The document summarizes research comparing the impacts of providing assistance in the form of food or cash transfers in developing countries. It discusses a four-country experimental study conducted by IFPRI and WFP that directly compared the impacts of providing equivalent amounts of food or cash/vouchers in Ecuador, Niger, Uganda, and Yemen. The study found that across contexts, cash transfers generally improved food security outcomes slightly better than food transfers while costing significantly less to implement. The study provides evidence that cash transfers did not have adverse impacts and in some cases had additional beneficial impacts, though food transfers remain appropriate in some contexts. The discussion emphasizes moving beyond ideological debates to focus on objectives, context, and cost-effectiveness of different modalities.
The document provides guidance for trainers on conducting a workshop to teach participatory monitoring and evaluation techniques to project staff, with the goal of enabling staff to help communities set up their own participatory monitoring and evaluation systems to assess project activities and impacts. It outlines pedagogical approaches, content, and logistical details to structure the training sessions, with a focus on practical implementation of participatory monitoring and evaluation at the local level.
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation background, concepts and principles, goals of PM&E, the PM&E process, stakeholder analysis, PM&E framework, plan, worksheet, a case study using PM&E
This document discusses various participatory approaches used in extension work including rapid rural appraisal (RRA), participatory rural appraisal (PRA), participatory learning and action (PLA), participatory action research (PAR), participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation (PAME), and farmer system research (FSR). It provides an overview of the concepts, origins, principles, tools, and uses of each approach. The goal is to actively involve rural communities in analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation of development programs through collaborative and democratic methods.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
The document discusses concepts related to participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E). It defines key terms like participation, monitoring, evaluation, and PM&E. It describes the importance of stakeholder engagement in planning, designing, and implementing PM&E. The document also outlines the typical PM&E process, including planning the process, gathering data through both quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing data, and sharing results to define actions. Finally, it provides examples of PM&E frameworks from the Philippines.
The document discusses Right Livelihood Award winners from India between 1986 and 2008 who have done work related to social and environmental causes. It provides details on the monetary award shared by winners which is meant to support their ongoing work, not for personal use. It also notes that the Right Livelihood Award has been called the 'Alternative Nobel Prize' and is presented annually in Stockholm to recognize individuals and groups for their efforts.
The document provides guidance for trainers on conducting a workshop to teach participatory monitoring and evaluation techniques to project staff, with the goal of enabling staff to help communities set up their own participatory monitoring and evaluation systems to assess project activities and impacts. It outlines pedagogical approaches, content, and logistical details to structure the training sessions, with a focus on practical implementation of participatory monitoring and evaluation at the local level.
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation background, concepts and principles, goals of PM&E, the PM&E process, stakeholder analysis, PM&E framework, plan, worksheet, a case study using PM&E
This document discusses various participatory approaches used in extension work including rapid rural appraisal (RRA), participatory rural appraisal (PRA), participatory learning and action (PLA), participatory action research (PAR), participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation (PAME), and farmer system research (FSR). It provides an overview of the concepts, origins, principles, tools, and uses of each approach. The goal is to actively involve rural communities in analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation of development programs through collaborative and democratic methods.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
The document discusses concepts related to participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E). It defines key terms like participation, monitoring, evaluation, and PM&E. It describes the importance of stakeholder engagement in planning, designing, and implementing PM&E. The document also outlines the typical PM&E process, including planning the process, gathering data through both quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing data, and sharing results to define actions. Finally, it provides examples of PM&E frameworks from the Philippines.
The document discusses Right Livelihood Award winners from India between 1986 and 2008 who have done work related to social and environmental causes. It provides details on the monetary award shared by winners which is meant to support their ongoing work, not for personal use. It also notes that the Right Livelihood Award has been called the 'Alternative Nobel Prize' and is presented annually in Stockholm to recognize individuals and groups for their efforts.
This document discusses participatory extension approaches (PEA) as an alternative to the traditional transfer of technology (ToT) model for rural extension. It outlines some key characteristics of PEA, including integrating community mobilization, promoting farmer experimentation and capacity building, and facilitating equitable participation. PEA emphasizes joint learning among farmers, researchers, and extension agents and positioning farmers as decision-makers in the innovation process rather than passive recipients of externally-developed technologies. The role of extension agents shifts from teacher to facilitator of farmer-led analysis, planning, implementation and reflection.
This document discusses pluralism in agricultural extension systems. Pluralistic extension involves multiple providers of extension services, often with different funding sources and approaches. This can raise issues around coordination, roles, and competition/collaboration. The document provides examples of pluralistic extension in Ghana, the United States, and other countries. It also discusses reasons why multiple extension actors emerge and how pluralism affects extension management and implementation, such as the need for coordination between different groups.
Here are some potential issues and tools:
- Food security - Seasonal calendar
- Natural resource management - Resource maps
- Livelihood strategies - Ranking matrix
- Gender roles - Daily activity calendar
Discuss as a group and fill out the tool.
The Role of Agriculture in Hunger and Poverty ReductionShenggen Fan
Agricultural growth is crucial for reducing hunger and poverty according to the director of IFPRI. Agricultural research is key to addressing challenges like population growth, climate change, and food price volatility. Agricultural innovation has led to major successes in reducing hunger in places like Asia and Africa. The new CGIAR structure and consortium research programs are well positioned to contribute to global food security and poverty reduction through agricultural research. Country strategy support programs help build policymaking capacity in individual countries.
This document discusses gender and social inclusion (GSI) in CCAFS projects. It addresses the CCAFS GSI strategy, which takes three main approaches: examining vulnerabilities, promoting gender transformation, and strengthening institutions. It identifies knowledge gaps around what works for empowering women in climate-smart agriculture. These include understanding gender roles in labor and benefits, the role of women's groups, and indigenous knowledge. The document also discusses integrating GSI in areas like climate information services, policy, finance, and working with youth. Overall, it aims to better understand how to promote social inclusion, particularly for women, in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts.
Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia - Challenges for Future Growthessp2
1) Agricultural productivity in Ethiopia has grown steadily in recent years, driven mainly by expansion of cultivated area and increases in traditional inputs like labor and livestock. However, growth in use of modern inputs like fertilizer and improved seeds has been slower.
2) Analysis of national and household-level data show total factor productivity has increased, but at varying rates. TFP growth was 3.7% based on national data but declined 2.6% based on household data.
3) There remains significant potential to further increase efficiency and TFP through greater use of modern inputs and improved agricultural practices. However, challenges remain around adoption rates, input availability and affordability.
This document discusses tools for monitoring and evaluating extension interventions. It begins by defining monitoring as the systematic collection of data during program implementation to track progress, while evaluation assesses overall outcomes and impacts. A variety of quantitative and qualitative tools are described that can be used for both monitoring and evaluation. Key points include selecting appropriate tools based on the program stage, comparing monitoring and evaluation, and using indicators to quantify qualitative data and assess economic impacts. The document provides examples of how these tools can be applied to assess dairy extension programs.
Innovation Systems is a concept to help reveal and deal with the partnership and institutional issues that shape innovation processes and shape the contribution of research to that process. It recognises multiple knowledge bases, including research but also others. It is a capability to innovate, not just today but in ever-changing environments — i.e., it is a dynamic, adaptive capability. It is embedded in and defined by the institutional and policy contexts that shape the ways actors and organisations behave
Women role In Agriculture A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert K...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Women role In Agriculture A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert KPK at Peshawar Former DG Agri Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor AUP PeshawarPeshawar
Women play a vital role in agriculture but face numerous constraints. They constitute 50% of the agricultural workforce globally and produce 60-80% of food in developing countries. However, compared to men they receive disproportionately less investment and have unequal access to resources and opportunities. While women contribute to both subsistence and cash crops, they have less control over resources. They have greater time constraints due to unpaid household responsibilities and less mobility and education. To empower women in agriculture, recommendations include implementing gender-responsive approaches to improve productivity, improving knowledge about women's roles, and engendering policies and practices in agribusinesses.
The document summarizes a panel discussion on designing sustainable agricultural projects from a Rotary International convention. The panel discussed best practices like investing in irrigation, using more effective seeds and technology, and helping farmers access new markets. Specific project examples were given, including one in Kenya that introduced Israeli irrigation methods to improve food security, and a project in Sierra Leone training farmers to commercially farm cassava. The panel shared lessons like considering community needs, providing technical and business training, and ensuring economic resources.
PTD deals with natural resources management by strengthening the local indigenous specialists and their communities to carry out experiments in becoming more sustainable and self reliant through drawing on their local resources.
Effective logframes for international developmentNIDOS
The document provides an agenda and overview for a 1-day training course on understanding and producing effective logframes. The training will cover the basics of logframes including terminology, examples, and building a logframe from problem analysis through completion. Attendees will learn to think through projects using a logical framework model and develop a logframe for a project working in small groups. Key aspects of logframes like assumptions, indicators, and ensuring the logframe is a useful planning tool are also discussed.
Presented by Jens A. Andersson (CIMMYT), Elias Damtew (ILRI) and Zelalem Lema (ILRI) at the Africa RISING Learning Event, Arusha, Tanzania, 11-12 November 2014
The document discusses key aspects of project evaluation including:
1) It defines project evaluation as both a value judgement of the subject and a process of gathering information for decision making.
2) It outlines the evaluation process of measurement, comparison, and description leading to decisions.
3) It discusses the importance of evaluating projects for improving management and implementation through gathering information on objectives, costs, effects and recommendations.
In this file, you can ref interview materials for m&e such as, m&e situational interview, m&e behavioral interview, m&e phone interview, m&e interview thank you letter, m&e interview tips …
Top 88 m&e interview questions with answers pdf
free pdf download ebook
ReSAKSS-AfricaLead Workshop on Strengthening Capacity for Strategic Agricultural Policy and Investment Planning and Implementation in Africa
Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, June 25th‐ 26th 2012
Monitoring and evaluation Learning and DevelopmentSESH SUKHDEO
The document outlines steps for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) including: understanding existing documentation and systems, gathering M&E information, enhancing stakeholder buy-in, preparing a detailed M&E plan with indicators, baselines and targets, establishing an implementation team, providing training, and closely monitoring implementation against indicators. It also discusses key concepts in M&E like the difference between monitoring and evaluation, levels of evaluation, and participatory M&E.
The role of transaction costs in 'cash versus food' debateessp2
Kalle Hirvonen, IFPRI, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP)
with John Hoddinott, Cornell University
Nordic Conference in Development Economics, Gothenburg, June 2017
This document discusses participatory extension approaches (PEA) as an alternative to the traditional transfer of technology (ToT) model for rural extension. It outlines some key characteristics of PEA, including integrating community mobilization, promoting farmer experimentation and capacity building, and facilitating equitable participation. PEA emphasizes joint learning among farmers, researchers, and extension agents and positioning farmers as decision-makers in the innovation process rather than passive recipients of externally-developed technologies. The role of extension agents shifts from teacher to facilitator of farmer-led analysis, planning, implementation and reflection.
This document discusses pluralism in agricultural extension systems. Pluralistic extension involves multiple providers of extension services, often with different funding sources and approaches. This can raise issues around coordination, roles, and competition/collaboration. The document provides examples of pluralistic extension in Ghana, the United States, and other countries. It also discusses reasons why multiple extension actors emerge and how pluralism affects extension management and implementation, such as the need for coordination between different groups.
Here are some potential issues and tools:
- Food security - Seasonal calendar
- Natural resource management - Resource maps
- Livelihood strategies - Ranking matrix
- Gender roles - Daily activity calendar
Discuss as a group and fill out the tool.
The Role of Agriculture in Hunger and Poverty ReductionShenggen Fan
Agricultural growth is crucial for reducing hunger and poverty according to the director of IFPRI. Agricultural research is key to addressing challenges like population growth, climate change, and food price volatility. Agricultural innovation has led to major successes in reducing hunger in places like Asia and Africa. The new CGIAR structure and consortium research programs are well positioned to contribute to global food security and poverty reduction through agricultural research. Country strategy support programs help build policymaking capacity in individual countries.
This document discusses gender and social inclusion (GSI) in CCAFS projects. It addresses the CCAFS GSI strategy, which takes three main approaches: examining vulnerabilities, promoting gender transformation, and strengthening institutions. It identifies knowledge gaps around what works for empowering women in climate-smart agriculture. These include understanding gender roles in labor and benefits, the role of women's groups, and indigenous knowledge. The document also discusses integrating GSI in areas like climate information services, policy, finance, and working with youth. Overall, it aims to better understand how to promote social inclusion, particularly for women, in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts.
Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia - Challenges for Future Growthessp2
1) Agricultural productivity in Ethiopia has grown steadily in recent years, driven mainly by expansion of cultivated area and increases in traditional inputs like labor and livestock. However, growth in use of modern inputs like fertilizer and improved seeds has been slower.
2) Analysis of national and household-level data show total factor productivity has increased, but at varying rates. TFP growth was 3.7% based on national data but declined 2.6% based on household data.
3) There remains significant potential to further increase efficiency and TFP through greater use of modern inputs and improved agricultural practices. However, challenges remain around adoption rates, input availability and affordability.
This document discusses tools for monitoring and evaluating extension interventions. It begins by defining monitoring as the systematic collection of data during program implementation to track progress, while evaluation assesses overall outcomes and impacts. A variety of quantitative and qualitative tools are described that can be used for both monitoring and evaluation. Key points include selecting appropriate tools based on the program stage, comparing monitoring and evaluation, and using indicators to quantify qualitative data and assess economic impacts. The document provides examples of how these tools can be applied to assess dairy extension programs.
Innovation Systems is a concept to help reveal and deal with the partnership and institutional issues that shape innovation processes and shape the contribution of research to that process. It recognises multiple knowledge bases, including research but also others. It is a capability to innovate, not just today but in ever-changing environments — i.e., it is a dynamic, adaptive capability. It is embedded in and defined by the institutional and policy contexts that shape the ways actors and organisations behave
Women role In Agriculture A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert K...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Women role In Agriculture A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert KPK at Peshawar Former DG Agri Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor AUP PeshawarPeshawar
Women play a vital role in agriculture but face numerous constraints. They constitute 50% of the agricultural workforce globally and produce 60-80% of food in developing countries. However, compared to men they receive disproportionately less investment and have unequal access to resources and opportunities. While women contribute to both subsistence and cash crops, they have less control over resources. They have greater time constraints due to unpaid household responsibilities and less mobility and education. To empower women in agriculture, recommendations include implementing gender-responsive approaches to improve productivity, improving knowledge about women's roles, and engendering policies and practices in agribusinesses.
The document summarizes a panel discussion on designing sustainable agricultural projects from a Rotary International convention. The panel discussed best practices like investing in irrigation, using more effective seeds and technology, and helping farmers access new markets. Specific project examples were given, including one in Kenya that introduced Israeli irrigation methods to improve food security, and a project in Sierra Leone training farmers to commercially farm cassava. The panel shared lessons like considering community needs, providing technical and business training, and ensuring economic resources.
PTD deals with natural resources management by strengthening the local indigenous specialists and their communities to carry out experiments in becoming more sustainable and self reliant through drawing on their local resources.
Effective logframes for international developmentNIDOS
The document provides an agenda and overview for a 1-day training course on understanding and producing effective logframes. The training will cover the basics of logframes including terminology, examples, and building a logframe from problem analysis through completion. Attendees will learn to think through projects using a logical framework model and develop a logframe for a project working in small groups. Key aspects of logframes like assumptions, indicators, and ensuring the logframe is a useful planning tool are also discussed.
Presented by Jens A. Andersson (CIMMYT), Elias Damtew (ILRI) and Zelalem Lema (ILRI) at the Africa RISING Learning Event, Arusha, Tanzania, 11-12 November 2014
The document discusses key aspects of project evaluation including:
1) It defines project evaluation as both a value judgement of the subject and a process of gathering information for decision making.
2) It outlines the evaluation process of measurement, comparison, and description leading to decisions.
3) It discusses the importance of evaluating projects for improving management and implementation through gathering information on objectives, costs, effects and recommendations.
In this file, you can ref interview materials for m&e such as, m&e situational interview, m&e behavioral interview, m&e phone interview, m&e interview thank you letter, m&e interview tips …
Top 88 m&e interview questions with answers pdf
free pdf download ebook
ReSAKSS-AfricaLead Workshop on Strengthening Capacity for Strategic Agricultural Policy and Investment Planning and Implementation in Africa
Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, June 25th‐ 26th 2012
Monitoring and evaluation Learning and DevelopmentSESH SUKHDEO
The document outlines steps for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) including: understanding existing documentation and systems, gathering M&E information, enhancing stakeholder buy-in, preparing a detailed M&E plan with indicators, baselines and targets, establishing an implementation team, providing training, and closely monitoring implementation against indicators. It also discusses key concepts in M&E like the difference between monitoring and evaluation, levels of evaluation, and participatory M&E.
The role of transaction costs in 'cash versus food' debateessp2
Kalle Hirvonen, IFPRI, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP)
with John Hoddinott, Cornell University
Nordic Conference in Development Economics, Gothenburg, June 2017
Impact of food transfers in zomba abermanIFPRIMaSSP
This study is the first component of a multi-pronged research study on breaking the cycle of food insecurity in Malawi. Results from other components are to follow, including promoting nutritious value chains and understanding the drivers of food security and resilience. This study examines the impact of a food-based social transfers (MVAC) on household food security, diets, and nutrition status of young children during the lean season in Malawi. This was a quasi-experimental prospective study based on two rounds of a mixed methods surveys study in Zomba district in southern Malawi. Study outcomes include household expenditures and food consumption (7-day recall), child level dietary diversity (24-hour recall) and nutritional status (anthropometric measurements). We follow a mixed methods approach and undertake child and household surveys and assessments as well as in-depth interviews with household members. We estimate program impact by combining propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-difference (DID) methods. Qualitative data provides insights into community norms on targeting and sharing that may impact the effectiveness of the transfers.
Food transfers appear to have a protective effect on food security, diets and nutrition status of young children. There was suggestion of a positive effect on micronutrient availability in diets, particularly for iron. At child level, highly significant positive effects were found on dietary diversity and food variety scores, corresponding to increases of 15% and 12% respectively, as well as a positive effect on stunting. But targeting did not appear to be progressive or aligned to MVAC criteria. Furthermore, the coverage of food transfers is extremely low compared to extent of food insecurity. Community norms about targeting and sharing may explain the targeting errors and also may be seen as a response to low coverage.
Linking social protection and nutrition in Bangladesh: results from the Trans...Transform Nutrition
1) The Transfer Modality Research Initiative (TMRI) in Bangladesh evaluated the impacts of different social protection interventions on household welfare and child nutrition.
2) The study found that cash transfers, food transfers, and combinations of the two all improved household consumption and food security. However, adding nutrition behavior change communication (BCC) led to significantly larger improvements.
3) In northern Bangladesh, cash transfers combined with BCC reduced child stunting rates by 7.3 percentage points over two years, suggesting social protection needs to address both income and nutrition knowledge to impact child nutrition outcomes.
1) The document analyzes the nutritional challenges facing Egypt, including the double burden of malnutrition where undernutrition and overnutrition exist simultaneously.
2) It finds that Egypt's previous food subsidy system, which subsidized foods like oil, sugar, and rice, likely exacerbated issues of overnutrition and did not help reduce undernutrition.
3) The probability of overnutrition in both children and mothers increased with higher subsidy amounts from the ration card program, especially in urban areas, indicating the subsidies incentivized consumption of calories but not nutrients.
Will Masters, Tufts University
Expert consultation on trade and nutrition
15-16 November 2016, FAO Headquarters, Rome
http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-events-new/tradenutrition/en/
Impact Evaluation of WFP's Fresh Food Voucher Pilot Program in Ethiopiaessp2
The document summarizes an impact evaluation of a fresh food voucher pilot program in Ethiopia. The program aims to improve dietary diversity for young children and women by providing vouchers that can be redeemed for fruits, vegetables, and animal source foods. The evaluation will use a cluster randomized controlled trial across 60 villages to compare changes in dietary outcomes between groups receiving social behavior change communication only, versus also receiving vouchers of different values. The goal is to understand the program's impact and cost-effectiveness to inform potential scale-up. Planning began in advance and involves multiple stakeholders for buy-in and approvals.
Derek Headey, Robel Alemu, Will Martin, David Stifel, and
Sofia Vielma
POLICY SEMINAR
Food Markets and Nutrition in the Developing World: Results from ARENA II
MAR 18, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Does market access mitigate the impact of seasonality on child growth?Panel ...essp2
1) The study examines whether better market access can protect children's nutrition from the impacts of seasonal fluctuations using panel data from rural Ethiopia.
2) It finds that while children located closer to food markets have better nutritional outcomes overall, their weights still undergo significant seasonal variations similar to children in more remote areas.
3) Further analysis suggests this is because near-market children consume more diverse diets year-round, including more animal-source foods during harvest seasons, but market access alone does not insulate against seasonality effects on children's nutrition.
Agricultural biotechnology and the economics of food security and climate cha...ExternalEvents
Agricultural biotechnology and the economics of food security and climate change mitigation presentation by "Daniel Sumner, University of California Davis, Davis, United States of America
"
Junk Food Consumption is a Nutrition Problem among Infants and Young Children: Evidence and Program Considerations for Low and Middle Income (LMIC) Countries (MCSP Presentation)
Harnessing markets for improved nutrition: A Case Study of ZombaIFPRIMaSSP
Hunger and undernutrition are intractable problems in Malawi. This study takes a Value Chains for Nutrition (VCN) approach, which examines the potential for harnessing markets for improved nutrition and food security. This case study from the Zomba District of southern Malawi applies data from household surveys, in-depth individual interviews, and market surveys to examine opportunities for improved diets through leveraging demand and supply of nutritious foods, and enhancing value chain performance with a nutrition lens. Preliminary results on bottlenecks and opportunities provide insights for policy and programs.
This presentation and discussion was led by Noora-Lisa Aberman (IFPRI) along with virtual input from co-authors, Aulo Gelli (IFPRI), Jason Donovan (ICRAF), and Amy Margolies (JHU), on February 13, 2017 at IFPRI-Malawi.
Food Assistance and Institutional Demand: Supporting Smallholder Farmers to F...UNDP Policy Centre
Presented at The State of Food and Agriculture 2015 (SOFA) workshop held at FAO's headquarters in Rome on July 1st, 2014. The presentation explained the concept of Institutional Demand as a feature of Social Protection that links agricultural producers with local and assured local/regional markets. Institutional demand primarily consists of state purchases of produce from smallholder farmers that is then distributed through social protection networks (community kitchens, food banks, schools, etc) to fight hunger.
The document discusses ensuring access to animal-source foods for poor and nutritionally vulnerable populations. It argues that a multidimensional food systems approach is needed that considers production, access, and nutrition together. A case study of a dairy development project in East Africa found some evidence it increased milk consumption and child nutrition, though impacts were complicated by changes in household income control and women's workloads. More research is still needed to fully understand agriculture's role in nutrition within local food systems contexts.
This presentation was made by Dr. Francesco Cecchi, Assistant Professor, Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, during IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar series on 23 November 2022.
Market Access and Quality Upgrading_Dec12_2022.pdfIFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made by Dr. Tessa Bold, Associate Professor, Institute of International Economic Studies, Stockholm University, during IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar series on 7 December 2022
The Effect of Extension and Marketing Interventions on Smallholder Farmers: E...IFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made by Annemie Maertens, Reader in economics, University of Sussex, during the MwAPATA-IFPRI joint seminar series on 9 November 2022
This paper models the profitability of fertilizer use for maize farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. It uses yield trial and soil data to estimate yield responses to fertilizer across different soil and climate conditions. It then simulates profitability over 1,000 years using historical weather and price data to identify areas where fertilizer use is robustly profitable in at least 70% of years. The analysis finds great spatial variation in yield responses and profitability. Soil pH has the largest effect on both, suggesting soil amendments could improve fertilizer adoption more than subsidies which are most effective in already profitable areas.
Selling early to pay for school": a large-scale natural experiment in MalawiIFPRIMaSSP
The document summarizes a study that examines how a change in the start of the school year in Malawi from December to September impacted when agricultural households sold their crops. The study uses a natural experiment created by the school calendar change and differences across households in the number of primary school children. It finds that the calendar change induced poorer households with more school-age children to sell crops earlier in the season when prices were lower, costing them potential revenue, to have funds for new earlier school costs. The results suggest moving expenses to harvest time can have downsides by straining credit markets and forcing early crop sales during price troughs.
Adapting yet not adopting- CA in central Malawi.pdfIFPRIMaSSP
1) Researchers studied the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) practices in Central Malawi through household surveys and satellite imagery. They found that while some farmers adopted aspects of CA like not-ridging, most fields did not meet the full CA principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations.
2) The study identified two main types of CA practiced - not-ridging with mulch in situ (NR-MI) and not-ridging with additional mulch added (NR-MA). NR-MI often failed to maintain sufficient ground cover and resulted in more weeds, while NR-MA provided better yields but was not scalable to entire farms.
3) The researchers also found
Follow the Leader? A Field Experiment on Social InflueceIFPRIMaSSP
This study examines how the choices of peers, extension agents, and farmer group leaders influence other farmers' decisions. The researchers conducted an experiment in Malawi where farmers made risky investment choices both before and after learning about the choices of these different influencers. They find that peers have the strongest influence, causing farmers to revise their decisions the most based on a peer's choice. Extension agents also significantly influence farmers' choices, while group leaders have a moderate influence. Additionally, the study finds that peers influence farmers primarily through information sharing, while leaders influence more through social comparison.
Labor Calendars and Rural Poverty: A Case Study for Malawi IFPRIMaSSP
This document analyzes seasonal labor patterns in rural Malawi using household survey data. It finds that rural labor calendars exhibit much greater monthly variation than urban calendars, with significant underemployment in rural areas even during peak seasons. Approximately 2/3 of total rural underemployment is attributed to seasonality in agricultural work opportunities. The document explores activities that may help smooth rural labor demand, such as intercropping maize with other crops and growing tobacco.
This document discusses using crop modeling software (DSSAT) to simulate maize yield patterns in Zambia during an El Niño event in 2015-2016 that caused delayed rainfall. The study found that modeling supply shocks from climate events can help estimate their impacts on household incomes and food security to better guide policy responses. Policymakers often focus on ensuring food availability through trade barriers or stockpiling, but availability alone does not address the access problems and income shocks that small farmers face from poor harvests.
Disentangling food security from subsistence ag malawi t benson_july_2021-minIFPRIMaSSP
This presentation was made during the launch of a book titled "Disentangling Food Security from Subsistence Agriculture in Malawi" by Dr. Todd Benson, IFPRI, at IFPRI Malawi brownbag seminar
A New Method for Crowdsourcing 'Farmgate' PricesIFPRIMaSSP
A New Method for Crowdsourcing Farmgate Prices in Malawi
This Presentation was made during a virtual brown bag seminar at IFPRI Malawi on 23 June 2021. The Presentation was made by Dr. Bob Baulch and Mr. Aubrey Jolex
Does connectivity reduce gender gaps in off-farm employment? Evidence from 12...IFPRIMaSSP
At an IFPRI Malawi virtual brown bag seminar held on 19th May 2021, Dr. Eva-Maria Egger, a UNU-Wider Research Fellow, presented a paper that posed the question “Does Connectivity Reduce Gender Gaps in Off-Farm Employment?”.
Urban proximity, demand for land and land prices in malawi (1)IFPRIMaSSP
The document discusses land prices and land markets in Malawi. It presents 4 hypotheses: (1) land prices increase with population pressure, (2) high food/energy prices 2007-2013 induced higher profits and prices, especially in rural areas, (3) rural land prices fell after 2013, (4) sales prices are higher relative to rental prices near urban areas. Regression analyses of willingness-to-accept land prices from 2010-2016 support hypotheses 1 and 2, finding prices increase with population and were higher in rural areas during the "land grab" period. Hypothesis 3 is rejected as rural prices remained stable or declined for sales but increased for rentals.
Understanding the factors that influence cereal legume adoption amongst small...IFPRIMaSSP
This document outlines a study on factors influencing cereal-legume adoption among smallholder farmers in Malawi. It presents the research motivation, questions, and methodology. The study uses dynamic stochastic programming to model smallholder production decisions under risk and uncertainty. The model evaluates how resource and market constraints impact technology adoption and marketing choices. It analyzes 6 scenarios relaxing different constraints to understand their impacts. Results show relaxing labor, land, and market access constraints increases adoption of more intensive cereal-legume intercropping systems. The study aims to inform policies to improve input access, market participation, and storage technologies for smallholders.
Exploring User-Centered Counseling in Contraceptive Decision-MakingIFPRIMaSSP
This document summarizes a field experiment conducted in Malawi that tested elements of user-centered family planning counseling. The experiment compared standard counseling to short tailored counseling and included conditions where women were encouraged to invite their husbands to counseling. Results found that short tailored counseling increased flexibility in stated preferences but made it harder to act on preferences. Inviting husbands increased uptake of stated preferences but may have crowded out women's independent preferences. The study explores the tradeoff between independently expressing preferences and jointly incorporating partner preferences in counseling.
The political economy of lean season transfers: is hunger the only targeting ...IFPRIMaSSP
Political economy of lean season transfers: Is hunger the only targeting criterion.
Presentation made on 20 January, 2021 by Jan Duchoslav, IFPRI Malawi
Mastering the Concepts Tested in the Databricks Certified Data Engineer Assoc...SkillCertProExams
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Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – ROBSON – June 202...
Cash, Food or Vouchers?
1. Cash, Food or Vouchers? Evidence from a
Four-Country Experimental Study
February 12, 2019
Presented by Dan Gilligan
Research by Dan Gilligan, Melissa Hidrobo, John Hoddinott,
Amy Margolies, Amber Peterman, Shalini Roy, Susanna
Sandström, Benjamin Schwab, Joanna Upton
2. Motivation
What do we know about the relative merits of providing
assistance in the form of food or cash in developing countries?
Until recently, very little.
Many studies provide evidence on the impact of food transfers
or cash transfers but very few directly compare the impacts of
food and cash in the same setting.
There is also limited information on relative costs.
Often this issue is dominated by ideology and politics.
3. What are the arguments for food or cash transfers?
• Food transfers
– may be more likely to be spent on food (transaction costs)
– or on child goods (controlled by women)
– are not affected by price increases
• Cash transfers
– may be more fungible, allowing spending to occur where
needed with lower transaction costs
– may be cheaper to deliver
– less paternalistic
4. What does economic theory say about food or cash?
• Food transfers (or food vouchers) should
– reduce out-of-pocket food expenditures
– increase the value of food consumed
– increase the value of other goods consumed through
substitution
• If the amount of food transferred is inframarginal – no more
than what a household typically consumes – the effect on the
composition of spending should be equal between food and
cash (Hoynes and Schanzenbach 2009)
• But food rations are sometimes extramarginal for some food
items and there are sometimes substitution costs, as when
not all foods are purchased
5. Current evidence
• Recent literature has begun to provide rigorous empirical
evidence on the question of food versus cash
• Price effects: both food and cash transfers lead to increased
demand for (normal) goods, but food transfers also increase
supply which can depress prices
– One study found that food transfers reduced prices by 4% on
average while cash transfers led to small price increases. Price
declines were larger in more remote villages (Cunha et al 2019)
– Another study showed that cash transfers led to a large increase
in prices for perishable protein-rich foods (Filmer et al 2018)
• program beneficiaries: child nutrition
• program nonbeneficiaries : child nutrition
6. Cross-Country Study on Food and Cash Transfers
• How can we provide compelling evidence on the relative
impacts of food and cash?
– In the same setting, implement transfers keeping all aspects of the
intervention the same …
• Value of transfers
• Frequency of transfers
• Payment dates
– … except for the modality (cash, food, voucher) …
– which is randomly assigned …
– so that differences in impacts can be ascribed to modality and NOT to
other confounding factors …
– And do this in several countries
• Today I report on the results of a three year IFPRI-WFP study
that does just that
7. Cross Country Study Outline
• Describe the interventions
• Explain the evaluation design
• Describe core findings:
– Impacts
– Costs
• Note additional findings
• Summary and implications
9. Ecuador
• Unconditional transfers in urban areas in northern provinces of
Carchi and Sucumbíos with large concentration of Colombian
refugees and poor host Ecuadorians
• Beneficiaries randomized (at barrio level) to receive:
– $40 cash transfers accessed from ATMs using a debit card
– $40 in vouchers redeemable for specified foods in supermarkets
– $40 in food: rice (24 kg), vegetable oil (4ℓ), lentils (8 kg), and
canned sardines (8 cans of 0.425 kg)
• Transfers received monthly for a six month period
• All beneficiaries received nutrition sensitization
• Roughly 75% of beneficiaries were women
10. Niger
• Three months public works (all households) and three months
unconditional transfers (targeted households) in Mirriah
departement, Zinder region
• Beneficiaries randomized at worksite level to receive:
– Cash payment of 25000 FCFA ($55) per month. Cash dispensed
from mobile ATM brought into each village
– In-kind payment of 87.5kg cereals, 18kg of pulses and 3.5 kg
vegetable oil and salt. Food shipped into villages at beginning of
public works and stored in granary.
– Payments every two weeks during public works
– monthly payments for unconditional transfers
• Transfers made to household head
– approx 75% male; 25% female
11. Uganda
• Transfers linked to children’s enrollment in Early Childhood
Development centers (preschools) in three districts of Karamoja – a
poor, rugged, post-conflict sub-region in Eastern Uganda with high
seasonal food insecurity
• For each child aged 3-5 years enrolled in preschool, beneficiaries
were randomized (at preschool level) to receive:
– 25,500 UGX ($10.25) in cash: added to mobile money cards
– 25,500 UGX of food: multiple-micronutrient fortified corn soya
blend (CSB), Vitamin-A fortified oil, sugar
– No transfer (control group)
• Transfers given every 6-8 weeks for 12 months
• 6 transfer cycles, but food delivered earlier
• Transfers made preferentially to child’s mother
12. Yemen
• Unconditional transfers in rural districts of two governorates with
high baseline levels of food insecurity
• Randomization at the Food Distribution Point (FDP) level
– Each FDP is a school serving a cluster of neighboring villages
• 3 transfers each:
– Cash Transfer: 10500 YER (≈$49)
• every two months beginning in Nov 2011
– Food Transfer:
• 50kg of fortified wheat flour, 5ℓ of oil
• Aug 2011, Oct 2011 & April 2012
• Beneficiaries: 19% female headed households
14. Evaluation design: Core questions addressed in all countries
Ecuador Niger Uganda Yemen
How do benefits of
cash(vouchers) compare
to food transfers?
Y Y Y Y
Does the delivery of
cash(vouchers) cost less
than food transfers?
Y Y Y Y
Which modality do
households prefer?
Y Y Y Y
15. Additional questions addressed in some countries
How does receipt of
cash(voucher) affect
Ecuador Niger Uganda Yemen
Intra-household
decisionmaking
Y
Economic, social relations
between households
Y Y
Who is selected to receive
transfers
Y
Anemia Y Y
Child anthropometric
status
Y
ECD outcomes Y
Purchase of agricultural
inputs
Y
Expenditures on
undesirable goods
Y Y
16. Evaluation design
• In Ecuador and Uganda, the evaluation design includes
treatment groups (food, cash or voucher (Ecuador only)) and a
control group (no transfer), so we can answer two questions:
– Impact of each modality relative to no transfer and
– Impact of cash(vouchers) relative to food
• In Niger and Yemen, the intervention design consists only of
treatment groups (food or cash), so we can answer only one
question:
– Impact of cash relative to food
18. Impact on household food security: Two measures
• Food Consumption Score (FCS): WFP’s principal food security
indicator
• FCS = (# times food group consumed in last seven days)
x (weight attached to food group)
18
Group
Food items
Food group Weight
1
Maize, rice, sorghum, millet, pasta, bread , other cereals
Staples 2
Cassava, potatoes and sweet potatoes, other tubers, plantains
2 Beans, peas, lentils, groundnuts and cashew nuts Pulses 3
3 Vegetables Vegetables 1
4 Fruit Fruit 1
5 Beef, goat, poultry, pork, eggs, and fish Meat and fish 4
6 Milk, yogurt, and other dairy Dairy 4
7 Sugar, sugar products, and honey Sugars 0.5
8 Oils, fats, and butter Fats and oils 0.5
19. Impact of household food security: Two measures
• Households are considered food insecure if FCS < 35 (28 in
Yemen) and have poor food security status if FCS < 21.
– Baseline rate of food insecurity ranged from 10% (Ecuador) to
53% (Uganda)
• In Ecuador, Uganda, and Yemen we fielded food consumption
modules that recorded details of quantities consumed over
the seven days prior to the survey. This allows us to calculate a
second food security measure, household caloric acquisition
• While FCS and caloric acquisition can increase together:
– Caloric acquisition can rise without much change in FCS (eg
increased consumption of quantities of staples)
– FCS can change without much change in caloric acquisition
(eg increased consumption of vegetables)19
20. Impact of transfers relative to control households:
Change in FCS score
20
4.95
5.75
9.04
0.00
3.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ecuador food Ecuador, cash Ecuador, vouchers Uganda, food Uganda, cash
21. Impact of cash transfers (or vouchers) relative to food:
Percentage change in FCS
21
-11
-9.6
0.6
5.6
9.2
10.1
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Niger, post-
harvest season
Niger, hungry
season
Ecuador, cash Ecuador,
vouchers
Yemen Uganda
22. Impact of transfers relative to control households:
Percent change in caloric acquisition
22
16.0
6.0
11.0
1.7
19.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Ecuador, food Ecuador, cash Ecuador,
vouchers
Uganda, food Uganda, cash
24. Costing transfer modalities
• Exclude value of transfer itself (But we return to this later)
• Focus on modality specific costs (staff time, goods, services) that are
specific to the delivery modality chosen:
– Food: Staff and monetary costs associated with in-country transport, ration
preparation and distribution
– Cash: Costs associated with contract preparation; cost of debit cards; bank
fees for administering transfers
– Vouchers: Costs associated with supermarket selection; printing vouchers;
staff costs associated with liquidating vouchers
• Common costs that are incurred in program implementation
(planning costs, targeting, sensitization, nutrition training etc) are
allocated proportionately across modalities or are excluded.
How much does it cost to make a cash transfer relative to a food transfer?
25. Dollar cost of a cash transfer relative to a food transfer
25
-8.47 -8.91
-2.96
-6.28
-8.20
-30.00
-25.00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
Ecuador Niger Uganda Yemen Ecuador,
voucher
26. Costing transfer modalities: Implications
• In Niger, the monthly transfer was worth $55
– The modality specific cost of a cash transfer was $4.00
– The modality specific cost of a food transfer was $12.91
• It costs $354.00 to make six cash transfers to a beneficiary
$354.00 = 6 x ($55 + $4.00)
• It costs $407.46 to make six food transfers to a beneficiary
$407.46 = 6 x ($55 + $12.91)
• Abstracting from other costs, with a $2,000,000 budget, we
could include:
– 5,649 households if cash were given ($2,000,000 / $354.00)
– 4,908 households if food were given ($2,000,000 / $407.46)
• By switching from food to cash, you could include another
741 households or 5,041 people (avg household size = 6.8)
27. Number of additional beneficiaries gained by
switching from food to cash transfers
27
4841 5041
13858
9062
32802
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Ecuador Niger Uganda Yemen Total
28. Costing transfer modalities: Final comments
• Our approach assumes that if WFP transfers $40 in cash or a food
basket worth $40 that the cost of the transfer itself to WFP is $40
• We obtained detailed data on procurement costs for the
commodities used in the Ecuador study. The $40 food basket cost
WFP approximately $40 to procure suggesting that this assumption
is reasonable
• With further experience and some standardization of procedures,
modality specific cash costs could fall substantially
– Eg, cost of delivering cash transfers was 6% of transfer value in Niger
28
30. Preferences for food, cash and vouchers
(Percent)
30
55
7 8
73
50
1 0
35
12
7
77
20
3
16
8 6
49
79
18
2
56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
all food all cash all voucher
31. Additional Results
• Nutrition, Uganda
– Stunting/wasting: No robust impacts of cash or of food transfers
– Anemia: food transfers have no impact; cash transfers reduced anemia among
preschool children in the target age groups
• Nutrition, Ecuador
– Anemia: neither food , cash or vouchers had any effect on anemia
• Other results
– Virtually no evidence that beneficiaries sell their food rations (all countries)
– No meaningful evidence that cash transfers are used for undesirable purposes
such as buying beer (Uganda) or qat (Yemen)
– No evidence that different modalities have differential impacts on intra-
household decision making or on social tensions between host and refugee
communities (Ecuador)
– Cash transfers improved child cognitive development across several domains:
visual reception, receptive language, expressive language (Uganda)
– Differences in private costs of obtaining transfers reflected program decisions
regarding placement of payment points
33. Summary
33
1) Across a range of interventions in a variety of settings, cash transfers
generally but not always proved more effective in improving WFP’s core
food security indicator – FCS – at significantly less cost
2) We found little evidence that cash had adverse impacts as measured by
creation of social tensions, changes in intrahousehold decisionmaking,
or purchase of intoxicants; we did find evidence of other beneficial
impacts of cash, such as on children’s cognitive development
3) This does NOT imply that cash is always “better” than food
4) Policy and intervention design discussions need to shift from
their current ideological and political focus to one that
emphasizes
– Greater precision in intervention objectives
– More nuanced understanding of context
– Greater emphasis on costing
34. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UGANDA: IMPACTS ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
34
35. Uganda: food/cash transfers for children in ECD centers
• Could a cash transfer linked to preschool improve early childhood
development, by promoting investments in nutrition and/or
stimulation?
• Cash transfers can be a nutrition-sensitive intervention
– Increasingly considered a preferred form of “food assistance”
– Can have similar/better effects to food transfers on dietary diversity, at less cost
to implementers (e.g., Hidrobo et al, 2013, in Ecuador)
• Conditioning transfers on preschool may increase preschool
participation
– Preschool shown to be an important source of early stimulation but
participation tends to be low (Engle et al, 2007)
36. Key questions
• In this study from Karamoja, Uganda, we focus on the following:
– Do cash transfers linked to preschool improve measures of early
childhood development for children aged 3-5 years?
– If so, what are plausible mechanisms? (Improvements in nutrition?
Increases in stimulation?)
Preschool
participation
Child
development
Nutrition
Diet quality
Health/
sanitation
Cash linked
to preschool
Stimulation
37. Study setting
• Informal UNICEF-supported preschools (ECD centers) in Karamoja, Uganda
Karamoja, Uganda:
• Rural, remote, rugged sub-region
in Eastern Uganda
• Very poor (~$80/month mean HH
consumption at baseline)
• Diet relies heavily on starches
ECD centers:
• In Karamoja since 2007, informal, usually under a tree
• Volunteer caregivers trained by CSCD, under UNICEF
• No food provided, very few materials
• Community supposed to support, rarely did at baseline
• Target age: 3-5 years
38. Study design
• WFP, UNICEF, and IFPRI collaboration to link cash transfers to ECD
center enrollment using a randomized controlled trial design
– 31 ECD centers to cash group, 32 ECD centers to control group
– Household eligible if had a child age 3-5 years, enrolled in ECD center
assigned to cash
– $10.25 (25,500 UGX) transfer for each eligible child per cycle: ~13% of
monthly household expenditure
– Seven 6-8 week cycles, from August 2011-August 2012
– Cash added electronically to a card given to mothers, retrieved from
mobile money agent
39. Data collection
• Longitudinal survey of households with at least one ECD-enrolled child aged 3-5
years at baseline
– Baseline survey in 2010; endline survey in 2012
– 1889 households in sample
– Balancing and attrition tests show treatment arms very similar on average at baseline
– Impacts estimated using single-difference (robustness checks using ANCOVA)
– This presentation focuses on children with “maximum exposure” to transfers: within
eligible age range of 3-5 years (i.e., 36-71 months) throughout study period
Age of Target Child
at…
Baseline Endline
(Sep-Nov 2010) (Mar-May 2012)
36-53 months 54-71 months
40. Measurement of key outcome: Child development
• Items drawn from Mullen
Scales of Early Learning
• Simple games played with
child by trained enumerator
• Adapted to Karamoja by a
clinical psychologist at
Makerere University
• Domains:
• Visual reception
• Fine motor
• Receptive language
• Expressive language
41. Core result: Impacts on Child Development
• Cash linked to preschool significantly increased child development measures,
overall and across several distinct domains
0.33 **
0.31 **
0.15
0.39 **
0.45 ***
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
TOTAL Visual
reception
Fine motor Receptive
language
Expressive
language
Child Development
Standarddeviations
Impacts of Cash on Child Development
(ages 36-53 months at baseline)
Cash v Control
42. Evidence for nutrition pathway: Impacts on Anemia
• Cash significantly reduced anemia, particularly moderate to severe anemia (WHO
standards, adjusted for altitude)
• High anemia prevalence in control group: 42.9% have anemia, 24.5% have moderate/severe
anemia
• Plausible evidence for nutrition pathway of child development impacts
-10.0% * -9.6% **
-12%
-10%
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
Any anemia Moderate/severe
Anemia
Percentagepointchange
Impacts of Cash on Anemia
(ages 36-53 months at baseline)
Cash v Control
43. Evidence for nutrition pathway: Impacts on Child Diet
• Cash linked to preschool significantly increased frequency of children’s
consumption of starches, meat/eggs, dairy in past 7 days
• Relative to control group, reflects 66% increase in meat/eggs, 100% increase in dairy
• Plausible evidence for diet pathway of anemia impacts
0.55 ***
0.17
0.51 ***
0.33 *
0.03
0.21
0.1
-0.02-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 Starches
Leafygreens
Meat/eggs
Dairy
Orangefruit/veg
Otherveg
Otherfruit
Corn-soya(CSB)
Child Diet
Daysinpast7days
Impacts of Cash on Child Diet
(ages 36-53 months at baseline)
Cash v Control
44. Evidence for nutrition pathway: Impacts on Sanitation
• Cash significantly improved sanitation at ECD centers (through household gifts)
and significantly reduced children’s diarrhea
• Also plausible evidence for sanitation pathway of anemia impacts
Cash Control
Gave a cash gift to ECD caregiver (%) 31.1 *** 13.5
Value of gifts to the ECD caregiver (UGX) 980.4 *** 318.2
ECD center has a shelter (%) 86.1 *** 65.5
ECD center has access to a latrine (%) 88.7 *** 60.5
ECD center has hand-washing facilities (%) 38.2 ** 22.0
ECD center has other materials (%) 13.0 ** 3.9
Child had diarrhea in past 15 days (%) 3.5 *** 7.6
45. Evidence for stimulation pathway: Impacts on ECD Participation
• Cash significantly increased number of days ECD centers were open and number
of days children attended
• As with CCTs conditioned on primary or secondary school, increase in participation
• Plausible evidence for stimulation pathway of child development impacts
2.35 ***
1.87 ***
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Days open in past 7 days Days attended in past 7 days
ECD Center
Days Impacts of Cash on ECD Center Participation
(ages 36-53 months at baseline)
Cash v Control
46. Conclusions
• Cash transfers linked to preschool in Karamoja, Uganda
– Significantly improve child development for age 3-5 years: 0.33 standard deviations
– Plausible nutrition mechanism
• Significantly reduce anemia (particularly moderate/severe)
• Plausibly through
– Improved diet quality (particularly meat/eggs, dairy)
– Improved sanitation/health
– Plausible stimulation mechanism
• Significantly increase ECD center participation (similar to conventional CCTs)
• Takeaway: A cash transfer conditioned on preschool can effectively improve child
development among children age 3-5 years, through plausible mechanisms of
promoting nutrition and stimulation investments