This document provides an overview of carbon nanotubes. It discusses the history of carbon nanotube discovery from the 1950s to 1991. It describes what carbon nanotubes are, which are tube-shaped materials made of carbon that have diameters on the nanometer scale. The document classifies carbon nanotubes based on chirality, layers, and conductivity. It outlines the properties of carbon nanotubes including their small size, strength, flexibility, and thermal and electrical conductivity. Methods for synthesizing carbon nanotubes are described, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Applications of carbon nanotubes discussed include use in energy storage, molecular electronics, sensors, composites, and desalination

1. CARBON NANOTUEBS
By:
Alireza Moazzeni
Supervisor:
Prof.Z.Kordrostami
Fall 2018 1
Shiraz University
Faculty Of Elecrical Engineering
Department Of Micro And Nano Devices

2. CONTENTS
2
HISTORY
WHAT ARE THEY?
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CNT
PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CNT
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION

3. HISTORY
• 1952: L. V. RADUSHKEVICH AND V. M. LUKYANOVICH,
SOVIET JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
• 1979: JOHN ABRAHAMSON ,14TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE
OF CARBON AT PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 1987, HOWARD G. TENNENT OF HYPERION CATALYSIS
WAS ISSUED A U.S. PATENT
• 1991:SUMIO LIJIMA OF NEC
3

4. What Are They?
• TUBE-SHAPED MATERIAL, MADE OF
CARBON(ALLOTROPES), HAVING A
DIAMETER MEASURING ON THE
NANOMETRE SCALE
4
•
•

5. What Are They?
5
Graphene
CNT
Graphite
Fullerene
Family background

6. 6
• 1-CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHIARILITY:
• A-ARMCHAIR
• B-ZIGZAG
• C-CHIRAL
• IF:
• Ø= 0º, ZIGZAG NANOTUBE
• 0º < Ø < 60º, CHIRAL NANOTUBE
• Ø > 60º, ARMCHAIR NANOTUBE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CNT

7. CHIRALITY AND DIAMETER EFFECT ON CONDUCTIVITY
AND BANDGAP
7
• Longer diameter
increases the band
gap
• Armchair and
zigzag CNTS are
less conductive

8. • 2-CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LAYERS:
• A-SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBES(SWNT)
• B-MULTI WALLED NANOTUBES(MWNT)
8
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CNT

9. • Comparison Between Swnt And Mwnt
9
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CNT

10. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CNT
10
3-Classification based on conductivity
• Determines by chirality
• R=m𝑎1 + 𝑛𝑎2 is the wrapping vector
IF:
n=m; CNT is armchair and metallic
For all other tubes IF:
n-m=3l where l is an integer tubes
are considered to be metallic
otherwise they are semiconducors

11. PROPERTIES OF C-NANOTUBES
11
Physical:
 Size: Varies from 0.6 to 1.8 nanometer in
diameter and to 4 centimeters in lentgh
 Density: 1.33 to 1.4 grams per cubic
centimeter,Al is 2.7
 Flexibility: C-nanotubes can be bent at
large angles and restraightened without
damage,decreases by increasing the
diameter.
 Strength: one of the strongest materials
in terms of tensile strength and elastic
modulus,up to average 1.3 Tpa for
young modulue,

12. 12
PROPERTIES OF C-NANOTUBES
Electrical: Band Structure:

13. 13
PROPERTIES OF C-NANOTUBES
Electrical: DOS:

14. 14
PROPERTIES OF C-NANOTUBES
Electrical: DOS:

15. 1515
PROPERTIES OF C-NANOTUBES
Thermal: thermal conductivity:
Depends on:
• Diameter
• Length
Thermal conductivity of stainless
stell at room T is 12-45 w/mk

16. 3 MAIN WAYS OF SYNTHESIS
16
• Arc Discharge
• Chemical Vapor Deposition
• Laser Ablation

17. 17
3 MAIN WAYS OF SYNTHESIS
• 1-Arc Discharge:
• Most common and easiest
• First official method
• Carbon soursce is graphite
• Chamber with Graphitic anode and cathode
• Metal particles as catalyst
• Chamber filled with helium
• 4000 K is the chamber temperature
• there are two main different ways:
• 1-synthesis With Use Of Different Catalyst Precursors
which yields SWNT
• 2-synthesis Without Use Of Catalyst Precursors which
yields MWNT
• diameter and chirality are not controllable

18. 18
3 MAIN WAYS OF SYNTHESIS
• 2-Laser Ablation:
• High-power laser vaporization
• Diameter of the nanotubes depends upon the
laser power
• Carbon soursce is graphite
• Metal particles as catalyst to create SWNT
• Similar to the arc-discharge technique, but in this
method, the needed energy is provided by a
laser
• Main disadvantage is that the obtained
nanotubes from this technique are not
necessarily uniformly straight
• Precesure is not economically advantageous
because of high-purity graphite rods and great
laser power requirement
• Quantity of nanotubes that can be synthesized is
not as high as arc-discharge technique.

19. 19
3 MAIN WAYS OF SYNTHESIS
• 3-Chemical vapor deposition:
• Most common method
• CVD shows the most promise for
Achieving the goal of mass production
• Silicon substrate and iron or cobalt
catalyst
• 700 C
• Diameter of CNTs can be controlled
• Yields much great scale of CNT

20. APPLICATIONS:
20
Energy storage:
• As current collector in
supercapacitors
• Small dimension
• Smooth surface topology
• High electron transfer
rate
• Reduce charging time to
few minutes

21. 21
APPLICATIONS:
Molcular electronics:
• Miniaturisation of the silicon
devices is going to reach
fundamental quantum limits
• We can use them as conduvtive
wires or as semiconducting
part.
• The gain of transistor excels 10-
100 times than conventional
transistors.
• As a source to drain chanel in
FETs.

22. APPLICATIONS
22
Sensors:
• its whole weight is concentrated in the
surface
• excellent sensitivity of the CNT properties
to atoms and molecules adsorbed on their
surface
• Gas sensors
• Biosensors and drug delivery
• increase sensitivity and lower detection
limits

23. 23
APPLICATIONS
Composite materials:
• Great sustainment against
large strains
• Flexiblity
• Lightweighted material
• Reinforcement in composite
materials

24. 24
APPLICATIONS
Water desalination
• A potential solution to water shortage
• Lowcost process

25. OTHER APPLICATIONS:
25
• Micro electric motors
• Nano scale diiods
• Nano conducting cables
• Solar cells
• Sport clothes

26. FUTURE PROJECT:
• SPACE ELEVATOR:
• KONSTANTIN EDUARDOVICH TSIOLKOVSK
26

27. CONCLUSION
27
• CNT opened up a host of new applications and improved our
comperhense of nano scale materials.
• Remarkable properties of CNT play an important role toward
miniaturisatoin of devices.
• Cnt is predicted to spark a seies of industrial revolutions in the
next decades as what silicon devices did in the lst decades.
• Lack of the purification method is the main reason that CNT are
not widely used nowdays and all we need are better synthesis
and pureification methods for producing large amounts.
• “The next big thing is really small”

28. [1]:C.H. AHN, Y. BAEK, C. LEE, S.O. KIM, S. KIM, S. LEE, S.H. KIM, S.S. BAE, J. PARK, J. YOONCARBON NANOTUBE-BASED
MEMBRANES: FABRICATION AND APPLICATION TO DESALINATION
J. IND. ENG. CHEM., 18 (5) (2012), PP. 1551-1559
28
[2]8. I. Yakobson, in Fullerenes-Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, R. S.
Ruoff and K. M. Kadish, Eds. (Electrochemical Society. Pennington. NJ. 1997). vol. 5 (97-
42). pp. 549-56
[3] S. Iijima, “Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon,” Nature, vol. 354, no. 6348, pp. 56–58, 1991.
[4] R. Hirlekar, M. Yamagar, H. Garse, M. Vij, and V. Kadam, “Carbon nanotubes and its applications: a review,” Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 17–27,
2009.
REFRENCES:
[5] B. G. P. Singh, C. Baburao, V. Pispati et al., “Carbon nanotubes. A novel drug delivery system,”International
Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 523–532, 2012.
[6] Y.Usui, H.Haniu, S. Tsuruoka, andN. Saito, “Carbon nanotubes innovate on medical technology,” Medicinal
Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2012.
[7] Y. Zhang, Y. Bai, and B.Yan, “Functionalized carbon nanotubes for potential medicinal applications,” Drug
Discovery Today, vol. 15, no. 11-12, pp. 428–435, 2010.
[8] B. Kateb, V. Yamamoto, D. Alizadeh et al., “Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) synthesis, preparation,
labeling, and functionalization,” Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 651, pp. 307–317, 2010.
[9] Z. Liu, X. Sun, N. Nakayama-Ratchford, and H. Dai, “Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon
nanotubes for drug loading and delivery,” ACS Nano, vol. 1, no. 1, pp.
50–56, 2007.

29. QUESTIONS
29

30. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
30