The document describes the design of a gear assembly for a windmill pump. It includes:
1) An introduction to the project which is to design components of a windmill pump including shafts, bearings, gears and welding joints.
2) Details of the gear assembly design which includes two meshed gears of different diameters mounted on shafts in bearings to provide a speed and torque conversion.
3) Calculations for the shaft, gear and bearing designs including selection of materials, sizes and verification of safety factors. The designs were found to have high safety factors indicating overdesign for the application.
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear, tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability.
Specifications of lapping, honing and broaching machineKaran Prajapati
This slide is prepared with the collective effort of Karan Prajapati, Athar Kothawal, Yudhishthir Ramnani and Samiraj Anupam who are doing B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering at School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The presentation describes the main terms of specifications in lapping, honing and broaching machines and also explaining the respective manufacturing processes. These machines are used for super-finishing processes.
Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating work-piece and a fixed cutting tool.
Lathe machine also called “Engine Lathe” because the first type of lathe was driven by a steam engine
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear, tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability.
Specifications of lapping, honing and broaching machineKaran Prajapati
This slide is prepared with the collective effort of Karan Prajapati, Athar Kothawal, Yudhishthir Ramnani and Samiraj Anupam who are doing B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering at School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The presentation describes the main terms of specifications in lapping, honing and broaching machines and also explaining the respective manufacturing processes. These machines are used for super-finishing processes.
Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating work-piece and a fixed cutting tool.
Lathe machine also called “Engine Lathe” because the first type of lathe was driven by a steam engine
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Combination of individual machines or machining heads arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices and integrated with interlocking controls.
Transfer machines permit the maximum number of operations to be performed on workpieces at a maximum production rate.
This presentation provide complete study of governor for GTU as well as PU and other university students. It covers basic terminologies, characteristics of governor, diagram, derivations etc. for proper understanding.
The aim of this project is to design a positive displacement rotary pump for small scale applications. The design is in such a way that it combines the advantages of both rotodynamic and positive displacement pumps. Currently available centrifugal pumps cannot attain high heads, and reciprocating pumps are less efficient and requires much space. When centrifugal pump is used as a jet pump, it delivers fluids at a high head, but in the expense of efficiency.
To overcome these negatives of currently available pumps, a new design of a rotary type positive displacement pump is developed. This design imitates the working of a normal reciprocating pump, but in a rotary action. This consumes less space compared to a reciprocating pump of same capacity. The main part of the pump is a cam which is mounted on a rotating shaft that rotates in a cylindrical casing. The cam is designed in such a way that it always maintains contact with the walls of the casing as it rotates. A spring loaded blade acts as the cam follower and moves in an accurately machined slot in the casing. The blade and the slot are of rectangular cross section. This blade separates suction and delivery sides of the pump. Inlet and outlet ports are placed on either sides of this blade. This pump does not require inlet and outlet valves. The discharge from the pump is continuous. It also eliminates the crank and connecting-rod mechanisms and delivers a smooth operation.
This project aim is to produce electricity using the concept of rotating wind turbine. Wind caused by moving train is used to generate electricity. The idea is to design wind turbine that can be installed between the slippers on the track. As a train passes by, wind pressure drives the turbine to generate the electricity, this device could be placed along railway line and make good use of waste resources. An electrical power generation system comprises of variable capacitors and power sources. Power sources is used in the form of generator to prime variable capacitor that effectively multiplies the priming energy of power source by extracting energy from passing vehicle
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Combination of individual machines or machining heads arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices and integrated with interlocking controls.
Transfer machines permit the maximum number of operations to be performed on workpieces at a maximum production rate.
This presentation provide complete study of governor for GTU as well as PU and other university students. It covers basic terminologies, characteristics of governor, diagram, derivations etc. for proper understanding.
The aim of this project is to design a positive displacement rotary pump for small scale applications. The design is in such a way that it combines the advantages of both rotodynamic and positive displacement pumps. Currently available centrifugal pumps cannot attain high heads, and reciprocating pumps are less efficient and requires much space. When centrifugal pump is used as a jet pump, it delivers fluids at a high head, but in the expense of efficiency.
To overcome these negatives of currently available pumps, a new design of a rotary type positive displacement pump is developed. This design imitates the working of a normal reciprocating pump, but in a rotary action. This consumes less space compared to a reciprocating pump of same capacity. The main part of the pump is a cam which is mounted on a rotating shaft that rotates in a cylindrical casing. The cam is designed in such a way that it always maintains contact with the walls of the casing as it rotates. A spring loaded blade acts as the cam follower and moves in an accurately machined slot in the casing. The blade and the slot are of rectangular cross section. This blade separates suction and delivery sides of the pump. Inlet and outlet ports are placed on either sides of this blade. This pump does not require inlet and outlet valves. The discharge from the pump is continuous. It also eliminates the crank and connecting-rod mechanisms and delivers a smooth operation.
This project aim is to produce electricity using the concept of rotating wind turbine. Wind caused by moving train is used to generate electricity. The idea is to design wind turbine that can be installed between the slippers on the track. As a train passes by, wind pressure drives the turbine to generate the electricity, this device could be placed along railway line and make good use of waste resources. An electrical power generation system comprises of variable capacitors and power sources. Power sources is used in the form of generator to prime variable capacitor that effectively multiplies the priming energy of power source by extracting energy from passing vehicle
Design manually operated pedal powered pump to demonstrate a functional reciprocating pump in rural people of Ethiopia. To facilitate the local people by providing water for various purposes and to optimize the use of natural resources.
Design of a Multispeed Multistage GearboxIJERA Editor
Whenever a frequent change in speed/torque at the output is required, we use multispeed multistage gearbox.
Aim of the paper is to design a 4 speed 2 stage gearbox using spur gears so as to make the transmission highly
efficient as well as to keep the gearbox economically feasible. Cad plot for the same was plotted and stressstrain
analysis for each was done. The paper includes all the calculations and verification of those at places to
justify the success of design.
hello folks;
In this documentation, A 2 stage bevel reduction gearbox is designed.
The example taken is of the gearbox requirement for the Box-shipping conveyor. All the necessary design calculations for gears and shafts are carried out in a proper and easy-to-understand sequence. The material selection, standardized components (keys, oil seals likewise)selection from the design databook is also discussed with reasoning. As and when needed concepts are explained with the help of suitable graphs, visuals, and drawings.
This report is authorized by the team member's name mentioned on Slide.
Thank you!!
If you find it helpful do like&l share it with your engineering friends
Machine design, machine element, Belt drives and chain drives, selection of Belt - sheave and chain - sprocket, perancangan elemen mesin, transmisi sabuk dan rantai, pemilihan sabuk-puli dan rantai-sproket
The main objective of project is to understand the working of cone
type CVT which offers a continuum of gear ratios between the fixed
desired limits . It includes the analysis of
1) Design of CVT.
2) Fabrication of CVT model.
3) Performance analysis and testing
Để xem full tài liệu Xin vui long liên hệ page để được hỗ trợ
: https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
HOẶC
https://www.facebook.com/garmentspace/
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
Để xem full tài liệu Xin vui long liên hệ page để được hỗ trợ
: https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
HOẶC
https://www.facebook.com/garmentspace/
https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
6. windmill gear assembly
1. Group Members:
PC Mubashar Sharif (2009-462)
NS Abdullah Bin Masood (2009-204)
NS Haider Iqbal (2009- )
Dated: 20 January 2014
Windmill
Gear
Assembly
Design of Machine
Elements
Sir Raja Amer
Azeem
2. Design of Machine elements
1
Wind Mill
Actually the idea of our project is to design different components used in the wind mill pump which
includes shaft on which the fan is mounted, bearings in which shaft is mounted and after that gears and
the process which is usually used for joining of two components on a single point/place.
A brief introduction:
Wind energy is the actually the conversion of wind
energy into a some kind of useful form of energy,
such as using wind turbines to make electricity, wind
mills for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping
water or drainage, or sails to propel ships as
described in the applications.
It works when wind hits the windmills blade it spins
the rotor and the gearbox and the mechanic box
activate the rotor and the wires inside take all the
wind and make it into energy and the electricity poles
carry the electricity and powers and gives 1000
houses in an hour or so.
Here we are describing about the windmill pump.
Windmill for pumping the water:
Actually windmill pump is a device that pumps the
water from different surfaces. Water is pumped to
the surface when the pump rod raises the piston.
When piston check valve closes and holds the water
above the piston. As the piston rises, water is moved
up the pipe towards the surface. Water is also drawn
into the lower section of the pump cylinder through a
screen and the lower check valve. When the pump
rod reverses and begins to descend, the lower check
valve closes and the piston check valve opens
allowing the water in the cylinder to pass through the
piston check valve and become trapped above the
piston when the check valve closes. This cycle is
constantly repeated as the wind wheel turns, operating the reciprocating mechanism in the gearbox,
which operates the pump rod and pump
3. Design of Machine elements
2
The gear assembly we are trying to design and fabricate is an assembly which has 2 gears of different
diameters and number of teeth, fixed mounted on the two different shafts of same geometry. The two
gears are meshed in such a way with a certain input on one shaft you get a different speed (rpm) and
torque on the other. For this purpose, the two shafts have been mounted on two same bearing (since
both of the shafts are same) and fixed in a support.
In our project, following are the major components that need to be designed:
- Gears
- Shafts
- Bearings
- Welding
We are a group of three members and have divided the tasks such that each member is responsible for
one component. The name of member and his respective job/task is mentioned below:
Abdullah Bin Masood: Designing and calculations of Gears
Mubashar Sharif: Designing and calculations of Shafts
Haider Iqbal: Calculations and selection of Bearings
First of all the calculations for the shaft have been made and finalized and then before fabrication of
shaft we went to buy the bearings of the appropriate size that could fit mount on our shaft but after
moving in the market we found out that the bearings are not available in every, every single size we
design. There are in fact, some certain specific sizes of the bearings. Same happened to our case. Our
shaft was basically much smaller than the bearings size available so we had to revise our design and with
everything same but the Factor of safety increased significantly due to over-designing of the shaft.
However, in order to keep the report brief and to the point, only finalized calculations have been
included.
5. Design of Machine elements
4
Wind Power Calculation:
Shaft is basically a mechanical component that transmits power.
We know that from wind the available energy to the pump is
𝑷 𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒗𝒍𝒆=
𝟏
𝟐
ƿɛ𝑨𝑽 𝟑
𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑=20𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Diameter of shaft=1cm
𝜌 = 1.225𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜀 = 0.59
By putting values in above equation we get
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑙𝑒= 190.9562 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Assumptions
Blade tip speed = 1/√2 ×wind speed
V=rω
by putting values we get
ω=1308.917 rev/min
N=108
(for infinite cycles assumption)
Calculations of Shafts:
Shaft is basically a mechanical component that transmits power. In our assembly two shafts are being
used. Since both are same therefore we will make calculations for one shaft only.
Assuming the following constraints/given condition for our system:
Power to be transmitted: 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑙𝑒= 190.95 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Angular velocity: ω=1308.917 rev/min
ω=136.97 rad/sec
6. Design of Machine elements
5
Designing for the infinite life: N=108
(since shafts will be continuously
subject to fatigue in our case)
Diameter of shaft= 0.7 cm
The material chosen is CD 1020 steel
Following the iterations approach:
1 → P=Tω
Torque=T=190.95/136.97
T = 1.39 Nm
2 → Shear stress=S=16T/𝜋𝑑3
After putting values
S =20.65 Mpa
Now since,
3 →𝑺 𝒆=𝑲𝒂×𝑲𝒃×𝑲𝒄×𝑲𝒅×𝑲𝒆×𝑲𝒇×𝑺𝒆′
𝑆 𝑢𝑡 = 470𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑆 𝑦=390Mpa
𝑆𝑒′
= 0.5𝑆 𝑢𝑡 = 0.5× 470 = 235𝑀𝑝𝑎
Ka=a𝑆 𝑢𝑡
𝑏
=4.51× 470−0.265
= 0.8832
Kb=1.24(1 × 10−2
)−0.1.07
=0.969
Kc=0.59 for torsion
Kd=Ke=Kf=1
Se=0.8832×0.969×0.59×235
Se=118.66Mpa
4→a=
[𝒇 × (𝑺 𝒖𝒕)]ˆ𝟐
𝑺 𝒆
f=0.9
b=
−1
3
× log(𝑓𝑆𝑢𝑡/𝑆𝑒)
7. Design of Machine elements
6
After putting values we get
a=1507.91Mpa
b=-0.189655
𝑆𝑓=a𝑁 𝑏
Put values in above where N=108
cycles
We get
𝑆𝑓= 47.53 Mpa
This is the fatigue strength for the rotating shaft.
Now from the stress concentration factor chart using our fillet radius and diameter of shaft we
calculated Ks after which we calculated Kfs:
Where,
Notch radius=0.508 mm
Notch sensitivity=q(s)=0.64
Kt=2.2
Kfs=1+q (Kt-1)
→Kfs=1.76
Now
→Ƭmax=20.06 × 1.76 = 35.30 Mpa
Ƭa=35.30/2=17.65Mpa
Ƭm=17.65Mpa
From soderberg criteria:
8. Design of Machine elements
7
Ƭa +Ƭm =
0.577𝑆𝑦
𝑛
Putting values we get;
n=
0.577×390
14.88
= 6
So,
Factor of safety = n= 6
Comment:
This factor of safety is reasonable and this design can easily sustain under given conditions.
Selection of Bearing:-
Here we have chosen deep groove ball bearing and not the roller bearing because roller bearing is used
for high speed applications but here we are dealing with small velocities.
As our machine‘s working service is 24hrs. So using Shigley’s Chap 11 (table 11-4)
9. Design of Machine elements
8
Since, LD=55kh;
We have selected our bearing for 1 million cycles.
So,
Solution:
We have selected our bearing for a lifespan of 1 million cycles.
L10 = LRnR60 = 106
Cycles
F 𝐷 = mg
Desired life = ld= 55000 hrs
desired radial load = FD = 1.47N = 0.00147kN
L10 = LRnR60 = 106
Cycles
= 394.04N = 0.394kN
10. Design of Machine elements
9
ω = nD = 500 rev
min⁄
C10 = FD(
LDnD60
LRnR60
)
1
a⁄
C10 = 0.00147 × (
55000 × 500 × 60
106
)
= 2.42kN
So using catalog provided by Timken catalog given in the book. Here, we have got the rating for the
bearing i.e. 2.42kN. Now if we see in the catalog, we get the nearest possible result i.e.
C10rated
= 5.07kN
For this, we have selected our bearing on the basis of our rated value from catalog Deep Groove Single
Row 02-Series.
Bore = 10mm
Outer Diameter= = 30mm
Width = 9mm
Fillet radius = 0.6mm
ds = 12.5mm
dH = 27mm
However, the bearings installed/used in our assembly are of the following characteristic value which was
nearest to the calculated one:
C10rated
= 6.89kN
For this, we have selected our bearing on the basis of our rated value from catalog Deep Groove Single
Row 02-Series.
Bore = 12mm
Outer Diameter = 32mm
Width = 10mm
Fillet radius = 0.6mm
ds = 14.5mm
dH = 28mm
11. Design of Machine elements
10
Conclusion:
We have selected our bearing using standard catalog provided by Timken, but unfortunately this type of
bearing was not available so we have to change our bearing according to the availability. So, in our
project single side shielded bearing No. Z-0009 has been used.
Gear designing:
Assumptions:
The assumptions taken for our gears are as under:
Failure acts only the yielding point. We have used here spur gear because they are for low loads only.
Actually Spur Gears are the most common type of gears. They are mostly used where the application is
of rotary type while maintaining constant torque and speed.
Material selection:
The main problem while designing was that either we will get our required material or not. Here the
material used for the manufacturing of gears was mainly dependent on working conditions like wear,
noise etc. So, here we have used annealed steel for our working.
The Gear:
Pressure angle = θ = 20
Number of teeth =N= 70
Face width = b = 8 𝑚𝑚
Power = 𝑃 = 192.95 watt = 0.258 hp
n = 1308 rev/min=136.97 rad /sec
T = P/n =190.95/136.97=1.39 N-m
Pitch diameter= Dp = 70 mm=0.07 m
Diameteral pitch = Pd = number of teeth/pitch dia
Pd=70/63.5
12. Design of Machine elements
11
Pd = 1.102
teeth
mm
Module=m=
Dp
number of teeth
=63.5/70=0.90 mm
Circular pitch=p= (π*Dp)/N= (π*m)=2.84 mm
Now there will be many terms to obtain as shown in following figures
13. Design of Machine elements
12
Transmitted force = Ft =
2T
Dp
= 43.77 N
Normal force = Fn = Ft tan θ = 15.93 N
Resultant force = Fr =
Ft
cos θ
= 46.58 N
Surface speed = Vm =
πDpn
12
=2.27 m/sec
Now , we use Lewis equation
Fs =
SnYb
Pd
Where
Fs = Allowable dynamic bending force
Y = Lewis form factor
The material used is 4140 annealed steel
Sut = 655 MPa
Sn = 0.5 Sut = 327.5 MPa
Y = 0.429 (from table for 70 teeths)
Fs =
SnYb
Pd
= 1.019 kN
Dynamic force = Fd =
600 + Vm
600
Ft
= 46.76 N
Design Method:
Strength of gear tooth should be greater than the dynamic force
Fs ≥ Fd
Including factor of safety Nsf:
Fs
Nsf
≥ Fd
So , we have
14. Design of Machine elements
13
Fs
Fd
≥ Nsf
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧
21 is the factor of safety for designing of big dia gear. This shows that our gear is over designed.
This is a huge value and logically we should review our design but in our case neither the cost nor the
size matter that much.
Pinion:
Pressure angle = θ = 20
Number of teeth = 18
Face width = b = 7.6 mm
Power = 192.95 watt = 0.258 hp
N1/N2 = n2/n1
N2=number of teeth of gear
N1=number of teeth of pinion
n2=speed of gear
So,
n1=speed of pinion=5199 rev/min=544.43 rad/sec
n = 544.43 rad/sec
N1/N2 = T2/T1
N2=number of teeth of gear
N1=number of teeth of pinion
T2=torque of gear
So,
T1=torque of pinion=0.18 N-m
Pitch diameter= Dp = 18 mm
15. Design of Machine elements
14
Diameteral pitch = Pd = number of teeth/pitch dia
Pd =
18
18
= 1
teeth
mm
Module=m=
Dp
number of teeth
=18/18=1 mm
Circular pitch=p= (π*Dp)/N= (π*m)=3.14 mm
Transmitted force = Ft =
2T
Dp
= 20 N
Normal force = Fn = Ft tan θ = 7.27 N
Resultant force = Fr =
Ft
cos θ
= 21.2 N
Surface speed = Vm =
πDpn
12
= 2.56
m
sec
Now , we use Lewis equation
Fs =
SnYb
Pd
Where
Fs = Allowable dynamic bending force
Y = Lewis form factor
The material used is 4140 annealed steel
Sut = 655 MPa
Sn = 0.5 Sut = 327.5 MPa
Y = 0.309 (from table for 18 teeths)
Fs =
SnYb
Pd
= 769.1 N
Dynamic force = Fd =
600 + Vm
600
Ft = 21.29 N
Design Method:
Strength of gear tooth should be greater than the dynamic force
Fs ≥ Fd
16. Design of Machine elements
15
Including factor of safety Nsf
Fs
Nsf
≥ Fd
So , we have
Fs
Fd
≥ Nsf
This comes out to be 36
So, the factor of safety is 36
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧:
36 is the factor of safety for designing of big dia gear. This shows that our gear is over designed.
This is a huge value and logically we should review our design but in our case neither the cost nor the
size matter that much.
Bending and Wear of Gear and Pinion:
And
(Dp)P = 18 mm=0.018m
(Dp)G = 70 mm=0.07 m
Vm =
πDpn
12
= 2.56
m
sec
Wt= 74 N
as
A = 50 + 56(1 − B) =60.08
B = 0.25(12 − Qv)2/3 = 0.82
Qv=6
17. Design of Machine elements
16
So
Kv=1.29 m/sec
From following table
Lewis factor= Y=0.309 (for pinion )
Y=0.439( for gear )
From this equation
(Ks)P= 1.03
(Ks)G= 1.05
Cmc = 1 (for uncrowned teeth )
18. Design of Machine elements
17
Cpf = 0.019
Cpm=1
Cma=0.15
Ce=1
Now as
Km= 1.23
Assuming constant gear thickness Kb=1
19. Design of Machine elements
18
Speed ratio =Ng/Np
Mg=70/18= 3.88
Pinion cycles =10^8
Gear cycles =10^8/Mg=10^8/3.88
(YN)P=0.977
(YN)G=0.996
For grade 1 steel
HBP = 240 and HBG = 200
From following figure
(St)P = 216 MPa
(St)G =190 MPa
Pinion tooth Bending:
[(σ)P]B=23.7 MPa
20. Design of Machine elements
19
[(SF)P ]B= 2.5
Gear tooth bending:
[(σ)G]B=23 .7 Mpa
[(SF)G]B= 3.6
Pinion tooth Wear:
[(σ)P]W=205 MPa
[(SF)P]W=1.4
Gear tooth Wear:
[(σ)G}W=207 Mpa
[(SF)G]W=1.36
Result of analysis :
For the pinion, we compare [(SF)P ]B with [(SF)P]W ^2, or 2.5 with =1.96, so the
threat in the pinion is from wear.
For the gear, we compare [(SF)G]B with [[(SF)G]W]^2
, or
3.6 with 1.85 , so the threat in the gear is also from wear.
21. Design of Machine elements
20
Final Results:
Above calculations show that our design is over designed, therefore, our designed gears assembly can
withstand much larger conditions than the given constraints. Although it will be costly and heavier in
weight and size as well, but in our case, these are not the parameters of design success.
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