Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, CBO’s Assistant Director for Macroeconomic Analysis, and Teri Gullo, CBO's Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, CBO’s Assistant Director for Macroeconomic Analysis, and Teri Gullo, CBO's Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, to Congressional Staff.
CBO provides formal, written estimates of the cost of virtually every bill approved by Congressional committees to show how the bill would affect spending or revenues over the next 5 or 10 years, depending on the type of spending involved. In May, the Congress adopted a concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2016 that requires CBO, to the greatest extent practicable, to incorporate macroeconomic effects into its 10-year cost estimates for major legislation that Congressional committees approve. Such estimates must also include, when practicable, a qualitative assessment of the budgetary effects for the following 20 years. Incorporating such macroeconomic feedback into cost estimates is often called dynamic scoring. This presentation describes how CBO will prepare such estimates.
On March 7, 2016, Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, will present at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
CBO has devoted significant effort to developing analytical tools that enable it to assess the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and how such effects, or "macroeconomic feedback," would affect the federal budget. When CBO incorporates such effects in its cost estimates of major legislation, the approach is often called dynamic scoring. This presentation describes how CBO prepares estimates of macroeconomic feedback, and provides a case study on proposed legislation to repeal the Affordable Care Act.
Presentation by Ben Page, Unit Chief for Fiscal Policy Studies in CBO's Macroeconomic Analysis Division, at the NABE Foundation's 12th Annual Economic Measurement Seminar.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, CBO’s Assistant Director for Macroeconomic Analysis, to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
CBO has devoted significant effort to developing analytical tools that enable it to assess the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and how such effects, or "macroeconomic feedback," would affect the federal budget. This presentation describes the tools CBO uses to estimate the long-term economic effects of fiscal policies.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, CBO’s Assistant Director for Macroeconomic Analysis, and Teri Gullo, CBO's Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, to Congressional Staff.
CBO provides formal, written estimates of the cost of virtually every bill approved by Congressional committees to show how the bill would affect spending or revenues over the next 5 or 10 years, depending on the type of spending involved. In May, the Congress adopted a concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2016 that requires CBO, to the greatest extent practicable, to incorporate macroeconomic effects into its 10-year cost estimates for major legislation that Congressional committees approve. Such estimates must also include, when practicable, a qualitative assessment of the budgetary effects for the following 20 years. Incorporating such macroeconomic feedback into cost estimates is often called dynamic scoring. This presentation describes how CBO will prepare such estimates.
On March 7, 2016, Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, will present at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
CBO has devoted significant effort to developing analytical tools that enable it to assess the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and how such effects, or "macroeconomic feedback," would affect the federal budget. When CBO incorporates such effects in its cost estimates of major legislation, the approach is often called dynamic scoring. This presentation describes how CBO prepares estimates of macroeconomic feedback, and provides a case study on proposed legislation to repeal the Affordable Care Act.
Presentation by Ben Page, Unit Chief for Fiscal Policy Studies in CBO's Macroeconomic Analysis Division, at the NABE Foundation's 12th Annual Economic Measurement Seminar.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, CBO’s Assistant Director for Macroeconomic Analysis, to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
CBO has devoted significant effort to developing analytical tools that enable it to assess the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and how such effects, or "macroeconomic feedback," would affect the federal budget. This presentation describes the tools CBO uses to estimate the long-term economic effects of fiscal policies.
Presentation by Peter Fontaine, CBO's Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, to a Global Network of Parliamentary Budget Offices Community Meeting Sponsored by the World Bank Institute
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, at the Australian Treasury Research Institute's conference, Modelling for Public Policy Analysis: Emerging Trends and Future Directions.
If current laws governing federal taxes and spending did not change, the United States would face steadily increasing federal budget deficits and debt over the next 30 years, according to projections by CBO. As a result, CBO estimates, public debt would reach 145 percent of GDP by 2047, higher than any percentage previously recorded in the United States.
Federal tax and spending policies can affect the economy through their impact on federal borrowing, private demand for goods and services, people’s incentives to work and save, and federal investment, as well as through other channels. CBO has devoted significant effort to developing analytical tools that enable it to assess the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and how such effects, or “macroeconomic feedback,” would affect the federal budget. CBO analyzes the economic effects of federal fiscal policies in current law as well as significant proposed changes in those policies.
Presentation by Ben Page, CBO's Fiscal Policy Studies Unit Chief, at the National Tax Association 108th Annual Conference on Taxation.
In May, the Congress adopted a concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2016. That resolution requires CBO, to the greatest extent practicable, to incorporate macroeconomic effects into its 10-year cost estimates for major legislation that Congressional committees approve. Such estimates must also include, when practicable, a qualitative assessment of the budgetary effects for the following 20 years. Incorporating such macroeconomic feedback into cost estimates is often called dynamic scoring. This presentation describes how CBO will prepare such estimates.
To show how transportation funding is handled in CBO's cost estimates, this slide deck provides a guide to the agency's 2012 estimate of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act.
Presentation by Megan Carroll and David Newman, analysts in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the spring symposium of the American Association for Budget and Program Analysis.
Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s budget analysts produce hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation. This presentation describes some of the principles that underlie those estimates and how the estimates relate to Congressional budget enforcement procedures.
Presentation by Sarah Puro, Principal Analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the Annual Conference of the National Federation of Municipal Analysts.
The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, which was signed into law on December 4, 2015, provided $281 billion in contract authority for surface transportation programs through 2020. But projected spending from the Highway Trust Fund exceeds its revenues. Under current law, CBO estimates that the Highway Account of the Highway Trust Fund will be able to meet obligations through 2021 and the Transit Account through 2020.
Some proposals involve establishing a new entity to finance infrastructure investments. However, even if such an entity is not officially a federal agency, its activity might be considered part of the federal budget.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, at the National Bureau of Economic Research conference, Economics of Infrastructure Investment.
Federal investment in physical capital, education, and research and development boosts private-sector productivity gradually, CBO estimates. The overall macroeconomic and budgetary effects of federal investment depend on how that spending is financed.
Presentation by Robert Shackleton, an analyst for CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, at the NABE Foundation's 12th Annual Economic Measurement Seminar.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, at the Brookings Institution’s Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy.
Revenues and spending as a share of economic output have varied over business cycles as a result of both changes in legislation and automatic stabilizers. Automatic stabilizers are the automatic increases in revenues and decreases in outlays in the federal budget that occur when the economy strengthens, and the opposite changes that occur when the economy weakens.
The Budget and Economic Outlook is one of the flagship publications of the Congressional Budget Office. The report provides economic and federal budget projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes how the report is produced and how it can be used for economic analysis, providing examples from the April 2018 edition.
Presentation by Jeffrey F. Werling, Assistant Director of CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Association of Forensic Economics, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meetings, November 18, 2018.
As part of its mandate to provide nonpartisan analyses to the Congress, CBO produces baseline projections for the economy and the federal budget. Those projections are used in CBO’s cost estimates for proposed federal legislation and in CBO’s analytical reports. This presentation describes how CBO produces its baseline projections.
Presentation by Theresa Gullo, CBO’s Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, and John McClelland, CBO’s Assistant Director for Tax Analysis, at a joint seminar with the Congressional Research Service.
Presentation by Peter Fontaine, CBO's Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, to a Global Network of Parliamentary Budget Offices Community Meeting Sponsored by the World Bank Institute
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, at the Australian Treasury Research Institute's conference, Modelling for Public Policy Analysis: Emerging Trends and Future Directions.
If current laws governing federal taxes and spending did not change, the United States would face steadily increasing federal budget deficits and debt over the next 30 years, according to projections by CBO. As a result, CBO estimates, public debt would reach 145 percent of GDP by 2047, higher than any percentage previously recorded in the United States.
Federal tax and spending policies can affect the economy through their impact on federal borrowing, private demand for goods and services, people’s incentives to work and save, and federal investment, as well as through other channels. CBO has devoted significant effort to developing analytical tools that enable it to assess the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and how such effects, or “macroeconomic feedback,” would affect the federal budget. CBO analyzes the economic effects of federal fiscal policies in current law as well as significant proposed changes in those policies.
Presentation by Ben Page, CBO's Fiscal Policy Studies Unit Chief, at the National Tax Association 108th Annual Conference on Taxation.
In May, the Congress adopted a concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2016. That resolution requires CBO, to the greatest extent practicable, to incorporate macroeconomic effects into its 10-year cost estimates for major legislation that Congressional committees approve. Such estimates must also include, when practicable, a qualitative assessment of the budgetary effects for the following 20 years. Incorporating such macroeconomic feedback into cost estimates is often called dynamic scoring. This presentation describes how CBO will prepare such estimates.
To show how transportation funding is handled in CBO's cost estimates, this slide deck provides a guide to the agency's 2012 estimate of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act.
Presentation by Megan Carroll and David Newman, analysts in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the spring symposium of the American Association for Budget and Program Analysis.
Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s budget analysts produce hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation. This presentation describes some of the principles that underlie those estimates and how the estimates relate to Congressional budget enforcement procedures.
Presentation by Sarah Puro, Principal Analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the Annual Conference of the National Federation of Municipal Analysts.
The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, which was signed into law on December 4, 2015, provided $281 billion in contract authority for surface transportation programs through 2020. But projected spending from the Highway Trust Fund exceeds its revenues. Under current law, CBO estimates that the Highway Account of the Highway Trust Fund will be able to meet obligations through 2021 and the Transit Account through 2020.
Some proposals involve establishing a new entity to finance infrastructure investments. However, even if such an entity is not officially a federal agency, its activity might be considered part of the federal budget.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, at the National Bureau of Economic Research conference, Economics of Infrastructure Investment.
Federal investment in physical capital, education, and research and development boosts private-sector productivity gradually, CBO estimates. The overall macroeconomic and budgetary effects of federal investment depend on how that spending is financed.
Presentation by Robert Shackleton, an analyst for CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, at the NABE Foundation's 12th Annual Economic Measurement Seminar.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, at the Brookings Institution’s Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy.
Revenues and spending as a share of economic output have varied over business cycles as a result of both changes in legislation and automatic stabilizers. Automatic stabilizers are the automatic increases in revenues and decreases in outlays in the federal budget that occur when the economy strengthens, and the opposite changes that occur when the economy weakens.
The Budget and Economic Outlook is one of the flagship publications of the Congressional Budget Office. The report provides economic and federal budget projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes how the report is produced and how it can be used for economic analysis, providing examples from the April 2018 edition.
Presentation by Jeffrey F. Werling, Assistant Director of CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Association of Forensic Economics, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meetings, November 18, 2018.
As part of its mandate to provide nonpartisan analyses to the Congress, CBO produces baseline projections for the economy and the federal budget. Those projections are used in CBO’s cost estimates for proposed federal legislation and in CBO’s analytical reports. This presentation describes how CBO produces its baseline projections.
Presentation by Theresa Gullo, CBO’s Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, and John McClelland, CBO’s Assistant Director for Tax Analysis, at a joint seminar with the Congressional Research Service.
Presentation by Theresa Gullo, CBO's Director of Budget Analysis, to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Committee of Senior Budget Officials.
Presentation by Megan Carroll, an analyst for CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the Department of Commerce Resource Management Conference.
Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s economists and budget analysts produce dozens of reports and hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation. This presentation makes key points related to CBO’s cost estimates for proposed legislation and how they relate to budget enforcement procedures.
A few times each year, CBO produces a baseline budget projection—a detailed projection of federal spending, revenues, and resulting deficits for the current year and the subsequent 10 years, reflecting an assumption that current laws generally remain unchanged. That baseline serves as a neutral benchmark for measuring the budgetary effects of proposed changes in federal revenues and mandatory spending. It is the basis for CBO’s cost estimates for proposed legislation, analyses of the President’s annual budget, volume of policy options that would reduce the deficit, and assessments of multiyear budget trends. It is often a starting point for development of Congressional budget resolutions.
This presentation describes those baseline projections and how they are formulated. It also summarizes CBO’s most recent projections.
Presentation by Theresa Gullo, Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, and John McClelland, Assistant Director for Tax Analysis, at a joint seminar by CBO and the Congressional Research Service for Congressional staff.
To support the Congressional budget process, CBO provides the Congress with objective, nonpartisan, and timely analyses of legislative proposals and of budgetary and economic issues. This presentation highlights CBO’s process for developing its economic forecast and baseline budget projections and provides an overview of the current forecast and projections.
Presentation by Robert Arnold, Chief of the Projections Unit in CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, and Christina Hawley Anthony, Chief of the Projections Unit in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the NABE Foundation’s 15th Annual Economic Measurement Seminar.
The Budget and Economic Outlook, a recurring publication of the Congressional Budget Office, provides economic and budget projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions.
This presentation describes how the report is produced and how it can be used for budget and economic analyses, providing examples from CBO’s most recent projections.
Presentation by Chapin White, CBO's Deputy Director of Health Analysis, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
Presentation by Lara Robillard, Principal Analyst, CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
Presentation by Megan Carroll, an analyst for CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the Budget Formulation and Execution Line of Business’s Fall Forum.
Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s economists and budget analysts produce dozens of reports and hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation. This presentation makes key points related to CBO’ cost estimates for proposed legislation and how they relate to budget enforcement procedures.
Presentation by Lara Robillard, an analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
CBO uses several models to analyze the effects of fiscal policy. In CBO’s view, changes in fiscal policy affect the economy in both the short and long term:
Short-term effects are driven by changes in the demand for goods and services (such as consumption and investment) and changes in supply-side factors (such as growth in productivity and the supply of labor), as well as by the interactions between them.
Long-term effects are primarily driven by changes in supply-side factors such as national saving, productivity, and people’s incentives to work, save, and invest.
The life-cycle growth model (also called an overlapping-generations, or OLG, model) is one model that CBO uses to estimate the long-term effects of changes in fiscal policy. CBO uses the model to analyze the effects of fiscal policy on the following:
People’s incentives to work and save; the distribution of income, wealth, consumption, and taxes across households; and
the well-being of different generations of households.
The life-cycle growth model is one model that CBO uses to estimate the long-term effects of changes in fiscal policy. For example, the model can analyze the effects of changes to the Social Security system.
The federal government subsidizes health insurance for most Americans through a variety of programs and tax provisions. In 2017, net subsidies for people under age 65 will total $705 billion, CBO and the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) estimate.
This presentation provides an overview of CBO and JCT’s current projections of health insurance coverage and how those projections have changed since March 2016, highlighting changes in Medicaid and CHIP enrollment and nongroup coverage.
Jessica Banthin, Deputy Assistant Director in CBO’s Health, Retirement, and Long-Term Analysis Division, will deliver this presentation on December 7, 2017, at the Inforum Outlook Conference at the University of Maryland.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Presentation by Mark Hadley, CBO's Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel, at the 2nd NABO-OECD Annual Conference of Asian Parliamentary Budget Officials.
Presentation by Daria Pelech, an analyst in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the Center for Health Insurance Reform McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University.
This slide deck highlights CBO’s key findings about the outlook for the economy as described in its new report, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034.
Presentation by CBO analysts Rebecca Heller, Shannon Mok, and James Pearce, and Census Bureau research economist Jonathan Rothbaum at the American Economic Association Annual Meeting, Committee on Economic Statistics.
Presentation by Eric J. Labs, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the Bank of America 2024 Defense Outlook and Commercial Aerospace Forum.
Presentation by Elizabeth Ash, William Carrington, Rebecca Heller, and Grace Hwang of CBO’s Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis and Health Analysis divisions to the Children’s Health Group, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Presentation by Molly Dahl, Chief of CBO’s Long-Term Analysis Unit, at a meeting of the National Conference of State Legislatures’ Budget Working Group.
In the President’s 2024 budget request, total military compensation is $551 billion, including veterans' benefits. That amount represents an increase of 134 percent since 1999 after removing the effects of inflation.
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
4. 3CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act:
CBO’s Statutory Duties for Cost Estimates
■ Section 202—CBO assists committees and members.
– Budget committees
– Appropriations, Finance, Ways and Means
– Other committees
– Individual members (by providing information compiled in assisting
budget committees)
■ Section 402—Formal cost estimates must be prepared when
bills are reported by full authorizing committees.
■ Section 308—Other analyses.
– PAYGO estimates (as requested by budget committees)
■ CBO’s cost estimates are advisory.
5. 4CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Contents of Formal Cost Estimates
■ An assessment of the budgetary impact of legislation in the
context of current law
■ How enactment or implementation of a bill would affect:
– Budget authority (legal authority to enter into obligations)
– Outlays (cash disbursements)
– Authorization levels (funding subject to future appropriations)
– Revenues (taxes and other governmental receipts); analyzed by CBO
and the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT)
■ Estimates also include:
– The basis of the estimate
– Mandate statements
– A PAYGO table
– Staff contacts
6. 5CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Formal Estimates and How to Find Them
■ CBO completes 400 to 600 formal estimates each year.
■ All formal estimates are posted on www.cbo.gov and are
searchable by bill number, budget function, committee, and
key word.
7. 6CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Informal Reviews
■ CBO receives thousands of requests for informal reviews
each year.
■ Order of priority:
– Bills and amendments during the rules or appropriation process
– Requests by budget committee, leadership, committees of jurisdiction
– Bills prior to committee markup
– Legislative proposals prior to introduction
■ Informal reviews are preliminary.
8. 7CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Informal Reviews (Continued)
■ The mode of response depends on competing priorities and
the complexity of the analysis.
■ Reviews focus on direct spending and effects on revenue.
■ CBO ensures confidentiality for proposals that are not yet public.
9. 8CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Behavioral Responses in Conventional Cost Estimates
■ If proposed policies would affect people’s behavior in ways
that would affect the budget, those effects are incorporated in
CBO’s conventional estimates.
– Change in crop production from adopting new farm policies
– Likelihood that people would take up government benefits when
policies change
– Quantity of health care services that would be provided if Medicare’s
payment rates were changed
■ By long-standing convention, CBO’s cost estimates generally
have not reflected changes in behavior that would affect total
output in the economy, such as any changes in labor supply or
private investment resulting from changes in fiscal policy.
11. 10CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Requirements Under the 2016 Budget Resolution
■ To the greatest extent practicable, CBO and JCT shall
incorporate the budgetary effects of changes in
macroeconomic variables resulting from legislation that
– Has a gross budgetary effect of 0.25 percent of GDP (excluding
macroeconomic feedback) in any year over the next 10 years (an
amount equal to about $47 billion in 2016); or
– Is designated by one of the Chairmen of the Budget Committees
■ Estimates shall also include a qualitative assessment of the
budgetary effects (including macroeconomic effects) for the
subsequent 20-year period.
12. 11CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Requirements Under the 2016 Budget Resolution
(Continued)
■ Appropriation acts are excluded.
■ CBO and JCT will coordinate on legislation that significantly
affects both spending and tax policies.
13. 12CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
The New Requirement Extends Previous Analyses by CBO
CBO has routinely produced estimates of the macroeconomic
effects of fiscal policies and of the feedback from those
macroeconomic changes to the federal budget:
■ Analysis of the President’s budget
■ Annual long-term budget and economic outlook
■ Analyses of illustrative fiscal policy scenarios
14. 13CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
The New Requirement Extends Previous Analyses by CBO
(Continued)
■ CBO has generally not produced estimates for specific
legislation prior to the 2016 budget resolution (one exception
is S. 744, the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and
Immigration Modernization Act).
■ Because the bill would have significantly increased the size of
the U.S. labor force, CBO and JCT incorporated in the cost
estimate their projections of the direct effects of the act on
the U.S. population, employment, and taxable compensation.
■ CBO separately published an analysis of additional economic
effects and their feedback to the budget.
15. 14CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Recent Acts That CBO Has Analyzed Using Dynamic Scoring
■ Proposal to repeal the Affordable Care Act
■ Tax Relief Extension Act of 2015 (estimated by the staff of the
Joint Committee on Taxation)
■ Restoring Americans’ Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation
Act of 2015
17. 16CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
CBO’s Approach to Analyzing Economic Effects of
Fiscal Policies
■ Short term: Changes in fiscal policies affect the overall
economy primarily by influencing the demand for goods and
services by consumers, businesses, and governments, which
leads to changes in output relative to potential (maximum
sustainable) output.
■ Long term: Changes in fiscal policies affect output primarily by
altering national saving, foreign investment in the U.S., federal
investment, and people’s incentives to work and save, as well
as businesses’ incentives to invest, thereby changing potential
output.
18. 17CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Central Estimates and Ranges
■ CBO’s estimates of those effects are based on parameters such
as the extent to which national saving is altered by changes in
fiscal policies.
■ In most cases, CBO estimates the economic effects (and
feedback to the budget) using a range of parameter estimates
reflecting the consensus in the economic literature.
■ To arrive at its estimate of the economic effects, CBO uses the
central estimates for those parameters.
19. 18CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Short-Term Effects From Changes in Demand
■ Direct contributions to aggregate demand stem from changes
in purchases by federal agencies and those who receive
federal payments and pay taxes.
■ The change in output for each dollar of direct contribution to
demand (the demand multiplier) varies with the response of
monetary policy.
■ In CBO’s estimates of indirect effects:
– When the monetary policy response is likely to be limited, the demand
multiplier over four quarters ranges from 0.5 to 2.5, with a central
estimate of 1.5.
– When the monetary policy response is likely to be stronger, the
demand multiplier over four quarters ranges from 0.4 to 1.9, with a
central estimate of 1.2; over eight quarters, it ranges from 0.2 to 0.8,
with a central estimate of 0.5.
20. 19CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Short-Term Effects From Changes in Labor Supply
■ Effects on the supply of labor lead to changes in
employment, depending on the amount of slack in
the labor market.
21. 20CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Long-Term Effects
■ CBO uses two models of potential output to estimate the
effects of changes in fiscal policies on the overall economy
over the long term.
– Solow-type growth model
– Life-cycle growth model
■ Potential output depends on:
– Amount and quality of labor and capital (which depend on work,
saving, and investment)
– Productivity of the labor and capital inputs (which depends in part on
federal investment)
– Amount of national saving (which depends in part on federal
borrowing)
22. 21CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
The Role of Expectations About Fiscal Policy:
Solow-Type Growth Model
■ People base their decisions about working and saving primarily
on current economic conditions, including government
policies.
■ Decisions reflect people’s anticipation of future policies in a
general way but not their responses to specific future
developments.
23. 22CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
The Role of Expectations About Fiscal Policy:
Life-Cycle Growth Model
■ People make choices about working and saving in response to
both current economic conditions and their explicit
expectations of future economic conditions.
■ The model requires specification of future fiscal policies that
put federal debt on a sustainable path over the long run
because forward-looking households would not hold
government bonds if the households expected that debt as a
percentage of GDP would rise without limit.
24. 23CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
How Labor Supply Responds to Changes in
Fiscal Policy in the Solow-Type Growth Model
■ The overall effects of a policy change on the labor supply can
be expressed as an elasticity, which is the percentage change
in the labor supply resulting from a 1 percent change in after-
tax income.
■ Substitution effect: Increased after-tax compensation for an
additional hour of work makes work more valuable relative to
other uses of a person’s time.
■ Income effect: Increased after-tax income from a given
amount of work allows people to maintain the same standard
of living while working fewer hours.
25. 24CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
How Labor Supply Responds to Changes in
Fiscal Policy in the Solow-Type Growth Model (Continued)
■ CBO’s central estimate corresponds to an earnings-weighted
total wage elasticity for all earners of 0.19 (composed of a
substitution elasticity of 0.24 and an income elasticity of -0.05).
■ For some proposals, income and substitution effects may not
offset each other (for example, if the proposal would increase
after-tax wages but reduce income).
■ CBO estimates that the substitution elasticity could range from
a low estimate of about 0.16 to a high estimate of about 0.32;
the income elasticity could range from about -0.10 to about 0.
26. 25CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Other Key Aspects of the Solow-Type Growth Model
■ When the deficit increases by one dollar, private saving is
estimated to rise by 43 cents (national saving falls by 57 cents),
and net capital inflows rise by 24 cents, ultimately leaving a
decline of 33 cents in investment.
– Range of estimates: The decline in investment ranges from 15 cents to
50 cents.
■ Additional federal investment is estimated to yield half of the
typical return on investment completed by the private sector.
– The range of estimates goes from no return on investment to the
typical return on investment completed by the private sector.
27. 26CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Key Aspects of the Life-Cycle Growth Model
■ Labor supply and private saving are influenced by the current
values and future anticipated values of the after-tax rate of
return on saving, the after-tax wage, and households’
disposable income, among other factors.
■ The elasticity with respect to a one-time temporary change in
wages (the so-called Frisch elasticity) is 0.40, according to
CBO’s central estimates, with a range from 0.27 to 0.53.
– Frisch elasticity is calibrated to be consistent with CBO’s estimate of the
total wage elasticity.
■ Because of the uncertainty that households face about their
future income, households in the life-cycle growth model take
the precaution of holding additional savings as a buffer against
potential drops in income.
28. 27CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Range of Estimates Within the Life-Cycle Growth Model
■ CBO models two sets of assumptions about the openness of
the economy: a small open economy, in which wages and
interest rates are determined by world markets, and a version
of a closed economy, in which wages and interest rates are
determined domestically.
■ Because the model is forward-looking, it requires offsetting policy
changes that eventually stabilize government debt (closure
rules); beginning in 15 years, those policies would be phased in
over 10 years. CBO models two sets of assumptions:
– Reduced spending (half from government purchases and half from
transfers)
– Increased taxes (half from marginal rate changes and half in lump-sum
amounts)
■ Both closure rules are reported, and results generally are similar.
29. 28CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Uncertainty in Budgetary Outcomes
■ When practicable and informative, CBO will report the
estimated range of budgetary outcomes owing to the
uncertainty of macroeconomic effects.
■ CBO needs to consider the uncertainty regarding feedback
relative to the ability to describe uncertainty of the
conventional cost estimate.
■ CBO will report the range of Solow-type growth model
estimates.
– Differences between Solow-type growth model results and those of the
life-cycle growth model reflect model uncertainty rather than
parameter uncertainty, making interpretation difficult.
30. 29CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Uncertainty in Budgetary Outcomes (Continued)
■ The likelihood that all parameters would simultaneously be at
the ends of their ranges is smaller than the likelihood that any
single parameter would be at the end of its range.
– CBO focuses on uncertainty about the two parameters that have the
largest budgetary effects.
– CBO examines estimates resulting from cases in which two parameters
are at the ends of their ranges and other parameters are equal to
central estimates.
■ CBO will report cases that show the most favorable and least
favorable budgetary outcomes.
31. 30CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Presentation of Macroeconomic Analyses in Cost Estimates
■ The presentation will probably evolve over time as CBO learns
what is most useful.
■ Estimates will show all of the information that traditionally
would be included if macroeconomic effects were not
incorporated and will identify the macroeconomic effects
separately.
■ Estimates will provide information related to the uncertainty
of the macroeconomic effects.
33. 32CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Details of the Analysis
■ CBO and JCT determined that the bill is “major legislation.”
– The sum of the absolute values of the budgetary effects of the
provisions and their interactions equals $95 billion in fiscal year 2025
or 0.35 percent of projected GDP.
■ The agencies analyzed the effects that the legislation would
have on the U.S. economy and estimated the resulting
budgetary impact—or macroeconomic feedback.
■ CBO and JCT estimate that the bill would decrease federal budget
deficits by about $130 billion over the 2016–2025 period.
– Excluding feedback, deficits would decrease by $79 billion.
– Feedback reduces deficits by an additional $51 billion.
■ Estimates of the effects of the legislation are subject to
substantial uncertainty.
34. 33CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
How CBO and JCT Determined That the Bill Is
“Major Legislation”
Billions of
Dollars, 2025
Percentage of Gross
Domestic Product
Changes in Direct Spending (Outlays Only)
Repeal Individual and Employer Mandates -35.1
Repeal the Excise Tax on High-Premium Insurance Plans -4.1
Repeal the Independent Payment Advisory Board 3.1
Sum of the Absolute Values of Other Provisions and Interactions 3.0
Absolute Value of Changes in Direct Spending 45.3 0.16
Changes in Revenues
Repeal the Excise Tax on High-Premium Insurance Plans -25.1
Repeal Individual and Employer Mandates -14.1
Repeal the Medical Device Tax -3.1
Sum of the Absolute Values of Other Provisions and Interactions 7.0
Absolute Value of Changes in Revenues 49.2 0.18
Total, Absolute Values of the Budgetary Effects of Provisions and
Their Interactions 94.5 0.35
35. 34CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Budgetary Effects of H.R. 3762
The largest budgetary effects of enacting the legislation would
stem from:
■ Repealing provisions of the Affordable Care Act that require
most people to obtain health insurance coverage and large
employers to offer their employees health insurance coverage
that meets specified standards or pay penalties
■ Repealing the federal excise taxes imposed on the sale of
medical devices and on certain employer-provided health
coverage with premiums above specified amounts
36. 35CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Economic Effects of H.R. 3762
■ From 2021 to 2025, the bill would boost GDP by about
0.2 percent, on average, relative to current-law projections.
■ The bill would increase the supply of labor by increasing
incentives to work.
■ The bill would increase the size of the capital stock by
increasing labor supply (which makes capital more productive)
and by decreasing federal borrowing (which increases the
money available for investment).
37. 36CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Short-Term Economic Effects of H.R. 3762
■ The bill would have lesser effects on output in the next few
years than would occur later in the coming decade.
■ Aggregate demand would be slightly lower in the short run.
■ There would be a growing boost over time to the number of
hours worked (as more people responded to the increase in
incentives to work).
38. 37CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Summary of Estimated Effects on Direct
Spending and Revenues of H.R. 3762
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
2016-
2020
2016-
2025
Estimated Changes Without Macroeconomic Feedback
Effects on Outlays -9.1 -17.5 -22.4 -26.1 -28.8 -31.0 -33.4 -35.0 -37.2 -37.7 -103.8 -287.2
Effects on Revenues -11.5 -9.4 -11.2 -15.0 -17.5 -19.7 -22.6 -26.5 -30.5 -35.2 -64.6 -199.3
Effect on the Deficit 2.4 -8.0 -11.2 -11.1 -11.4 -11.4 -10.8 -8.5 -6.7 -2.4 -39.2 -78.9
Estimated Budgetary Impact of Macroeconomic Feedback
Effects on Outlays * -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 * 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 -0.7 3.1
Effects on Revenues 0.5 1.1 2.5 4.3 5.4 6.4 7.2 8.1 8.9 9.6 13.8 54.0
Effect on the Deficit -0.6 -1.3 -2.8 -4.5 -5.3 -6.0 -6.6 -7.3 -8.0 -8.6 -14.5 -50.9
Total Estimated Changes, Including Macroeconomic Feedback
Effects on Outlays -9.1 -17.6 -22.6 -26.4 -28.8 -30.7 -32.8 -34.2 -36.2 -36.6 -104.5 -275.1
Effects on Revenues -11.0 -8.3 -8.7 -10.7 -12.1 -13.3 -15.4 -18.4 -21.6 -25.6 -50.8 -145.3
Effect on the Deficit 1.9 -9.3 -14.0 -15.7 -16.7 -17.4 -17.4 -15.8 -14.7 -11.0 -53.6 -129.8
* = between zero and $50 million.
Billions of Dollar, by Fiscal Year
39. 38CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Long-Term Effects of H.R. 3762
■ CBO and JCT estimate that enacting the bill would increase
deficits in the decades after 2026, with or without
macroeconomic feedback.
■ Excluding macroeconomic feedback, the loss of revenues from
the repeal of the excise tax on certain high-premium health
insurance plans would more than offset the savings from other
provisions of the bill, causing an increase in budget deficits
soon after 2025.
■ Macroeconomic feedback is estimated to ultimately increase
deficits despite the boost to incentives to work; in particular,
the increase in deficits that would occur after 2025 (excluding
macroeconomic feedback) would put upward pressure on
interest rates and interest payments.