – King William/Queen Anne • Mostly European affairs • Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection – King George’s War – Louisbourg • Colonists furious – Boston widows • French and Indian War – Contested land • Ohio Valley
- 16. • French forts • Gov. Dinwiddie – Washington » Surrenders » British retaliate • Nova Scotia – Albany Congress • Albany Plan for Union – Ben Franklin » Win Indians—they made no commitment » Colonists meet annually » Colonies & crown refused • Not enough or too much independence – General Braddock • Duquesne—war declared • Colonists refused to fight • British thought colonists bear the responsibility • Indians side with French—less land-hungry – William Pitt—Great Commoner • Picked better commanders – Recruitment was local now • Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt – Boon to colonies economy – Turning point • Focus on North America
- 17. – Attack Quebec – Cripple France’s colonies – Plains of Abraham » Wolfe & Montcalm » Iroquois allied w/ GB – Treaty of Paris • Indians lose land as colonists mover west • England east, Spain west – Colonial hangover • Colonists have military confidence • Colonist officers treated poorly – No promotions—British discipline brutal – Amateurs • British concerns – Americans traded with enemy – Americans begin to head west – Pontiac’s Rebellion • Refused to surrender lands • Britain raised prices • Several British forts attacked • Many lives lost, long time to quell • Britain retaliated with germ warfare – Proclamation of 1763 • Keep peace—no settling west • Stationed soldiers here for same
- 18. • British problems – War debt – Colonists should pay for upkeep of the empire