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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Solar energy is the most used renewable energy in which solar rays from the sun falls on the photovoltaic cell to generate the electricity. The main aim is to design the support structure, transmission mechanism and tilting of the panel automatically on the daily basis depending on the wind pressure analysis and manual adjustment in the seasonal tilt and design considerations of the solar firm.
Stiffened Panels structures are widely used because they make the structure more cost-effective by offering a desirable strength/weight ratio, and is in so far that even small weight reduction of each of them can significantly affect the total empty weight of the structure. The reduction in the structural weight of ships gives valuable advantages such as; increasing their cargo-carrying efficiency, decrease in material cost supersedes the higher production costs, also lighter vessels requires engines with lower power, which means less emission of hazardous gases produced by marine diesel engines.
In this research a barge’s deck is evaluated by means of finite element analysis and optimized by parametric sensitivity analysis and numerical optimization methods, and the results would show that the deck structure could be developed further by utilizing the optimization techniques to reduce their weight by up to 9%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and analysis of solar support structure and daily tilting mechanismSUROJU SAIKRISHNA
Solar energy is the most used renewable energy in which solar rays from the sun falls on the photovoltaic cell to generate the electricity. The main aim is to design the support structure, transmission mechanism and tilting of the panel automatically on the daily basis depending on the wind pressure analysis and manual adjustment in the seasonal tilt and design considerations of the solar firm.
Stiffened Panels structures are widely used because they make the structure more cost-effective by offering a desirable strength/weight ratio, and is in so far that even small weight reduction of each of them can significantly affect the total empty weight of the structure. The reduction in the structural weight of ships gives valuable advantages such as; increasing their cargo-carrying efficiency, decrease in material cost supersedes the higher production costs, also lighter vessels requires engines with lower power, which means less emission of hazardous gases produced by marine diesel engines.
In this research a barge’s deck is evaluated by means of finite element analysis and optimized by parametric sensitivity analysis and numerical optimization methods, and the results would show that the deck structure could be developed further by utilizing the optimization techniques to reduce their weight by up to 9%.
Design Calculation of 1200W Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade for Rural Appl...ijtsrd
This paper provides to design 1200W horizontal axis wind turbine blade for rural application. The rotor blade is design to produce 1200W power output in order to install at Mandalay Hill of Mandalay City in Myanmar at rated wind velocity 7 m s. The rotor diameter is 2.303m and tip speed ratio is 5. The design process includes the determination of the blade airfoil, pitch angle and chord length distribution along the blade span. By using blade element theory, blade is divided into 10 elements with equal length forming 11 sections throughout the blade. This paper is intended for commercial wind turbine in rural applications. The wind generator can produce 1200W at wind velocity 7 m s. The use of wind energy for electricity is more economical than the conventional electricity generation. It is strongly recommended that the design prototype is economic and competitive for commercialization at any windy places in Myanmar. Zin Mar Chan "Design Calculation of 1200W Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade for Rural Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25328.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25328/design-calculation-of-1200w-horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-blade-for-rural-applications/zin-mar-chan
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Whenever a frequent change in speed/torque at the output is required, we use multispeed multistage gearbox.
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analysis for each was done. The paper includes all the calculations and verification of those at places to
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Design Calculation of 1200W Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade for Rural Appl...ijtsrd
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(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. INTRODUCTION
• India has 5th rank in world for producing wind energy.
• Nowadays in India we are using more and more renewable energy
sources for reducing pollution and to minimize fuel consumption.
• Wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy of
wind into mechanical energy. This Mechanical energy we are using in
pumps.
3. OBJECTIVES
• Design a device for capturing wind pressure &
generate electricity.
• Design the turbine blade and various components.
4. SCOPE
• As alternative energy source.
• For decreasing energy crisis.
• Assuming 1kW of Wind Power per household of 5 persons. Each
from renewable resources 43,000MW of additional Wind Power will
be needed for urban India by 2025 (assuming 1kW of Wind Power
per household) much of this can be delivered using small wind
turbines Power generation with the help of wind energy is one of the
interesting R&D criteria.
6. METHODOLOGY
• The main purpose of the wind turbines is to convert the kinetic
energy of the wind into mechanical energy by the blades and then
into electrical energy by the generator.
• As train passes over the track, rotation of blades takes place.
• In power generation system by using Blade’s rotation electricity
produced.
10. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Chirag Soni ,Smit Thakkar- They investigated effect of different design
parameter on performance evaluation of VAWT also proved that 3 blade
VAWT more efficient than 2 or 4 blade.
• Sandip S. Wangikar -In this paper they concluded that wind speed and
shutter angle affects the performance of turbine significantly.
• Ahmet Duran Sahin -Wind energy history, wind-power meteorology, the
energy–climate relations, wind-turbine technology, wind economy, wind
hybrid applications
12. ADVANTAGES
• To build power generation system.
• Minimize use of fossil fuel.
• Minimize production of greenhouse gas.
13. Design and Calculations
Design of blade and casement.
Design power output for CTWT is 15 Watt.
P=15Watt
Swept area calculated as
S=2RL
Where S=Swept are in m2
R=radius of rotor in m
L=Length of blade in m
Swept Area=S =
2𝑃
𝐶 𝑃 𝜌𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
3
S=
2
∗
15
0
.
25
∗
1
.
2
∗73
S=0.29 m2
So we assume
R=270mm=0.27m
L=400mm=0.4m
W=width =1mm
14. Material for frame and blade
For the first trial of CTWT, the mild steel is taken as easily available in required form and at minimum cost.
Material=C40
Properties- 1)Syt=540 N/mm2
2)Sut=340 N/mm2
Consider FOS=2
Force acting on blade-
The inertia force caused by the angular velocity of the rotor are given by
F=rG*ω2*mblade
Where rG=distance from axis to center of gravity=270/2=135mm
ω=angular velocity of rotor
=V/rG =7/0.135=51.85
ω=52 rad/sec
mblade=(volume of blade+volume of casement)*ρsteel
Volume of blade=270*400*1 =108000mm3
=0.108*10-3m3
15. Voume of casement=[(170*5*2)+(270*10*2)]*2
=14200mm3=0.0142*10-3m3
mblade=(0.108+0.0142)*10-3*7800
=0.9531 kg
F = rG*ω2*mblade
=0.135*522*0.9531
=811.81 N
Check for design
Blade:-
Due to wind force acting on the frame there are chances of bending the frame is to be checked
for bending failure criteria. Permissible bending stresses for given material σb=Syt/FOS
σb=340/2=170 N/mm2
Area of blade subjected to wind force
A=270*400
=108000mm2
σ(induced)=F/A=811.81/108000 =0.007516 N/mm2< σb
• Thus induced bending stresses are negligible and very less than the permissible bending stresses
therefore the blade design is safe and dimension of the frame taken are right.
16. Casement:-
• Due to wind force acting on the casement there are chances of bending the casement is to
be checked for bending failure criteria. Permissible bending stresses for given material
σb=Syt/FOS
σb=340/2=170 N/mm2
Area of the frame subjected to wind force,
A=(170*5)+(270*5) =2200mm2
σ(induced)=F/A=811.81/2200
=0.3690< σb
Thus induced bending stresses are negligible and very less than the permissible bending
stresses therefore the casement design is safe and dimension of the casement taken are
right.
17. Design of shaft
• Material selection
The material for shaft is selected as C50. It is easily available and cost effective as compared
with alloy steel
Properties:-1) Yield strength Syt=720 N/mm2
2) Ultimate tensile strength Sut=380 N/mm2
3) FOS=2
Design calculation for shaft
Shaft is designed as per ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineering), maximum
shear stress is given by,
σsmax=0.3* Syt or 0.18* Sut (choose whichever is minimum)
σsmax=0.3* Syt =0.3*380=114 N/mm2
σsmax=0.18* Sut = 0.18*720=129.6 N/mm2
18. thus we choose
σsmax=114 N/mm2
• Torque acting on the shaft:
Torque (T)= wind force * distance from shaft
T= 811.81*135
T=109594.35 Nmm
• Bending moment of the shaft:
The self-weight of blade is acting on shaft in vertical condition and the wind force is acting radially
inward i.e. horizontally on the shaft. Therefore it is necessary to calculate the bending moment in vertical
as well as horizontal condition and take the resultant two moments.
Mv=0.9531*9.81*200 =1869.9 Nmm.
Mh=811.81*135=109593 Nmm.
Resultant bending moment,
MR=√(Mv2+Mh2)
=109608.95 Nmm.
Tmax=√[(MR*Kb)2+(T*Kt)2]
Where Kb=combined shock and fatigue factor for bending=1.5
Kt= combined shock and fatigue factor for tension=1
19. Tmax=√[(109608*1.5)2+(109594.35*1)2]
=197591.06 Nmm
The relation between Tmax, maximum permissible shear stresses
and the diameter of shaft is given by
T/ Tmax=2J/D
J/D=0.2773
J=Polar moment of shaft
=π(D4-d4)/32
Where D=outer diameter of shaft in mm
d=inner diameter of shaft in mm=0.6D
D=1.47mm
Therefore we can take, D=20mm and d=15mm
20. Design of bearing
• Selection of deep groove ball bearing from manufacturing catalogue.
• Radial force acting on bearing=Fr=811.81 N
• Axial force acting on bearing=Fa=0.9531*9.81=9.35 N
• Diameter of shaft is 20mm hence we select bearing 6004 from V.B.Bhandari.
• C0=Equivalent dynamic load carrying capacity=5000N.
• For selection of radial factor(X), thrust factor(Y),
Fa/ C0=0.00187
Fa/V*Fr=0.0115<e
21. • Hence we select
• X=1, Y=0
• Equivalent dynamic load N is given by,
• Pe=(XVFr+YFa)Ka
Where V=1
Ka=load application factor=1.2
• Pe=(1*811.81+0)*1.2 =974.16 N
• Assume life of bearing 50 million revolution.
• L10=(C/Pe)a
a=3 …..for ball bearing
50=(C/974.16)3
• C=3588.83≤C0
• So the bearing 6004 having dynamic load carrying capacity 5000 is selected from
manufacturing catalogue.
22. CTWT PARTS
DC geared motor
• A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly
attached to the motor.
• The gear assembly helps in increasing the
torque and reducing the speed.
• This DC geared motor has maximum capacity of 1000 rpm.
23. CTWT PARTS
Spur gears
• A pair of spur and pinion gear are used .
• Gear have 96 teeths.
• Pinion have 12 teeths.
• Gear pair is manufactured from Nylon.
24. Deep groove ball bearing
• The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction
and support radial and axial loads.
• Deep-groove bearings can support higher loads.
• The bearing used in CTWT is 6004 deep grove ball bearing.
CTWT PARTS
25. Supporting plate
• A mild steel plate of 5 mm thickness is
used as supporting structure for the shaft.
Hollow Shaft
• A shaft is a rotating machine element.
• The material used for ordinary shafts
is mild steel
CTWT PARTS
26. Galvanized blades
• Three blades are used in CTWT
• Blades are manufactured from Galvanized steel.
• Galvanized steel is corrosion resistant.
CTWT PARTS
27. Air Blower
• An Air blower is a mechanical device for moving
air or other gases.
• Air blowers are constant displacement devices or constant volume
devices, meaning that, at a constant fan speed.
• Blower used is of 2000 rpm .
28. Tachometer
• A tachometer is an instrument measuring the rotation speed
of a shaft
• The Tachometer was used to calculate the rpm of Casement
Type Wind Turbine shaft
41. Cost Estimation
PARTS MATERIAL COST(Rs)
Shaft(800mm) Mild steel 200
Single strip(1500mm) Mild steel 200
L strip(2000mm) Mild steel 200
Bearing 6004 - 200
Blades (900*400) Galvanized steel 460
Frame Cast Iron 600
Drive gear (96 teeth) Nylon 250
Driven gear (12 teeth) Nylon 100
D.C. geared motor - 300
Total cost - 2510
42. REFERENCES
• Michael Borg,MaurizionCollu, “A comparison on the dynamics of floating
of a vertical axis wind turbine on three different floating support
structure”, Cranfield University,Cranfield MK43 0AL, United kingdom.
• Sandeep S. Wangikar, , “Effect of some design parameter on performance
of a Shutter Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”, Proceedings of the ASME
2012 Gas Turbine India Conference GTINDIA 2012, December 1,2012,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, pp.1-6.
• Brijesh M. Garala, “A FUTURE ENERGY SOLUTION FOR DOMESTIC
POWER REQUIREMENT”, Department of Mechanical Engineering Om
Engineering College Junagadh, Gujarat, ISSN: 2456-1479