Carbon
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Carbon is a non-metal element with an atomic number of 6. It can be found naturally as diamond or graphite. Diamond has a crystalline structure where each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbons in a tetrahedral structure, giving it a very hard surface. Diamond mines are located in Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh in India and diamonds are used in jewelry, cutting tools, and drilling machines.
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Carbon
Carbon is a nonmetallic chemical element that makes up a small percentage of the Earth's crust. It is used widely in fuels like coal and crude oil, as well as in materials like plastics, steel, and diamonds. Diamonds form under high temperature and pressure deep underground, where carbon atoms bond together in strong crystalline structures that result in diamonds consisting of nearly 100% carbon.
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There are three main allotropic forms of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerene. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure with each carbon atom covalently bonded to four other carbons. It is extremely hard, transparent, and a poor conductor of electricity. Graphite has stacked hexagonal layers with each carbon covalently bonded to three others; the fourth electron is delocalized, giving graphite a metallic luster and making it a conductor. Fullerene (C60) has a soccer ball-like structure of carbon atoms.
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مكتبات الجمعيات الأهلية و المؤسسات الخاصة بمحافظة الإسكندرية
اهدى الرسالة كاملة لكل الباحثين عن المعرفة
يقصد بالجمعيات الأهلية الهيئات أو المنظمات التي تؤدي نشاطاً اجتماعياً لتلبية حاجة المجتمع، وترتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بعدد من المستفيدين بخدماتها، وذلك بغرض غير الحصول على ربح مادي. أما المؤسسات الخاصة فهي مؤسسات تنشأ بمال يجمع كله أو بعضه فى مدة معينة أو غير معينة لتحقيق غرض غير الربح المادي.
وبذلك يتبين أن كلاً من الجمعيات الأهلية والمؤسسات الخاصة هدفها النفع العام وليس تحقيق ربح مادي.
والجمعيات الأهلية والمؤسسات الخاصة لا تخضع مباشرة لإشراف الدولة بل تدار وتموَّل من الأهالي أنفسهم، وعادة ما يعتمد في تمويلها على التبرعات والهبات والاشتراكات ……وما إلى ذلك.
وبمعنى آخر فإن جميع الجمعيات الأهلية والمؤسسات الخاصة في جوهرها مؤسسات اجتماعية شبه حكومية حيث تقاسمها أجهزة الدولة متمثلة في وزارة الشئون الاجتماعية وديوان عام المحافظة والجهاز المركزي للمحاسبات، بالإضافة إلى عدد من الوزارات والهيئات الأخرى التي تشرف على أعمال الجمعيات الأهلية تخطيطا ثم تنفيذا، مثل الجمعيات التي تنشئ مستشفيات أو مستوصفات او مدارس أو فصول تقوية أو مساجد أو كنائس، فلابد أن تخضع كل هذه الخدمات إلى الجهات المختصة في هذا المجال لتباشر الناحية الإشرافية الفنية عليها كلًّ في مجال تخصصه. وهذه صورة من التدخل البيروقراطي، فالجمعية أهلية النشأة من حيث الحرية في اختيار الموقع التي تقوم عليه الجمعية أو المؤسسة وتحديد الأهداف الخاصة بها ولكنها لا تمارس خدماتنا إلا بعد صدور قرار من الجهة الحكومية بممارسة هذا العمل.
وتقوم الجمعيات الأهلية والمؤسسات الخاصة بدور فعال في ميدان الرعاية الاجتماعية خاصة في السنوات الأخيرة من القرن العشرين وبدايات القرن الحادي والعشرين، فأصبح هناك اهتمام محلي وإقليمي وعالمي بالجمعيات الأهلية أو غير الحكومية.
والجدير بالذكر أنه يندرج تحت هذه الجمعيات الأهلية منشآت أو أقسام عديدة تعتمد عليها في تقديم الخدمات الاجتماعية المتن�
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مكتبات الجمعيات الأهلية و المؤسسات الخاصة بمحافظة الإسكندرية
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Carbon belongs to the group IV of
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