CBO provides 10-year budget and economic projections to Congress. These projections are based on current law and incorporate CBO's economic forecasts. CBO uses several models and conducts extensive review to develop its economic forecasts. CBO then uses the economic forecasts to construct its baseline budget projections, which project spending, revenues, deficits and debt under current law. CBO's projections show deficits rising significantly over the next 10 years, increasing federal debt held by the public to its highest levels since World War II.
The federal budget deficit for fiscal year 2014 will
amount to $506 billion, CBO estimates, roughly
$170 billion lower than the shortfall recorded in 2013.
At 2.9 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), this
year’s deficit will be much smaller than those of recent years (which reached almost 10 percent of GDP in 2009) and slightly below the average of federal deficits over the past 40 years.
CBO supports the Congressional budget process by providing the Congress with objective, nonpartisan, and timely analyses of legislative proposals and of budgetary and economic issues. From a macroeconomic perspective, CBO produces work in two areas. First, it provides baseline economic forecasts over 10- and 30-year projection windows. Second, it analyzes the short-term and longer-term effects on the overall economy of some proposed changes in federal tax and spending policies. This presentation describes that work and provides recent examples of forecasts and analysis.
Macro Pakistani | BaKhabar Special Episode | Federal Budget 2021-22 Faiz Ahmed
Highlights from the Federal Budget 2021-22 along with comparisons of previous years' budgeted and actual revenue collection/expenditure. Ambitious target setting for revenues continues with fiscal deficits budgeted at 6.3%. Higher GDP growth is expected to bring in higher tax revenues and lower deficit. Expenditure to rise mainly for subsidies, development expenditure and higher transfer to provinces.
The federal budget deficit for fiscal year 2014 will
amount to $506 billion, CBO estimates, roughly
$170 billion lower than the shortfall recorded in 2013.
At 2.9 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), this
year’s deficit will be much smaller than those of recent years (which reached almost 10 percent of GDP in 2009) and slightly below the average of federal deficits over the past 40 years.
CBO supports the Congressional budget process by providing the Congress with objective, nonpartisan, and timely analyses of legislative proposals and of budgetary and economic issues. From a macroeconomic perspective, CBO produces work in two areas. First, it provides baseline economic forecasts over 10- and 30-year projection windows. Second, it analyzes the short-term and longer-term effects on the overall economy of some proposed changes in federal tax and spending policies. This presentation describes that work and provides recent examples of forecasts and analysis.
Macro Pakistani | BaKhabar Special Episode | Federal Budget 2021-22 Faiz Ahmed
Highlights from the Federal Budget 2021-22 along with comparisons of previous years' budgeted and actual revenue collection/expenditure. Ambitious target setting for revenues continues with fiscal deficits budgeted at 6.3%. Higher GDP growth is expected to bring in higher tax revenues and lower deficit. Expenditure to rise mainly for subsidies, development expenditure and higher transfer to provinces.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, CBO’s Assistant Director for Macroeconomic Analysis, at the University of Michigan’s 63rd Annual Economic Outlook Conference.
Under current law, CBO expects economic activity to expand modestly this year, to grow at a more solid pace in 2016 and 2017, and then to moderate in subsequent years.
On the basis of an assessment of the current and evolving macroeconomic situation, RBI after the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting today on released Monetary Policy Statement, 2022
.
The underlying decisions has been set out in the statements below;
This document has been prepared by the Finance Team of SED for information purpose only of its members residing both in Bangladesh and abroad, on the basis of the publicly available information in the market and own research. This document is not directed to, or intended for distribution to or use by, any person or entity that is citizen or resident of or located in any locality, state, country, or other jurisdiction where such distribution, publication, availability or use would be contrary to law or regulation . The information and data presented herein are the exclusive property of SED and any unauthorized reproduction or redistribution of the same is strictly prohibited . No part of this report should be copied or used in any other report or publication or anything of that sort without proper credit given or prior written permission taken from the authorized publisher of this report . This disclaimer applies to the report irrespective of being used in whole or in part .
A perfect storm of challenges, including a global pandemic, a trade war, floods, flooding, and snowstorms, has resulted in a computer chip crisis around the globe. Chips are now used in everything from watches to refrigerators, and your car most likely has several dozen. Manufacturers clearly cannot keep up with demand.
What is behind the scarcity?
The document was prepared as one of the assignments
It contains descriptions of different ministries where capital expenditure is more than the revenue expenditure in the budget 2020.
The document has analysis related to corporate and income tax changes
The Budget and Economic Outlook is one of the flagship publications of the Congressional Budget Office. The report provides economic and federal budget projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes how the report is produced and how it can be used for economic analysis, providing examples from the April 2018 edition.
Presentation by Jeffrey F. Werling, Assistant Director of CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Association of Forensic Economics, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meetings, November 18, 2018.
The Budget and Economic Outlook, a recurring publication of the Congressional Budget Office, provides budget and economic projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes the projections and provides some recent examples.
Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, CBO’s Assistant Director for Macroeconomic Analysis, at the University of Michigan’s 63rd Annual Economic Outlook Conference.
Under current law, CBO expects economic activity to expand modestly this year, to grow at a more solid pace in 2016 and 2017, and then to moderate in subsequent years.
On the basis of an assessment of the current and evolving macroeconomic situation, RBI after the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting today on released Monetary Policy Statement, 2022
.
The underlying decisions has been set out in the statements below;
This document has been prepared by the Finance Team of SED for information purpose only of its members residing both in Bangladesh and abroad, on the basis of the publicly available information in the market and own research. This document is not directed to, or intended for distribution to or use by, any person or entity that is citizen or resident of or located in any locality, state, country, or other jurisdiction where such distribution, publication, availability or use would be contrary to law or regulation . The information and data presented herein are the exclusive property of SED and any unauthorized reproduction or redistribution of the same is strictly prohibited . No part of this report should be copied or used in any other report or publication or anything of that sort without proper credit given or prior written permission taken from the authorized publisher of this report . This disclaimer applies to the report irrespective of being used in whole or in part .
A perfect storm of challenges, including a global pandemic, a trade war, floods, flooding, and snowstorms, has resulted in a computer chip crisis around the globe. Chips are now used in everything from watches to refrigerators, and your car most likely has several dozen. Manufacturers clearly cannot keep up with demand.
What is behind the scarcity?
The document was prepared as one of the assignments
It contains descriptions of different ministries where capital expenditure is more than the revenue expenditure in the budget 2020.
The document has analysis related to corporate and income tax changes
The Budget and Economic Outlook is one of the flagship publications of the Congressional Budget Office. The report provides economic and federal budget projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes how the report is produced and how it can be used for economic analysis, providing examples from the April 2018 edition.
Presentation by Jeffrey F. Werling, Assistant Director of CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, to the National Association of Forensic Economics, at the Southern Economic Association Annual Meetings, November 18, 2018.
The Budget and Economic Outlook, a recurring publication of the Congressional Budget Office, provides budget and economic projections that incorporate the assumption that current laws governing federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. The report generally describes the differences between the current projections and previous ones; compares the economic forecast with those of other forecasters; and shows the budgetary impact of some alternative policy assumptions. This presentation describes the projections and provides some recent examples.
A few times each year, CBO produces a baseline budget projection—a detailed projection of federal spending, revenues, and resulting deficits for the current year and the subsequent 10 years, reflecting an assumption that current laws generally remain unchanged. That baseline serves as a neutral benchmark for measuring the budgetary effects of proposed changes in federal revenues and mandatory spending. It is the basis for CBO’s cost estimates for proposed legislation, analyses of the President’s annual budget, volume of policy options that would reduce the deficit, and assessments of multiyear budget trends. It is often a starting point for development of Congressional budget resolutions.
This presentation describes those baseline projections and how they are formulated. It also summarizes CBO’s most recent projections.
Presentation by Theresa Gullo, Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, and John McClelland, Assistant Director for Tax Analysis, at a joint seminar by CBO and the Congressional Research Service for Congressional staff.
To support the Congressional budget process, CBO provides the Congress with objective, nonpartisan, and timely analyses of legislative proposals and of budgetary and economic issues. This presentation highlights CBO’s process for developing its economic forecast and baseline budget projections and provides an overview of the current forecast and projections.
Presentation by Robert Arnold, Chief of the Projections Unit in CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, and Christina Hawley Anthony, Chief of the Projections Unit in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the NABE Foundation’s 15th Annual Economic Measurement Seminar.
As part of its mandate to provide nonpartisan analyses to the Congress, CBO produces baseline projections for the economy and the federal budget. Those projections are used in CBO’s cost estimates for proposed federal legislation and in CBO’s analytical reports. This presentation describes how CBO produces its baseline projections.
Presentation by Theresa Gullo, CBO’s Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, and John McClelland, CBO’s Assistant Director for Tax Analysis, at a joint seminar with the Congressional Research Service.
This presentation provides an overview of the Congressional Budget Office’s most recent budget and economic projections, which were published on August 21. In those projections, the federal budget deficit is nearly $1 trillion in 2019 and averages $1.2 trillion each year between 2020 and 2029. Because of persistently large deficits, federal debt held by the public is projected to grow steadily, reaching 95 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2029.
Real GDP is projected to grow by 2.3 percent in 2019, supporting strong labor market conditions that feature low unemployment and rising wages. Economic growth is projected to slow to an average of 1.8 percent through 2029, which is less than the long-term historical average. That slowdown occurs primarily because the labor force is expected to grow more slowly than it has in the past.
Presentation by Lara Robillard, Principal Analyst, CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
This presentation provides an overview of the Congressional Budget Office’s most recent budget and economic projections, which were published on January 28. In those projections, the federal budget deficit is about $900 billion in 2019 and exceeds $1 trillion each year beginning in 2022. Because of persistently large deficits, federal debt held by the public is projected to grow steadily, reaching 93 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2029.
Real GDP is projected to grow by 2.3 percent in 2019—down from 3.1 percent in 2018—as the effects of the 2017 tax act on the growth of business investment wane and federal purchases decline sharply in the fourth quarter of the year. Economic growth is projected to slow to an average of 1.7 percent through 2023 and to average 1.8 percent from 2024 to 2029.
Presentation by Christina Hawley Anthony, Chief of the Projections Unit in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, Robert Arnold, Chief of the Projections Unit in CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, and Joshua Shakin, Chief of the Revenue Estimating Unit in CBO’s Tax Analysis Division, at a joint seminar with the Congressional Research Service.
Presentation by Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland.
Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s economists and budget analysts produce dozens of reports and hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation.
One such report is the annual Budget and Economic Outlook, which is generally released each January and updated in August, and projects economic and budget outcomes under the assumption that current laws regarding federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. This presentation includes some key elements of those projections.
CBO estimates that the federal budget deficit in 2020 will be $1.0 trillion, or 4.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). If current laws governing federal taxes and spending generally did not change, the projected gap between outlays and revenues would increase to 5.4 percent of GDP in 2030. Federal debt held by the public would rise over the coming decade, from 81 percent of GDP in 2020 to 98 percent of GDP in 2030.
Inflation-adjusted GDP is projected to grow by 2.2 percent this year, largely because of continued strength in consumer spending and a rebound in business fixed investment. Output is projected to be higher than the economy’s maximum sustainable output in 2020 to a greater degree than it has been in recent years, leading to higher inflation and interest rates after a period in which both were low, on average. CBO projects that continued strength in the demand for labor will keep the unemployment rate low and drive employment and wages higher. Over the coming decade, the economy is projected to expand at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent, roughly the same rate as its potential rate of growth.
Presentation by Lara Robillard, an analyst in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
Presentation by Kathleen Burke, John McClelland, and Jennifer Shand, analysts in CBO’s Tax Analysis Division, to the National Association of Legislative Fiscal Offices.
Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan budgetary and economic analyses that support the Congressional budget process. Taking a number of steps to ensure that all of its work is objective, impartial, and nonpartisan, CBO works hard to make its analysis transparent.
Publications go well beyond simply presenting results; instead, the agency explains the basis of its findings so that Members of Congress, their staff, and outside analysts can understand the results and question the methodologies used.
Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the University of Virginia’s Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy.
Presentation by Mark Hadley, CBO's Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel, at the 2nd NABO-OECD Annual Conference of Asian Parliamentary Budget Officials.
The transparency of CBO’s work has always been a priority, and this year the agency has added and shifted resources to redouble its efforts in that area. CBO has three goals in being transparent:
1. CBO seeks to promote a thorough understanding of its analyses by sharing information in an accessible, clear, and detailed manner.
2. CBO wants to help people gauge how its estimates might change if policies or circumstances were different.
3. CBO aims to enhance the credibility of its work by showing how it relies on data, professional research, and expert feedback.
Presentation by Mark Hadley, CBO’s Deputy Director, at the 11th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Financial Institutions.
Presentation by Chapin White, CBO's Deputy Director of Health Analysis, to the Leadership Fellowship Program at the National Hispanic Medical Association.
Presentation by Jeffrey Kling, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s Independent Fiscal Office. (Canceled due to inclement weather.)
The transparency of CBO’s work has always been a priority, and this year the agency has added and shifted resources to redouble its efforts in that area. CBO has three goals in being transparent:
1. CBO aims to enhance the credibility of its work by showing how it relies on data, professional research, and expert feedback.
2. CBO seeks to promote a thorough understanding of its analyses by sharing information in an accessible, clear, and detailed manner.
3. CBO wants to help people gauge how its estimates might change if policies or circumstances were different.
Similar to CBO’s 10-Year Budget and Economic Projections (20)
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Presentation by Daria Pelech, an analyst in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the Center for Health Insurance Reform McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University.
This slide deck highlights CBO’s key findings about the outlook for the economy as described in its new report, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034.
Presentation by CBO analysts Rebecca Heller, Shannon Mok, and James Pearce, and Census Bureau research economist Jonathan Rothbaum at the American Economic Association Annual Meeting, Committee on Economic Statistics.
Presentation by Eric J. Labs, an analyst in CBO’s National Security Division, at the Bank of America 2024 Defense Outlook and Commercial Aerospace Forum.
Presentation by Elizabeth Ash, William Carrington, Rebecca Heller, and Grace Hwang of CBO’s Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis and Health Analysis divisions to the Children’s Health Group, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Presentation by Molly Dahl, Chief of CBO’s Long-Term Analysis Unit, at a meeting of the National Conference of State Legislatures’ Budget Working Group.
In the President’s 2024 budget request, total military compensation is $551 billion, including veterans' benefits. That amount represents an increase of 134 percent since 1999 after removing the effects of inflation.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
3. 2
CBO
CBO was created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of
1974.
The agency provides analysis of budgetary and economic issues that is
objective and impartial. It is strictly nonpartisan.
The Director is appointed jointly by the Speaker of the House and president pro
tempore of the Senate.
CBO has about 250 employees, who are hired solely on the basis of
professional competence, without regard to political affiliation. Most have
advanced degrees.
CBO’s Role
4. 3
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, “Panel of Economic Advisers” (accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/about/processes/panel-economic-advisers, and “Panel of Health Advisers”
(accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/about/processes/panel-health-advisers.
A Panel of Economic Advisers improves CBO’s understanding of economic
research, macroeconomic developments, and economic policy.
A Panel of Health Advisers improves CBO’s understanding of health research
and of developments in health care delivery and financing.
Outside Advisers
5. 4
CBO
CBO’s products include the following:
Baseline budget projections and economic forecasts covering the 10-year
period used in the Congressional budget process;
Long-term budget projections covering a 30-year period and Social Security
projections covering a 75-year period;
Cost estimates of legislation, including analyses of federal mandates;
An analysis of the President’s budget (including its likely economic effects
and their budgetary feedback);
Scorekeeping for enacted legislation; and
Analytic reports examining specific federal programs, aspects of the tax code,
and budgetary and economic challenges.
CBO’s Products
6. 5
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, “Transparency” (accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/about/transparency, and Transparency at CBO: Future Plans and a Review of 2018
(December 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/54885.
CBO aims to make its analysis transparent in many ways, including these:
It explains the basis of and the revisions to its major economic and budget
projections.
It describes the uncertainty of its projections and quantifies that uncertainty
when appropriate.
It compares its own estimates with those of other organizations.
It evaluates its own projections—for example, in
– CBO’s Revenue Forecasting Record,
– An Evaluation of CBO’s Past Outlay Projections,
– CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record: 2017 Update, and
– CBO’s Record of Projecting Subsidies for Health Insurance Under the
Affordable Care Act: 2014 to 2016.
Transparency
8. 7
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, “Outlook for the Budget and the Economy” (accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/topics/budget/outlook-budget-and-economy.
The projections are required by the Congressional Budget Act.
They incorporate the assumption that current laws about federal spending and
revenues generally remain in place.
The regular schedule is as follows:
January—first baseline budget and economic projections.
March—update to baseline budget projections.
August—update to baseline budget and economic projections.
Special circumstances sometimes lead to schedule changes (for example, in
April 2018 and May 2019).
CBO’s 10-Year Budget and Economic Projections
9. 8
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, “Outlook for the Budget and the Economy” (accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/topics/budget/outlook-budget-and-economy.
Reports describe differences between the current and previous projections,
compare CBO’s economic forecast with other forecasts, and show the budgetary
effects of some alternative policies (that is, alternatives to current law).
Specific rules for developing baseline projections are set in law (in particular, the
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985) or have been
developed by CBO in consultation with the House and Senate Budget
Committees.
CBO’s 10-Year Budget and Economic Projections (Continued)
10. 9
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
The Budget and Economic Outlook
11. 10
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, “Budget and Economic Data” (accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data.
Budget and Economic Data for History and the 10-Year
Projection Period
12. 11
CBO
See Robert W. Arnold, How CBO Produces Its 10-Year Economic Forecast, Working Paper 2018-02 (Congressional Budget Office, February 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/53537.
The economic forecast is usually published in January and in August.
Major factors shaping CBO’s economic projections include:
Fiscal policies under current law,
Background analysis by CBO’s experts,
A macroeconometric model, and
Internal and external review (including input from CBO’s Panel of Economic Advisers).
Key economic projections that affect CBO’s budget projections include:
Real GDP and income,
Inflation, and
Interest rates.
Behind the Economic Forecast
13. 12
CBO
See Robert W. Arnold, How CBO Produces Its 10-Year Economic Forecast, Working Paper 2018-02 (Congressional Budget Office, February 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/53537.
The Process for CBO’s Economic Forecast
Step 1: Background Analysis
Develop preliminary forecast for exogenous variables (for example, oil prices)
Review recent data and other information
Step 2: Preliminary Forecast
Use macroeconometric model to develop preliminary forecast
Incorporate preliminary federal tax and spending projections
Step 3: Internal and External Review
Obtain input from CBO’s senior staff and other divisions within the agency
Obtain feedback from CBO’s Panel of Economic Advisers and staff of
Congressional budget committees
Step 4: Final Forecast
Incorporate feedback and latest data to produce final forecast
Transmit to CBO’s budget and tax divisions to develop budget projections
14. 13
CBO
CBO’s Economic Forecasting Models
CBO’s Macroeconometric Model
Demand Other Variables
• Consumer spending • Inflation
• Business investment • Interest rates
• Residential investment • Labor market variables
• Government spending - Unemployment
• Net exports - Employment
- Wages & compensation
Supply • Incomes
• Potential output
CBO’s Labor Force
Participation Rate Model
Exogenous Variables
• Population
• Energy prices
• Foreign growth
Policy Variables
• Labor supply elasticities
• Marginal tax rates
• Other fiscal policies
(Labor force participation rate)(Unemployment gap)
CBO’s Forecast
Growth Model
(Investment, potential labor force,
and other variables)
(Potential output, hours, productivity,
and other variables)
CBO’s Budget
Projections
• Federal outlays
• Federal revenues
15. 14
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, How CBO Prepares Baseline Budget Projections (February 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/53532.
Principles and rules mainly come from law, budget resolutions, House and Senate
rules, and the 1967 Report of the President’s Commission on Budget Concepts.
A key part of the law is the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of
1985, section 257, which defines the baseline. That section:
Sets out rules for projecting direct (or mandatory) spending and receipts,
Requires an assumption of full funding for entitlements,
Directs the treatment of expiring programs and certain excise taxes, and
Establishes rules for projecting discretionary appropriations, including rules
governing which measures of inflation to use.
The initial (January) baseline projections are usually updated in the spring and
summer. The spring projections are usually the ones that underlie the
Congressional budget resolution, and the effects of most legislation on mandatory
spending and revenues are estimated in relation to those projections.
Construction of the Baseline Budget Projections
16. 15
CBO
Spending projections generally reflect current law (including statutory language and
administrative policy).
Projections of mandatory spending are driven by projections of key variables, such as:
Enrollment by beneficiaries and their average costs and
Factors underlying CBO’s macroeconomic forecast.
Projections of discretionary spending are constructed differently.
Both funding and outlays are estimated.
For individual accounts, the projections incorporate inflation for future years.
Totals are constrained by caps through 2021.
The projections for outlays depend on how quickly funding is estimated to be spent;
that rate differs widely among programs and accounts.
The Baseline for Mandatory and Discretionary Spending
17. 16
CBO
CBO’s model:
Incorporates the existing stock of outstanding debt and associated interest
rates,
Integrates projections of future deficits and other financing obligations,
Uses CBO’s forecast for interest rates, and
Relies on a projection of the mix of securities that the Treasury could issue.
CBO’s projections also include offsets from interest income received on loans
and cash balances.
The Baseline for Net Spending for Interest
18. 17
CBO
It is projected for each source of revenue.
There are more than 50 such sources.
The largest share of the total is from individual income taxes: $1.6 trillion in
2018, or 49 percent of the total.
It reflects current law.
For instance, it incorporates the assumption that reductions in the individual
income tax will expire as scheduled at the end of 2025.
An exception is that excise taxes dedicated to trust funds are extended at
current rates.
It is sensitive to economic projections, and revenues tend to increase as a
percentage of GDP over time because income growth pushes more income into
higher tax brackets.
The Baseline for Revenues
19. 18
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, How CBO Prepares Baseline Budget Projections (February 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/53532.
CBO’s Process for Developing and Reviewing Baseline Projections
21. 20
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
Factors Underlying the Growth of Potential GDP
In the coming decade,
the growth of real
potential GDP (the
sum of the growth of
the potential labor
force and the growth of
potential labor force
productivity) is
projected to be faster
than it has been since
2008 but slower than it
was in previous
periods.
22. 21
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
Key Inputs in CBO’s Projections of Real Potential GDP
23. 22
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
The Relationship Between GDP and Potential GDP
The growth of real GDP
exceeds the growth of
potential GDP this year,
but it slows and
stabilizes at the growth
rate of potential GDP
near the end of the
projection period.
24. 23
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
The GDP Output Gap
The output gap
increases to 0.8 percent
by late 2019 as real
GDP rises further above
potential GDP. The gap
is projected to return to
its historical average of
roughly −0.5 percent in
later years.
25. 24
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
Interest Rates
26. 25
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
The Uncertainty of CBO’s Projections of Output
In CBO’s baseline
projections, real GDP grows
at an average annual rate of
1.9 percent over the 2019–
2023 period, but there is a
roughly two-thirds chance
that the growth will be
between 0.6 percent and 3.2
percent.
27. 26
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
Comparison of CBO’s Economic Projections With the Blue Chip
Survey
The full range of forecasts
from the Blue Chip survey is
based on the highest and
lowest of the roughly 50
forecasts. The middle two-
thirds of that range omits the
top one-sixth and the bottom
one-sixth of the forecasts.
28. 27
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, “10-Year Budget Projections” (accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#3.
Detailed Forecast Data
30. 29
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, Updated Budget Projections: 2019 to 2029 (May 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/55151.
CBO’s Baseline Budget Projections, by Category
31. 30
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, Updated Budget Projections: 2019 to 2029 (May 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/55151.
When October 1 (the first day of the fiscal year) falls on a weekend, certain payments that would have ordinarily been made on that day are instead made at the end of September and
thus are shifted into the previous fiscal year. All projections presented here have been adjusted to exclude the effects of those timing shifts. Historical amounts have been adjusted as
far back as the available data will allow.
Total Revenues and Outlays
32. 31
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, “10-Year Budget Projections” (accessed July 9, 2019), www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#3.
Detail on Budgetary Authority and Outlays
33. 32
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, Updated Budget Projections: 2019 to 2029 (May 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/55151.
Primary deficits or surpluses exclude outlays for net interest.
When October 1 (the first day of the fiscal year) falls on a weekend, certain payments that would have ordinarily been made on that day are instead made at the end of September and
thus are shifted into the previous fiscal year. All projections presented here have been adjusted to exclude the effects of those timing shifts. Historical amounts have been adjusted as
far back as the available data will allow.
Total Deficit, Primary Deficit, and Net Interest
Although primary deficits are
projected to decrease as a
percentage of gross
domestic product from 2019
to 2029 as the result of
rising revenues and
shrinking discretionary
spending, total deficits
remain large because of
rising net interest costs.
34. 33
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, Updated Budget Projections: 2019 to 2029 (May 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/55151.
Federal Debt Held by the Public
By 2029, debt relative to
the size of the economy
would be the largest
since 1947 and more
than twice the 50-year
average.
35. 34
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, Updated Budget Projections: 2019 to 2029 (May 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/55151.
In 2028, October 1 (the first day of fiscal year 2029) falls on a weekend, so certain payments that are due on that date will instead be made in September, thus boosting outlays in
fiscal year 2028 and reducing them in 2029. Such shifts affect projections of outlays for the major health care programs, other mandatory outlays, defense discretionary outlays, total
outlays, and the deficit. A similar shift boosted outlays in those categories in 1994. The data presented here have been adjusted to exclude the effects of those timing shifts.
a. Consists of outlays for Medicare (net of premiums and other offsetting receipts), Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program, as well as outlays to subsidize health
insurance purchased through the marketplaces established under the Affordable Care Act and related spending.
CBO’s Baseline Projections of Outlays and Revenues, Compared
With Actual Values 25 and 50 Years Ago
36. 35
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, Updated Budget Projections: 2019 to 2029 (May 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/55151.
Federal Debt Held by the Public Under Illustrative Paths for Primary
Deficits and Interest Rates
37. 36
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
The Uncertainty of CBO’s Baseline Projections of the Budget Deficit
In January, CBO estimated
that there was a roughly two-
thirds chance that by 2024,
the deficit as a share of gross
domestic product would be
2.6 percentage points smaller
or larger than the agency
projected. CBO has not
updated that estimate.
38. 37
CBO
See Congressional Budget Office, Workbook for How Changes in Economic Conditions Might Affect the Federal Budget (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54934.
How Changes in Economic Conditions Might Affect the Budget
39. 38
CBO
Congressional Budget Office, Updated Budget Projections: 2019 to 2029
(May 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/55151.
Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook:
2019 to 2029 (January 2019), www.cbo.gov/publication/54918.
Congressional Budget Office, Workbook for How Changes in Economic
Conditions Might Affect the Federal Budget (January 2019),
www.cbo.gov/publication/54934.
Congressional Budget Office, Transparency at CBO: Future Plans and a Review
of 2018 (December 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/54885.
Robert W. Arnold, How CBO Produces Its 10-Year Economic Forecast, Working
Paper 2018-02 (Congressional Budget Office, February 2018),
www.cbo.gov/publication/53537.
Congressional Budget Office, How CBO Prepares Baseline Budget Projections
(February 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/53532.
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