The document discusses various carbon allotropes beyond graphite and diamond, including fullerenes, graphene, buckypaper, and carbon nanotubes. Fullerenes are hollow spheres or tubes made of carbon, such as buckyballs. Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice that is very strong yet conductive. Buckypaper is a thin sheet made of carbon aggregates. Carbon nanotubes are hollow cylinders of carbon that are very strong and stable. The document outlines various properties and applications of these carbon allotropes in areas like biotechnology, materials science, and medicine.

1. Sushovan Dalui (15/BT/31)
Department of Biotechnology
Haldia Institure of Technology
Carbon Nanotechnology: Some
allotropes beyond graphite and
diamond

2. Nanotechnology

3. Nanotech nology

4. What is this
Nanotechnology?

5. It deals with dimensions and tolerances of less
than 100 nanometres, especially the
manipulation of individual atoms and
molecules.
A human hair is approximately 80,000- 100,000
nanometres wide.
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6. Year
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7. Allotropes

8. Bucky paperGraphine
Fullerene Carbon
Nanotube
Carbon Allotropes

9. Fullerene
Richard Smally Robert Curl Harry Kroto
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10. A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in the
form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube,
and many other shapes. Spherical
fullerenes, also referred to as
Buckminster fullerenes or Bucky balls.
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11. Source:https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://midwoodscience.

12. Properties:
•High Tensile Strength
•High Electrical Conductivity
•High Ductility
•High Heat Conductivity
•Relatively Less Chemical Activity(Having no
exposed atoms)

13. Applications
•Fullerenes can be made to be absorbed by HeLa cells.
• The C60 derivatives can be delivered to the cells by using the
functional groups L-phenylalanine, folic acid, and L-arginine among
others.
•Functionalizing the fullerenes aims to increase the solubility of the
molecule by the cancer cells.
Source:https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://midwoodscience.

14. Graphene
Source:https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://midwoodscience.

15. Properties:
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon
consisting of a single layer of carbon
atoms arranged in an hexagonal
lattice.
•It is the strongest material ever
tested
•Efficiently conducts heat
•Efficiently conducts electricity
•Graphene shows a large and
nonlinear diamagnetism.

16. Applications:
•In 2015 graphene was used to create biosensors with epitaxial
graphene on silicon carbide. The sensors bind to 8-
hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG) and is capable of selective binding
with antibodies
•In 2016 uncoated graphene was shown to serve as a neuro-
interface electrode without altering or damaging properties such as
signal strength or formation of scar tissue.
Source:https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://midwoodscience.

17. Bucky Paper
Richard Smally

18. Buckypaper is a thin sheet made from an
aggregate of carbon particles or carbon grid
paper.

19. Properties:

20. Source:https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://midwoodscience.

21. Carbon Nanotubes
A carbon nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made
of carbon, having a diameter measuring on the
nanometer scale. A nanometer is about 10,000 times
smaller than a human hair. CNT are unique because
the bonding between the atoms is very strong and the
tubes can have extreme aspect ratios.

22. Carbon Nanotubes

23. Properties:
•Hollow Cylindrical Structure
•Stable at room temperature
•Semiconducting
•Strongest Material
•Crystalline
Source:https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://midwoodscience.

24. Applications
•Sports Equipment: CNT is widely used in sports gears
such as tennis racquets, hockey sticks, fishing rods,
bicycle frames, etc. Carbon fiber containing up to 75%
carbon is used in personal items like wallets and
backpacks.
•Body Armour: Carbon nanotubes are said to have the
strength of diamond, and potential uses include weaving
them into clothes to create combat jackets, and stab-proof
and bulletproof clothing. The nanotubes would effectively
stop the bullet from penetrating the body.

25. Applications
•Gene Therapy and Cancer Therapy: Carbon nanotubes can
be used to target tumours and as multifunctional biological
transporters, and near-infrared agents for selective cancer
cell destruction. Carbon nanotubes have been proposed as a
possible gene delivery vehicle and for use in combination with
radiofrequency fields to destroy cancer cells.
•Drug Delivery: Carbon nanotubes can be used as a vessel for
transporting drugs into the body. The nanotube could
effectively localize the distribution and hence lower the
dosage of the drug.

27. Applications
Biosensors: Nanotubes forming an electrically
conducting network embedded within orthopaedic
plates, clamps, and screws, and in bone grafts can
help determine the state of bone healing. It allows
the doctor to accurately assess healing. CNT
biosensors can also be used for ultrasensitive
glucose detection.
Source:https://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://midwoodscience.

28. • Analysts say the global market for manufactured
goods using nanomaterials could hit $5.4 trillion by
2020.
• L’Oreal have developed nanosize
vesicles called nanosomes. They are
used to transport active ingrediants
such as pure vitamin E through the
skin.
• The longest carbon nanotubes grown so far are 550
mm long(1/2 m)

30. References
•S Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature, Vol.354,
p.6348, pp.56–58, 7 November 1991.
•This Month in Physics History: October 22, 2004: Discovery of Graphene, APS
News, Series II, Vol.18, No.9, p.2, 2009.
•S Gullapalli, M S Wong, Nanotechnology: A Guide to Nano-Objects (PDF),
Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol.107, No.5, pp.2832, 2011.
•P Surabhi, From Carbon To Bucky Paper, Resonance- Journal of Science Education,
Vol.22, Issue 3, pp 257-268, March 2017

31. Thank
You