CASE STUDY OF TYPHOID IN RSUD BANJARBARU
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•156 views
This document discusses a case study of typhoid cases at RSUD Banjarbaru Hospital from January to August 2015. It found that typhoid had the highest number of patients during this period, with peaks in February and March. Through interviews, one typhoid patient case was found to be linked to environmental changes, an unhealthy diet and work conditions. The study concludes that balancing the relationship between hosts, agents and the environment is important to prevent disease, and that public education on healthy living is needed.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Florence Nightingale By Delma Joie D. Magtubo
Florence Nightingale developed her environmental theory based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War, where she found unsanitary conditions led to high mortality rates. She believed the nurse's role was to control and manipulate a patient's environment to promote health and recovery. Her theory focuses on environmental factors like ventilation, light, cleanliness, noise levels and nutrition. Nightingale saw the environment as crucial to health and the nurse's job was to optimize it for each patient. Her theory provided the foundations for modern nursing practice and emphasized the nurse's role in prevention through environmental interventions.
Florence nightingale nursing theory
Florence Nightingale developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory emphasized that the environment, including factors like ventilation, warmth, noise, light, and cleanliness, can impact a patient's health and recovery. She believed the nurse's role is to control and alter the environment to support the patient's natural healing abilities. Nightingale identified three types of environment - physical, psychological, and social - that can affect health. Her theory remains influential in nursing today by highlighting the importance of the patient's overall environment.
Non pharmacological approaches to manage labour pain
This is Vanitha, Non- pharmacological approaches helps in managing labour pain...there are a different techniques like water birth, music, hypnosis, exercises which helpful in managing labour pain and for safe birth. It is there in the syllabus of MSc nursing and BSc nursing syllabus and it will helpful for the students to enhance their knowledge.
Florence nightingale
Nightingale's philosophy focused on the patient's environment and how it could be altered to promote health and allow the patient's nature to heal itself. She believed the nurse's role was to ensure a health-promoting environment through proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, diet and minimizing vital exhaustion. Her theory established environment, the person, health, and nursing as the key foundations of nursing practice and theoretical framework.
Nightingale's environmental theory- Ms. Ritika soni
Apply Nightingale's theory in nursing process for this case.
Assessment:
- Physical environment: Clean room, adequate ventilation, lighting and temperature control
- Psychological: Anxious due to fever, unable to sleep
- Social: Married, lives with family
Diagnosis: Acute febrile illness related to infection as evidenced by fever, chills, headache
Planning:
- Ensure cleanliness, adequate ventilation, lighting and comfortable temperature
- Provide comfort measures like back rub, listening ear
- Educate on importance of rest and nutrition
Implementation:
- Maintain clean room and bedding
- Open windows for cross-ventilation
- Dim lights for
Environmental Health and Sanitation
This paper deals with environmental health and sanitation. It outlines the concept of sanitation and environmental health. This paper makes a special note on concept and principles of environmental health in community health promotion and environmental intervention models. This paper examines the human interaction with the environment and its associated factors. This paper concludes with some interesting findings. Lukkumanul Hakkim. S ""Environmental Health and Sanitation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23107.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/23107/environmental-health-and-sanitation/lukkumanul-hakkim-s
Nightingale theory
Florence Nightingale established the first nursing school in the world in 1860. She developed the Environmental Theory, which emphasized controlling environmental factors like clean air, water, light and cleanliness to prevent disease and promote patient health and recovery. Her theory considered a person's biological, psychological and social dimensions, and that nursing aims to utilize a patient's environment to assist in their recovery. Nightingale's theory is still practiced today and was one of the first formal nursing theories developed.
Environmental theory
Florence Nightingale developed the environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. She believed the environment strongly influences health outcomes. Her theory outlined 13 canons focusing on ventilation, light, noise, hygiene and other environmental factors. Nightingale viewed the nurse's role as controlling and manipulating the patient's environment to support recovery. Her theory established the foundations of modern nursing by emphasizing the importance of environmental assessment, intervention and evaluation of outcomes.
Recommended
Florence Nightingale By Delma Joie D. Magtubo
Florence Nightingale developed her environmental theory based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War, where she found unsanitary conditions led to high mortality rates. She believed the nurse's role was to control and manipulate a patient's environment to promote health and recovery. Her theory focuses on environmental factors like ventilation, light, cleanliness, noise levels and nutrition. Nightingale saw the environment as crucial to health and the nurse's job was to optimize it for each patient. Her theory provided the foundations for modern nursing practice and emphasized the nurse's role in prevention through environmental interventions.
Florence nightingale nursing theory
Florence Nightingale developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory emphasized that the environment, including factors like ventilation, warmth, noise, light, and cleanliness, can impact a patient's health and recovery. She believed the nurse's role is to control and alter the environment to support the patient's natural healing abilities. Nightingale identified three types of environment - physical, psychological, and social - that can affect health. Her theory remains influential in nursing today by highlighting the importance of the patient's overall environment.
Non pharmacological approaches to manage labour pain
This is Vanitha, Non- pharmacological approaches helps in managing labour pain...there are a different techniques like water birth, music, hypnosis, exercises which helpful in managing labour pain and for safe birth. It is there in the syllabus of MSc nursing and BSc nursing syllabus and it will helpful for the students to enhance their knowledge.
Florence nightingale
Nightingale's philosophy focused on the patient's environment and how it could be altered to promote health and allow the patient's nature to heal itself. She believed the nurse's role was to ensure a health-promoting environment through proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, diet and minimizing vital exhaustion. Her theory established environment, the person, health, and nursing as the key foundations of nursing practice and theoretical framework.
Nightingale's environmental theory- Ms. Ritika soni
Apply Nightingale's theory in nursing process for this case.
Assessment:
- Physical environment: Clean room, adequate ventilation, lighting and temperature control
- Psychological: Anxious due to fever, unable to sleep
- Social: Married, lives with family
Diagnosis: Acute febrile illness related to infection as evidenced by fever, chills, headache
Planning:
- Ensure cleanliness, adequate ventilation, lighting and comfortable temperature
- Provide comfort measures like back rub, listening ear
- Educate on importance of rest and nutrition
Implementation:
- Maintain clean room and bedding
- Open windows for cross-ventilation
- Dim lights for
Environmental Health and Sanitation
This paper deals with environmental health and sanitation. It outlines the concept of sanitation and environmental health. This paper makes a special note on concept and principles of environmental health in community health promotion and environmental intervention models. This paper examines the human interaction with the environment and its associated factors. This paper concludes with some interesting findings. Lukkumanul Hakkim. S ""Environmental Health and Sanitation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23107.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/23107/environmental-health-and-sanitation/lukkumanul-hakkim-s
Nightingale theory
Florence Nightingale established the first nursing school in the world in 1860. She developed the Environmental Theory, which emphasized controlling environmental factors like clean air, water, light and cleanliness to prevent disease and promote patient health and recovery. Her theory considered a person's biological, psychological and social dimensions, and that nursing aims to utilize a patient's environment to assist in their recovery. Nightingale's theory is still practiced today and was one of the first formal nursing theories developed.
Environmental theory
Florence Nightingale developed the environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. She believed the environment strongly influences health outcomes. Her theory outlined 13 canons focusing on ventilation, light, noise, hygiene and other environmental factors. Nightingale viewed the nurse's role as controlling and manipulating the patient's environment to support recovery. Her theory established the foundations of modern nursing by emphasizing the importance of environmental assessment, intervention and evaluation of outcomes.
Nightingale's environment theory
Mrs. B. Gomathi, Associate Professor and Head, Dept of OBG Nursing, Shiksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Theories of disease causation..ppt
The document discusses various theories of disease causation including the germ theory, epidemiological triad, multifactorial causation theory, and web of causation. It also covers the Devers epidemiological model and describes the spectrum and iceberg models of disease. Nurses can play an important role in disease prevention through activities like early diagnosis, treatment, notification of diseases, identifying infection sources, and providing health education.
Epidemiological triad
The epidemiological triad model shows the interaction between an agent, host, and environment in causing disease. The agent is the cause of disease, such as a virus or bacteria. The host is the human or animal susceptible to the disease. Environmental factors allow for disease transmission over time between the agent and host. Breaking the connection between any of these three factors can help prevent and control the spread of disease.
Concept of disease causation
This document discusses various theories of disease causation and pathogenesis. It describes old theories from Ayurveda and Chinese medicine that attributed disease to imbalances in bodily principles. It also covers the germ theory proposed by Pasteur and Koch, and the biomedical model. More recent theories recognize multifactorial causation involving genetic, social, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The pathogenesis of disease is explained as the progression from pre-pathogenesis through clinical symptoms to recovery or death. An iceberg model is used to represent the majority of hidden or subclinical cases that maintain disease prevalence.
infectious diseases
This document provides guidelines for preventing the spread of communicable diseases in Virginia schools. It defines key terms and describes diseases that spread through direct contact, the intestinal tract, and respiratory tract. Guidelines include strict handwashing, environmental cleaning, monitoring illness numbers, and excluding sick students and staff according to symptoms.
General hygiene and medical ecology
This document appears to be the introduction or preface section of a textbook on general hygiene and medical ecology for students of medical faculties. It provides background information on the textbook, including that it was developed by Professor S.E. Shibanov according to the state educational standards for medical students. It outlines the goals of studying general hygiene and medical ecology, which include forming hygienic thinking in future doctors to understand the relationship between health and environmental quality. The introduction also provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the textbook.
Natural history of disease
The document discusses the natural history of disease, which refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time without medical intervention. It begins with exposure to disease factors and can end in recovery, disability, or death. The natural history involves complex interactions between the host, agent/cause, and environment. Understanding the disease process progression is important for applying preventive measures. Different levels of prevention, from primordial to tertiary, can intervene at various stages of the natural history to slow or stop the disease process.
Causation of Disease
The document discusses disease causation and determinants. It explains that disease has multiple causes including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. A model for infectious disease causation includes the agent, vector, and physical environment. Chronic disease is influenced by a web of causal factors. Key determinants of health include nutrition, genetics, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare. The document also explains the iceberg phenomenon, where clinically apparent disease (the tip of the iceberg) represents only a small portion of total disease burden, with subclinical and undiagnosed cases forming the larger submerged part.
levels of Prevention &modes of intervention
Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and effects of disease in a community through ongoing operations while allowing the disease to persist at a low level. Disease elimination interrupts disease transmission, while eradication is the absolute end of a disease globally. Monitoring, surveillance and evaluation are important for measuring disease control efforts. Prevention includes health promotion, protection, early diagnosis and treatment, and rehabilitation to minimize suffering from disease.
Multifactorial causation of disease
The document discusses the history and evolution of theories of disease causation. It describes early supernatural and humoral theories, followed by the germ theory proposed by Pasteur and Koch in the 1860s. While the germ theory helped explain many infectious diseases, it had limitations and could not explain why some exposed individuals did not get sick. This led to the epidemiological triad model incorporating the interaction between an agent, host, and environment. Further, the multifactorial model of disease causation was proposed, recognizing that factors like genetics, lifestyle, and environment all contribute to diseases like cancer and heart disease. The "web of causation" model illustrates the complex relationships and multiple potential points of intervention between causal factors.
Modes of intervention
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Levels of prevention & care
Primary prevention aims to reduce exposure to disease and promote health in healthy individuals through activities like health promotion and disease prevention. Secondary prevention applies to those with symptoms or diagnosed disease, aiming to halt progression, reduce complications, and cure the disease through early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Tertiary prevention focuses on restoring functioning for those already affected by disease or injury through rehabilitation and referrals to therapies.
Concept of prevention of disease
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
Natural history of disease and levels of prevention
1. The natural history of a disease describes how it progresses over time from early stages to recovery, disability, or death without treatment. Cohort studies best establish natural history, but other epidemiological studies also provide understanding.
2. There are different levels of disease prevention - primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary - targeting different phases from risk factor emergence to disease management and rehabilitation.
3. Understanding disease causation has evolved from early theories like miasma to current models incorporating multiple interacting factors in agents, hosts, and environments.
Modern Theories of Disease
The document discusses modern theories of disease, including the germ theory of disease, epidemiological triad, multifactorial causation, web of disease causation, and socio-environmental model. It also examines current theoretical trends in social epidemiology, including psychosocial theory, social production of disease/political economy of health, and ecosocial theory. Ecosocial theory systematically links social and biological processes. The document concludes that ecosocial and multilevel frameworks may best guide social epidemiological research in the 21st century.
Natural history of disease
The document discusses the natural history of disease in the following areas:
1. It describes the phases a disease progresses through without treatment, including pre-pathogenesis, pathogenesis, and incubation periods.
2. It outlines several factors that can influence disease, including agent factors (e.g. viruses, bacteria), host factors (e.g. age, genetics), and environmental factors (e.g. physical, social).
3. It discusses concepts in disease prevention and intervention, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as well as modes of intervention like health
Concept of prevention and control of disease
Concept of prevention and control of disease. Social and preventive pharmacy B.pharm semester 8 and D.pharm 1st year.
Concept of disease prevention and control 1234
The document discusses different levels of disease prevention and control, including:
- Disease control aims to reduce a disease to an acceptable level in a community through primary prevention activities. Disease elimination interrupts transmission in a geographic area. Disease eradication completely eliminates a disease globally, as was done with smallpox.
- Other levels of disease prevention include primordial prevention of risk factors, primary prevention through vaccination and treatment, secondary prevention through early diagnosis and treatment, and tertiary prevention through disability limitation and rehabilitation.
- Effective disease prevention and control requires monitoring disease trends, surveillance programs, and addressing diseases through various intervention approaches like health promotion, immunization, treatment and rehabilitation.
Concept of disease 1234
The document discusses concepts related to disease, including:
- Disease is defined as a physiological or psychological dysfunction that results from a complex interaction between an agent, the human host, and the environment.
- The natural history of a disease consists of a pre-pathogenesis phase where exposure occurs but the disease agent has not entered the host, and a pathogenesis phase where the agent enters the host and the disease progresses through recovery, disability, or death.
- Disease causation is often multi-factorial rather than due to a single agent, involving a web or network of interconnected social, behavioral, and environmental factors. Understanding these factors can help control and prevent disease.
Web search-metrics-tutorial-www2010-section-3of7-coverage
WWW 2010 tutorial on web search engine metrics for measuring user satisfaction: Coverage metrics section
Resume
This is my resume as a senior Integrated Marketing Communications major at Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York.
More Related Content
What's hot
Nightingale's environment theory
Mrs. B. Gomathi, Associate Professor and Head, Dept of OBG Nursing, Shiksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Theories of disease causation..ppt
The document discusses various theories of disease causation including the germ theory, epidemiological triad, multifactorial causation theory, and web of causation. It also covers the Devers epidemiological model and describes the spectrum and iceberg models of disease. Nurses can play an important role in disease prevention through activities like early diagnosis, treatment, notification of diseases, identifying infection sources, and providing health education.
Epidemiological triad
The epidemiological triad model shows the interaction between an agent, host, and environment in causing disease. The agent is the cause of disease, such as a virus or bacteria. The host is the human or animal susceptible to the disease. Environmental factors allow for disease transmission over time between the agent and host. Breaking the connection between any of these three factors can help prevent and control the spread of disease.
Concept of disease causation
This document discusses various theories of disease causation and pathogenesis. It describes old theories from Ayurveda and Chinese medicine that attributed disease to imbalances in bodily principles. It also covers the germ theory proposed by Pasteur and Koch, and the biomedical model. More recent theories recognize multifactorial causation involving genetic, social, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The pathogenesis of disease is explained as the progression from pre-pathogenesis through clinical symptoms to recovery or death. An iceberg model is used to represent the majority of hidden or subclinical cases that maintain disease prevalence.
infectious diseases
This document provides guidelines for preventing the spread of communicable diseases in Virginia schools. It defines key terms and describes diseases that spread through direct contact, the intestinal tract, and respiratory tract. Guidelines include strict handwashing, environmental cleaning, monitoring illness numbers, and excluding sick students and staff according to symptoms.
General hygiene and medical ecology
This document appears to be the introduction or preface section of a textbook on general hygiene and medical ecology for students of medical faculties. It provides background information on the textbook, including that it was developed by Professor S.E. Shibanov according to the state educational standards for medical students. It outlines the goals of studying general hygiene and medical ecology, which include forming hygienic thinking in future doctors to understand the relationship between health and environmental quality. The introduction also provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the textbook.
Natural history of disease
The document discusses the natural history of disease, which refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time without medical intervention. It begins with exposure to disease factors and can end in recovery, disability, or death. The natural history involves complex interactions between the host, agent/cause, and environment. Understanding the disease process progression is important for applying preventive measures. Different levels of prevention, from primordial to tertiary, can intervene at various stages of the natural history to slow or stop the disease process.
Causation of Disease
The document discusses disease causation and determinants. It explains that disease has multiple causes including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. A model for infectious disease causation includes the agent, vector, and physical environment. Chronic disease is influenced by a web of causal factors. Key determinants of health include nutrition, genetics, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare. The document also explains the iceberg phenomenon, where clinically apparent disease (the tip of the iceberg) represents only a small portion of total disease burden, with subclinical and undiagnosed cases forming the larger submerged part.
levels of Prevention &modes of intervention
Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and effects of disease in a community through ongoing operations while allowing the disease to persist at a low level. Disease elimination interrupts disease transmission, while eradication is the absolute end of a disease globally. Monitoring, surveillance and evaluation are important for measuring disease control efforts. Prevention includes health promotion, protection, early diagnosis and treatment, and rehabilitation to minimize suffering from disease.
Multifactorial causation of disease
The document discusses the history and evolution of theories of disease causation. It describes early supernatural and humoral theories, followed by the germ theory proposed by Pasteur and Koch in the 1860s. While the germ theory helped explain many infectious diseases, it had limitations and could not explain why some exposed individuals did not get sick. This led to the epidemiological triad model incorporating the interaction between an agent, host, and environment. Further, the multifactorial model of disease causation was proposed, recognizing that factors like genetics, lifestyle, and environment all contribute to diseases like cancer and heart disease. The "web of causation" model illustrates the complex relationships and multiple potential points of intervention between causal factors.
Modes of intervention
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Levels of prevention & care
Primary prevention aims to reduce exposure to disease and promote health in healthy individuals through activities like health promotion and disease prevention. Secondary prevention applies to those with symptoms or diagnosed disease, aiming to halt progression, reduce complications, and cure the disease through early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Tertiary prevention focuses on restoring functioning for those already affected by disease or injury through rehabilitation and referrals to therapies.
Concept of prevention of disease
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
Natural history of disease and levels of prevention
1. The natural history of a disease describes how it progresses over time from early stages to recovery, disability, or death without treatment. Cohort studies best establish natural history, but other epidemiological studies also provide understanding.
2. There are different levels of disease prevention - primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary - targeting different phases from risk factor emergence to disease management and rehabilitation.
3. Understanding disease causation has evolved from early theories like miasma to current models incorporating multiple interacting factors in agents, hosts, and environments.
Modern Theories of Disease
The document discusses modern theories of disease, including the germ theory of disease, epidemiological triad, multifactorial causation, web of disease causation, and socio-environmental model. It also examines current theoretical trends in social epidemiology, including psychosocial theory, social production of disease/political economy of health, and ecosocial theory. Ecosocial theory systematically links social and biological processes. The document concludes that ecosocial and multilevel frameworks may best guide social epidemiological research in the 21st century.
Natural history of disease
The document discusses the natural history of disease in the following areas:
1. It describes the phases a disease progresses through without treatment, including pre-pathogenesis, pathogenesis, and incubation periods.
2. It outlines several factors that can influence disease, including agent factors (e.g. viruses, bacteria), host factors (e.g. age, genetics), and environmental factors (e.g. physical, social).
3. It discusses concepts in disease prevention and intervention, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as well as modes of intervention like health
Concept of prevention and control of disease
Concept of prevention and control of disease. Social and preventive pharmacy B.pharm semester 8 and D.pharm 1st year.
Concept of disease prevention and control 1234
The document discusses different levels of disease prevention and control, including:
- Disease control aims to reduce a disease to an acceptable level in a community through primary prevention activities. Disease elimination interrupts transmission in a geographic area. Disease eradication completely eliminates a disease globally, as was done with smallpox.
- Other levels of disease prevention include primordial prevention of risk factors, primary prevention through vaccination and treatment, secondary prevention through early diagnosis and treatment, and tertiary prevention through disability limitation and rehabilitation.
- Effective disease prevention and control requires monitoring disease trends, surveillance programs, and addressing diseases through various intervention approaches like health promotion, immunization, treatment and rehabilitation.
Concept of disease 1234
The document discusses concepts related to disease, including:
- Disease is defined as a physiological or psychological dysfunction that results from a complex interaction between an agent, the human host, and the environment.
- The natural history of a disease consists of a pre-pathogenesis phase where exposure occurs but the disease agent has not entered the host, and a pathogenesis phase where the agent enters the host and the disease progresses through recovery, disability, or death.
- Disease causation is often multi-factorial rather than due to a single agent, involving a web or network of interconnected social, behavioral, and environmental factors. Understanding these factors can help control and prevent disease.
What's hot (19)
Natural history of disease and levels of prevention
Natural history of disease and levels of prevention
Viewers also liked
Web search-metrics-tutorial-www2010-section-3of7-coverage
WWW 2010 tutorial on web search engine metrics for measuring user satisfaction: Coverage metrics section
Resume
This is my resume as a senior Integrated Marketing Communications major at Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York.
十四種御心法
1. The document describes 14 methods of complete control of the mind through meditation practices involving different visualization objects (kasinas) and meditative absorptions (jhanas).
2. The methods involve practicing the kasinas in different sequences, such as forward, reverse, or skipping orders, and entering the jhanas in different sequences, such as ascending, descending, or skipping orders.
3. The goal is to gain mastery over the mind by systematically practicing all combinations of visualization objects and meditative states. This allows one to observe how the mind is affected differently based on the object and depth of absorption.
Eos Advertising Campaign
For Advertising class, my team and I created an advertising campaign to rebrand eos, the lip balm company.
Multiple Intelligence
This document discusses Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. It describes 8 types of intelligence: logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, linguistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Each intelligence involves a different skill set and learning style. The document provides examples of careers that align with each intelligence as well as classroom activities and teaching strategies that cater to students with different dominant intelligences.
District Press Conference 2015
This document summarizes the proceedings of two events - a journalism workshop and competition held on November 4th and an awards ceremony held on November 6th. It thanks the organizers, facilitators, parents, and student journalists who contributed to the success of the events. It also acknowledges the role of God in blessing the events. The document provides an agenda for both events, listing the various speakers, presentations, contests, and awards that were part of the program.
FS6 Episode 3: The Teacher in a School Setting
My Concrete Experience
My Observations
My Affirmed Concepts
My Reflections
My Future Applications
Prepared by: Ms. JAMAICA OLAZO
Want to ask a copy on this, just reach me on my fb account:
https://www.facebook.com/jamFeb25
DON'T FORGET TO HIT LIKE or LEAVE A COMMENT BELOW.
Thanks :)
Viewers also liked (10)
Web search-metrics-tutorial-www2010-section-3of7-coverage
Web search-metrics-tutorial-www2010-section-3of7-coverage
Similar to CASE STUDY OF TYPHOID IN RSUD BANJARBARU
florencenightingalenursingtheory-210607042943.pdf
Florence Nightingale developed her environmental theory of nursing based on her experiences as a nurse during the Crimean War. Her theory focused on controlling the patient's environment, including ventilation, warmth, noise, light, and cleanliness, in order to promote healing. Nightingale believed the nurse's role was to alter the physical environment to help the patient's body naturally recover from illness or injury. Her theory remains influential in nursing today by emphasizing the impact of environmental factors on patient health and recovery.
Environmental Health pptx
This document provides information about environmental health and related topics. It begins by defining environmental health and its components, including the biological, physical, socio-cultural, economic, and political environments. It then discusses various environmental health issues in more detail, such as pollution, water and sanitation, waste disposal, and the roles of environmental impact assessments and nurses. The document aims to educate students on concepts of environmental health and how to promote health through effective environmental management.
environmental theory of mightingale.pptx
Florence Nightingale developed the Environmental Theory of Nursing in the 19th century, which focused on the importance of the patient's environment in promoting healing. She identified five key environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight. Nightingale's theory defined nursing as utilizing the patient's environment to assist in their recovery and emphasized that external environmental factors can impact a patient's health and recovery. The theory remains highly influential today and is applied through practices like infection prevention, environmental modification, patient education, and holistic care.
Bbp 301
This document provides an overview of environmental science as a subject area. It discusses how environmental science is multidisciplinary, drawing from fields like biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, economics and more. The document also outlines the scope of environmental studies, explaining that it examines how different areas combine to inform understanding of humanity's impact on the natural world. Additionally, it discusses the importance of environmental education for sustainable development and preserving limited natural resources for future generations.
Epidemiologi skrining dbd puskesmas banjarbaru utara (english)
The document discusses screening for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DBD) conducted at the North Banjarbaru Health Center in South Kalimantan. It found an average of 145 DBD cases per month from January to May 2016. Screening is done to classify people into categories of likely or unlikely to develop the disease. Proper sanitation and hygiene can help prevent transmission, as environmental conditions and human behavior influence disease spread. Maintaining a clean living environment, especially around water sources, can reduce the risk of dengue.
Environmentalhealth
Florence Nightingale and Lilian Wald focused on environmental health in nursing. As modern nurses rediscover environmental health, they are reintegrating observations about relationships between environmental exposures and potential harms. The document discusses five disciplines of environmental health - environmental epidemiology, toxicology, exposure science, environmental engineering, and environmental law. Environmental epidemiology uses observational studies like cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies to understand how environmental factors impact health. Toxicology involves studying adverse effects of chemicals and diagnosing and treating exposures.
Gelle 2
Florence Nightingale developed the Environmental Theory of Nursing in 1860. The theory defines nursing as utilizing the patient's environment to assist in recovery. It focuses on how external environmental factors impact a patient's health and recovery. The theory has 5 key assumptions: 1) Nurses must optimize the patient's environment to support nature's healing process, 2) Patients are passive recipients of care, 3) Maintaining health involves preventing disease through environmental control, and 4) The environment strongly impacts patient health. The theory can be applied across healthcare settings and emphasizes controlling environmental factors like cleanliness, ventilation, noise, and drainage to support patient health and recovery.
Florence Nightingale's Theory of environment
Florence Nightingale developed the Environmental Theory of Nursing in 1860. The theory defines nursing as utilizing the patient's environment to assist in recovery. It focuses on how external environmental factors impact a patient's health and recovery. The theory has 5 key assumptions: 1) Nurses must optimize the patient's environment to support nature's healing process, 2) Patients are passive recipients of care, 3) Maintaining health involves preventing disease through environmental control, and 4) The environment strongly impacts patient health. The theory can be applied across healthcare settings and emphasizes controlling environmental factors like cleanliness, ventilation, noise, and drainage to support patient health and recovery.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed ”˜t’ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
Community tyba (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of epidemiology, including its aims, purposes, components, and applications. Epidemiology is defined as the study and analysis of health and disease conditions in populations. Its main aims are to describe disease patterns, identify causes of disease, and provide data to prevent and control disease. Epidemiologists use the epidemiologic triangle model comprising the agent, host, and environment to understand how diseases spread. The document also discusses levels of prevention including health promotion, specific protection, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation, and rehabilitation.
1. Nature of Environmental Studies.pptx
This document discusses the contents and need for environmental studies. It covers 7 topics: natural resources and problems, ecosystems, biodiversity conservation, environmental pollution, social/environmental issues, and environmental protection. Environmental studies is multidisciplinary and examines the biotic and abiotic environment. It is important for maintaining quality of life and creating environmental awareness. The scope includes natural resources, ecology, pollution, waste management, and environmental protection laws.
Mn nightingale theory presentation
Florence Nightingale's environmental theory emphasized the importance of the physical environment on patient health and recovery. The theory stated that nurses should control and alter environmental factors like ventilation, warmth, cleanliness, noise and diet to support the patient's natural healing process. Nightingale developed this theory based on her experiences as a nurse during the Crimean War, where she observed the impact of the hospital environment on patient mortality rates. Her theory shaped the development of modern nursing by establishing the role of nurses in managing the patient's physical surroundings.
Sanitation
This document discusses sanitation and the nurse's role in promoting sanitation. It defines sanitation as processes that keep places free from dirt and disease. The purposes of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment, protect natural resources, and prevent the spread of pathogens. Components of sanitation include water, food and milk, excreta and sewage disposal, refuse disposal, vector control, housing, and air. Poor sanitation can reduce well-being and cause malnutrition, disease transmission, and deaths. As part of their role, nurses educate communities about environmental health risks and promote healthy lifestyle practices.
01 introduction
Principles of Epidemiology for Public Health.
I would like to begin by congratulating you on your decision to learn epidemiology. Even if you are taking this course only because it is required for your program, I congratulate you for signing up for a program that requires epidemiology.
Florence nightingale
- Florence Nightingale was a pioneer of modern nursing who established the first nursing school in Germany and drastically improved care for soldiers during the Crimean War.
- Her environmental theory emphasized controlling external factors like ventilation, cleanliness, and noise to support a patient's natural healing abilities. She saw the nurse's role as manipulating the environment to help patients recover.
- Nightingale's theory and educational principles formed the basis for modern nursing practice, research, and education. Her concepts of the nurse-patient-environment relationship remain highly influential today.
Nigh tingale theory
Florence Nightingale developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. She observed that many soldiers were dying from preventable infections and illnesses caused by poor sanitation and living conditions in the hospital. Nightingale implemented changes to improve ventilation, cleanliness, drainage and other environmental factors, which dramatically reduced mortality rates. Her theory emphasizes that the nurse should control and manipulate the patient's environment and external conditions to support their health and facilitate healing. Nightingale identified five key environmental factors - clean air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light. Her theory formed the basis for modern nursing practice and professional nursing education.
EPIDOMOLOGI KASUS ISPA DI DAERAH GUNTUNG PAYUNG AKIBAT MUSIM KEMARAU
Epidomologi Prinsip Pencegahan Penyakit, Tingkatan Pencegahan Penyakit dan Dasar-dasar Pencegahan Penyakit ISPA di Daerah Guntung Payung
PPT NIGHTINGALE THEORY AND IT’S APPLICATION final.pptx
Florence Nightingale developed her environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory focused on controlling and manipulating the patient's environment, including factors like ventilation, light, noise, hygiene and nutrition, to support the patient's ability to heal. Nightingale believed the nurse's role was to optimize these environmental conditions. Her theory emphasized the importance of observation and empirical evidence in developing the field of nursing. Nightingale's environmental theory remains influential in nursing today by highlighting the impact of environmental factors on patient health and recovery.
VCE Environmental Science: Health human and the environment: Pollution
This presentation looks at how pollution is defined, different types and sources of pollution, and how it can be measured. News reports and case studies are provided as examples.
Healthcare Environment.pptx
The document discusses environmental health and its impact on human health. It defines environmental health as aspects of human health determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and psychological factors in the environment. Factors like pollution, hazardous waste and environmental issues can negatively impact health, potentially causing diseases. Laws like the National Green Tribunal Act, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, and Environment Protection Act were enacted in India to regulate environmental protection.
Similar to CASE STUDY OF TYPHOID IN RSUD BANJARBARU (20)
Epidemiologi skrining dbd puskesmas banjarbaru utara (english)
Epidemiologi skrining dbd puskesmas banjarbaru utara (english)
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...
EPIDOMOLOGI KASUS ISPA DI DAERAH GUNTUNG PAYUNG AKIBAT MUSIM KEMARAU
EPIDOMOLOGI KASUS ISPA DI DAERAH GUNTUNG PAYUNG AKIBAT MUSIM KEMARAU
PPT NIGHTINGALE THEORY AND IT’S APPLICATION final.pptx
PPT NIGHTINGALE THEORY AND IT’S APPLICATION final.pptx
VCE Environmental Science: Health human and the environment: Pollution
VCE Environmental Science: Health human and the environment: Pollution
Recently uploaded
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
truth is high but higher still is truth full living
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
rock mass characterization and New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Recently uploaded (20)
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
CASE STUDY OF TYPHOID IN RSUD BANJARBARU
- 1. PROGRAM STUDI S-1 TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT BANJARBARU 2015 PROGRAM STUDI S-1 TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT BANJARBARU 2015 Prof. Dr. Qomariyatus Sholihah, Amd,.Hyp,ST,.Mkes (Dosen Mata Kuliah Epidemiologi) Nova Annisa, S.Si.Ms (Dosen Mata Kuliah Epidemiologi) Dr. Rony Riduan ST., MT (Kepala Prodi Teknik Lingkungan) Maria Septia Memorini (H1E114017) Afresa Amanda (H1E114002) Muhammad Rinaldy Kusuma.SY (H1E114018) Lianatul Munjiah (H1E114013) CASE STUDY OF TYPHOID IN RSUD BANJARBARU Nip. 19660331 199102 1 001 Nip. 19750404 200003 1 002 Nip. 19761017 199903 1 003 Nip. 19780420 20050 1 002
- 2. Purpose and Benefit Describe healthy cases or healthy phenomenon that happened in social environment generally. Background Case datas of medical record at RSUD Banjarbaru about the highest number of patients is typhoid. This data taken from last 8 months, from January to August 2015. This problem makes the writer to explore and identify epidimiology of typhoid. Problem How connection between typhoid and environmental changes or society life style.
- 3. Research Methods Epidemiology case study describe healthy cases or healthy phenomenon that happened in social environment generally. Data is collected from medical record from January to August 2015 and question submission that related descriptive epidemiology.
- 4. LITERATURE STUDY Environmental epidemiology studies potential impact from environmental change globally with society healthy. (Slamet, 2011) Epidemiology studies : Diseases origin Diseases causes Influencing factors Diseases Spreading Diseases handling
- 5. RESULT From data that we observed in RSUD Banjarbaru, we got that typhoid patients every month and we found the highest number of patients is typhoid. Data will be shown at the graphic below. Data January – August 2015 72 96 84 46 35 30 16 34 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
- 6. From interview that we done to M. Ariko Saputra (26 years) who work as truck driver as typhoid patient, this disease is caused by environmental change that indicated salmonella typhosa. This disease is spreading started from unhealthy dietary habit, dirty working area, and suffer ulcer disease. Disease infected traits : Body heat of patients is unstable, dizzy, and patients hemoglobin decreases.
- 7. EXPLANATION Firstly, typhoid patients feel high body temperature that followed by dizzy and the decreasing of hemoglobin. Typhoid is caused by bacteria that strike our body, environmental condition/sanitation, unhealthy society life pattern.
- 8. Unhealthy society life pattern is also become cause infection disease in environment. At last, there is unbalance among host, agent, and environmental. So that we need society empowering about how to repel diseases.
- 9. CONCLUSION Environmental epidemiology studies potential impact globally towards society healthy. Scope of epidemiology is balance among host, agent, and environmental. Problem cause 5 big kind of diseases that related with water and unhealthy society life pattern.
- 10. ADVICE Society should always care about environmental condition and healthy life. So that their life can run smoothly and can keep the balance among host, agent, and environmental.
- 11. DAFTAR PUSTAKA A.L. Slamet Ryadi dan T. Wijayanti.2011. Dasar-Dasar Epidemiologi. Salemba Medika. Jakarta. Afni,Nur. Epidemiologi Penderita Malaria Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pantoloan. 2011 http://jurnalunismuhpalu.org/index.php/PJK/article/view/42/42 (online). Diakses pada tanggal 30 November Bhisma Murti .2003. Prinsip dan Metode Riset Epidemiologi. Gadjah Mada University Press : Yogyakarta. Dr. Eko Budiarto, SKM dan Dr. Dewi Anggraeni.2002. Pengantar Epidemiologi Edisi . Penerbit Buku Kedokteran : Jakarta. Dr.Mn.Bustan Dan Drg. A. Arsunan, M.Kes.2002. Pengantar Epidemiologi. PT Rineka Cipta : Jakarta. Effendi, Ferry. 2009. Keperawatan Kesehatan Komunitas : Teori dan Praktik dalam Keperawatan. Salemba Medika : Jakarta. Effendy, Nasrul.1988. Dasar – dasar keperawatan masyarakat. EGC : Jakarta. Husada, Dian. 2015.Pengantar Kesehatan Masyarakat. http://boyan.com/p/proses-terjadinya-penyakit.html?m (Online). Diakses pada tanggal 1 November 2015 Husin,Muhammad.2013.Pengantar Epidemiologi. http://www.slideshare.net/sarianadowanx/pengantar-epidemiologi (Online). Diakses pada 30 November 2015. Wahyudin Rajab.2009.Buku ajar epidemiologi untuk mahasiswa kebidanan. ECG : Jakarta.