Carbon compounds can be classified based on their structure and bonding. The document discusses carbon bonding and different types of carbon compounds including hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are classified as saturated or unsaturated, and as alkanes, alkenes or alkynes depending on the presence of single, double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. Functional groups and homologous series are also introduced. Nomenclature of carbon compounds using IUPAC and common systems is explained.

1. Carbon Compounds
01

2. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Without option 05 marks
02
With option 07 marks
Weightage of the Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

3. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Sr. No. Subtopic Name Slide No.
9.1 Bonds in Carbon Compounds 04
9.2 Carbon: A Versatile Element 11
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series 13
9.4 Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds 27
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds 33
9.6 Macromolecules and Polymers 47
INDEX
03

4. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Bonds in Carbon Compounds
9.1
There are two important types of compounds: organic compounds and inorganic compounds.
The first organic compound synthesized in laboratory from inorganic compounds was urea.
All the compounds having carbon as a constituent element are called as organic compounds.
Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbide salts, carbonate salts and bicarbonate salts are exception.
Properties of carbon compounds:
Weak forces of attraction between the molecules.
Low melting and boiling points.
Poor conductors of electricity.
Do not produce ions.
04

5. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.1 Bonds in Carbon Compounds
Bond formation by carbon:
The electronic configuration of carbon is (2, 4). It has four electrons in its valence shell.
It could form C4+ cation to attain the stable duplet configuration of noble gas helium (He) by losing all
the four valence electrons. This process requires very high energy and C4+ cation is unstable.
It could form C4－ anion to attain the stable configuration of noble gas neon (Ne) by gaining four electrons in its
valence shell. This process requires very high energy and C4－ anion is unstable.
Carbon atom forms covalent compounds by sharing valence electrons between either the atoms of carbon or
atoms of other elements.
05

6. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.1 Bonds in Carbon Compounds
Covalent bond:
A covalent bond is represented clearly by drawing an electron-dot
structure.
Draw a circle around the atomic symbol and its valence electrons.
Show a covalent bond between atoms by overlapping the circles.
Shared electrons are shown in the overlapping region of the two
circles
One pair of shared electrons constitutes one covalent bond.
The chemical bond which is formed by sharing of two valence
electrons between two atoms is called covalent bond.
Electron-dot structure:
Example: One covalent bond is formed between two hydrogen
atoms by sharing of two electrons.
Electron-dot structure of
H2 molecule with circles
Electron-dot structure of
H2 molecule without
circles
H H
Valence electrons can be represented as dots or crosses.
06

7. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.1 Bonds in Carbon Compounds
Types of covalent bonds:
Single bond: One pair of shared electrons constitutes
a single bond.
Double bond: Two pairs of shared electrons
constitute a double bond.
Triple bond: Three pairs of shared electrons
constitute a triple bond.
In line structure, a covalent bond is represented by a
small line joining the symbols of the two atoms.
Line structure (Structural formula):
Electron dot and line structure
of methane
07

8. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.1 Bonds in Carbon Compounds
Electron dot and line structures of some molecules:
Electron-dot structure Line structure Electron-dot structure Line structure
O O O O
= H  O  H
H O H
 
N N H  N  H
H

H H
N
H


N N
 Cl
Cl O = C = O
Cl
Cl
08
C

O O




9. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
CheckYour Grasp
09
State whether True or False.
Most of the carbon compounds are good conductors of electricity.
Q
False
Fill in the blanks:
The valence shell of a carbon atom contains ________ electrons
Q
4
Identify the CORRECT line structure for oxygen molecule.
Q
I
A II
B
O O
=
II
I
O O
−

10. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
10
Draw an electron-dot structure of methane. [Dec 2020] [1 Mark]
Q
H
C H
H
H

11. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Carbon: AVersatile Element
9.2
Millions of molecules ranging from the small and simple
methane molecule to the extremely big D.N.A. molecule
are made from carbon.
Carbon atoms come together in a large number to form
extremely big molecules.
Characteristics of carbon:
Catenation
Ability to form single as well as multiple bonds
Ability to form four covalent bonds (i.e., tetravalent)
Isomerism
The unique property of carbon atom to form covalent
bonds with other carbon atoms giving rise to extremely
big molecules is called catenation.
All these characteristics are responsible for large number
of carbon compounds.
Carbon compounds
CH4 Methane
11

12. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 12
Name the unique property of carbon atom to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
Q
Catenation
Carbon atom is _______.
Q
trivalent
A tetravalent
B
CheckYour Grasp

13. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series
9.3
E.g. Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6)
Step I – Link the carbon atoms together by a single bond.
Step II – Complete the tetravalency of carbon atoms by forming single
bonds with hydrogen atoms.
The compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen as the only two
elements are called hydrocarbons.
Step III – Complete the remaining valency of each carbon atom by
forming double bond between the carbon atoms.
Steps to draw line structure/structural formula of a hydrocarbon:
C  C
13
H – C – C –H
H H
H – C = C –H
H H
Ethene
Ethene

14. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series
Ethyne
Ethane Ethene
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons containing at
least one carbon-carbon double
or triple bond
E.g. Ethene, ethyne
Hydrocarbons containing
only single bonds between
carbon atoms
E.g. Ethane, propane
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
containing a carbon-
carbon double bond
E.g. Ethene (CH2 = CH2)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
containing a carbon-
carbon triple bond
E.g. Ethyne (CH ≡ CH)
Saturated hydrocarbons
containing only carbon-
carbon single bonds
E.g. Ethane (C2H6)
14
Saturated hydrocarbons and Unsaturated hydrocarbons:
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes:

15. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
It is a phenomenon in which the compounds having different structural formulae have the same molecular
formula.
Structural isomerism:
Example: n-Butune and isobutane are structural isomers as they have different structural formulae but have same
molecular formula: C4H10.
Straight chain of carbon atoms Branched chain of carbon atoms
H
H  C  C  C  C  H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
n-Butane (C4H10)
Isobutane (C4H10)
H
H  C C C  H
H
H
H
H
H
H  C  H
H
H  C  C  C  C  H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
n-Butane (C4H10)
Isobutane (C4H10)
H
H  C C C  H
H
H
H
H
H
H  C  H
15
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series

16. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Saturated hydrocarbons can be classified into three types:
Various types of hydrocarbons:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons can also be classified into three types: straight chain, branched chain or cyclic.
Straight chain hydrocarbons Branched chain hydrocarbons Cyclic hydrocarbons
It has a straight chain of
carbon atoms.
It has a branched chain of carbon
atoms.
It has a closed chain of carbon atoms
forming a ring structure.
Propane
H  C  C  C  H
H H H
H H H
Propane
Isopentane
H  C  C  C  C  H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H  C  H
Isopentane
Cyclohexane
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
C H
C
H
C
H
Cyclohexane
16
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series

17. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Structural formula of
benzene
Benzene is a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon. Its molecular
formula is C6H6.
Structure of benzene:
It has three alternate double bonds in its six membered ring
structure.
Compounds having such characteristic unit in their structures are
called aromatic compounds.
Example: In methanol (CH3 – OH), ‘O’ is a hetero atom.
Hetero atom:
The atom of an element other than carbon and hydrogen which
replaces one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
is called a hetero atom.
Methanol molecule
17
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series

18. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Functional group:
Functional groups may or may not contain hetero atoms in them.
An atom or group of atoms which determines specific chemical properties of a compound
is called a functional group.
Example: In CH3 – OH, –OH (alcohol) is the functional group.
Some important functional groups:
Name Structural formula
1. Halo (chromo/bromo/iodo) X (Cl, Br, I)
2. Alcohol OH
3. Aldehyde
4. Ketone
– C – H
O
– C –
O
18
Name Structural formula
5. Carboxylic Acid
6. Ether  O 
7. Ester
8. Amines
– C – OH
O
– C – O 
O
– N – H
H
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series

19. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Homologous series:
The series of carbon compounds formed by joining the same functional group in the place of a particular
hydrogen atom on the carbon chains having sequentially increasing length is called homologous series.
19
Homologous series of alcohols:
Name Condensed structural formula Number of carbon atoms Number of –CH2– units
Methanol (CH4O) CH3OH 1 1
Ethanol (C2H6O) CH3–CH2OH 2 2
Propanol (C3H8O) CH3–CH2–CH2OH 3 3
Butanol (C4H10O) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2OH 4 4
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series

20. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Characteristics of homologous series:
The general molecular formula of all the compounds in the series is the same.
Example: General molecular formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2
All the members have the same functional group.
Consecutive members of the series differ from one another by －CH2－ unit (methylene group), and their
molecular mass differs by 14 u.
Physical properties like melting point, boiling point, density, etc., generally show a gradual change with increase
in molecular mass in the series.
Chemical properties of the members of the series show similarity because of the presence of the same functional
group in them.
20
9.3 Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups and Homologous Series

21. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 21
State whether True or False.
i. Carbon compounds in which the carbon atoms are linked to each other by single bonds are called unsaturated
carbon compounds.
Q
False
ii. General molecular formula for the homologous series of alkynes is CnH2n–2.
True
CheckYour Grasp

22. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
CheckYour Grasp
22
Name of each of the following functional groups:
Q
i. Alcohol
The saturated hydrocarbon from the following carbon compounds is _______.
Q
i.  OH
ii.  C 
O
ethene
A ethyne
B
ethane
C benzene
D
ii. Ketone

23. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
23
Complete the analogy:
Alkene : C = C :: Alkyne: _______. [Mar 2020] [1 Mark]
Q
C ≡ C
Answer the following questions: [Mar 2020] [3 Marks]
i. Define hydrocarbons.
ii. Name the types of hydrocarbons.
iii. Name two carbon compounds used in day-to-day life.
Q
Keywords: i. Compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen
ii. Saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons
iii. a. Cooking gas: (Propane + Butane)
b. Detergent: Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphate

24. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
24
Draw the structural formula of C3H8. [Dec 2020][1 Mark]
Q
Define homologous series. [Dec 2020] [1 Mark]
Q
Keywords: series of carbon compounds, same functional group, sequentially increasing length of carbon chain
H – C – C – C – H
H H
H H
H
H
Complete the following flowchart and write the general formula of alkane: [Jul 2019] [2 Marks]
Q
i.
CH4 C3H8 C5H12
ii. The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2.
CH4 C3H8 C5H12
C2H6 C4H10

25. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
25
Write the names of first four members of homologous series of alcohols. [Mar 2019] [2 Marks]
Q
Homologous
series of alcohols
Propanol
Methanol
Ethanol Butanol
Homologous
series of alcohols

26. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
26
Complete the following table: [Mar 2020] [3 Marks]
Q
Straight chain of carbon compound Structural formula Molecular formula Name
C CH4 Methane
CC i iii Ethane
CCC ii C3H8 v
CCC C iv vi
H  C  H
H
H
H
H  C  C  C  C  H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
i.
ii.
iii. C2H6
iv. C4H10
v. Propane
vi. Butane
H  C  C – H
H
H H
H
H  C  C – C – H
H
H H H
H
H

27. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
9.4
Common names of first four alkanes are methane, ethane, propane and butane.
The names of the alkanes thereafter were given from number of carbon atoms in them.
System of common names:
Three units in the IUPAC name of any carbon compound:
IUPAC nomenclature system:
i. Select the longest chain of carbon atoms containing the functional group.
Steps in the IUPAC nomenclature of straight chain compounds:
prefix - parent - suffix
H  C  C  C C  C  C  H
H H H
H
H
H H H
Example:
27

28. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.4 Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
iii. Indicate the functional group (if present) in the name of the compound with either a prefix or a suffix.
ii. Name the carbon chain based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain. The alkane with the same
number of carbon atoms is the parent alkane of the compound.
H  C  C  C  C  C ≡ C  H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
6 5 4 3 2 1
Example:
Parent alkane is ‘hexane’
Functional group Prefix/Suffix
Chloro Prefix  chloro
Bromo Prefix  bromo
Alcohol Suffix  ol
Aldehyde Suffix  al
Ketone Suffix  one
Carboxylic acid Suffix  oic acid
Amine Suffix  amine
Double bond(Alkene) Suffix  ene
Triple bond(Alkyne) Suffix  yne
28

29. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
iv. If a suffix is to be added, then replace the final ‘e’ in the name of the carbon chain with the suffix.
v. If the carbon chain is unsaturated, then replace the final ‘ane’ in the name of the carbon chain with ‘ene’ for
alkenes or ‘yne’ for alkynes.
vi. Assign number ‘1’ to carbon atom in –CHO or –COOH functional group. Otherwise, the carbon chain can be
numbered in both the direction such that the numbering gives the smallest number to the carbon carrying the
functional group.
vii. Indicate the position of the functional group or side branch on the carbon chain by the numerical prefix.
H  C  C  C  C  C ≡ C  H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
6 5 4 3 2 1
Example:
Hex-1-yne
Another example:
H – C – C – C – H
H H
H OH
3 2 1
H
H
Name of carbon chain: Propane
Prefix/Suffix: Suffix  ol
Numerical prefix  2
Name: Propane + 2-ol  Propan-2-ol
29
9.4 Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

30. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 30
IUPAC name of CH3－CH2－CH2－COOH is:
Q
Propanoic acid
A Butanoic acid
B
CheckYour Grasp
What will be the parent name for the following compounds?
Q
i. Propane
Structural Formulae Straight chain Parent name
CH3CH2CH3 CCC i
CH3CH2OH CC ii
ii. Ethane

31. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 31
Which of the following is correct structure for 2-chlorobutane?
Q
A B
CheckYour Grasp
Cl
CH3  CH2  CH  CH3
Cl
CH3  CH  CH3

32. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
32
Write the IUPAC names of the following structural formulae. [Dec 2020] [1 Mark each]
i. CH3CHOHCH3
ii. CH3CH2COOH
iii. CH3COCH2CH3
Q
i. Propan-2-ol
Complete the following table: [Mar 2019] [3 Marks]
Q
i. Ethene
Sr. No. Common Name Structural Formula IUPAC Name
1. Ethylene CH2 = CH2 i
2. ii CH3COOH Ethanoic acid
3. Methyl alcohol iii Methanol
ii. Propanoic acid
iii. Butanone
ii. Acetic acid
iii. CH3OH

33. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
9.5
Carbon compounds burn in air or oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) along with the release of a
large amount of heat and light. Such reactions are called combustion reactions.
+ Heat + light
CH3CH2OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
Ethanol Oxygen Carbon Water
dioxide
Generally saturated carbon compounds burn with a clean blue flame while unsaturated carbon compounds burn with
a yellow flame and release black smoke.
The proportion of carbon is larger in unsaturated compounds than in saturated compounds.
33
Combustion reaction

34. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
A chemical reaction in which substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen is called oxidation reaction.
Example: Ethanol on oxidation forms ethanoic acid.
In this process of combustion, carbon compounds are completely oxidised.
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in acidic or alkaline
medium are commonly used oxidants
34
Oxidation reaction
CH3CH2OH CH3COOH
Ethanol
(Ethyl alcohol)
Ethanoic acid
(Acetic acid)
4
Acidic KMnO


35. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Unsaturated compounds contain a multiple bond as their functional group. They undergo addition reaction to form
a saturated compound as the product.
When a carbon compound combines with another compound to form a product that contains all the atoms in both
the reactants, it is called an addition reaction.
The addition reaction of an unsaturated compound with iodine or bromine takes place instantaneously at room
temperature.
This reaction is used as a test for detection of a multiple bond in a carbon compound.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons decolourize tincture iodine solution or bromine water.
35
Addition reaction
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

36. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 36
An unsaturated hydrocarbon can undergo reduction by addition of hydrogen to form a saturated hydrocarbon in the
presence of Ni or Pt catalyst.
Example: In the hydrogenation of ethene, nickel or platinum is used as catalyst.
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils in the presence of Ni or Pt catalyst to form saturated fats (Vanaspati ghee) is an
addition reaction.
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
H  C = C  H + H  H H  C  C  H
H H
H H
Ethene Ethane
H
H
Hydrogen
Ni/Pt



37. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chlorination of methane is a substitution reaction which gives four different hydrocarbons as products.
The reaction in which one type of atom/group of atoms in a reactant is substituted by another atom/group of atoms
is called substitution reaction.
37
Substitution reaction
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
Sunlight

CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
Sunlight

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
Sunlight

CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
Sunlight

9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

38. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
Common name Ethyl alcohol Acetic acid
Other name Alcohol or spirit
Vinegar
(5–8% aqueous solution)
Functional group –OH –COOH
i. It is colourless liquid at room temperature.
Properties of ethanol:
ii. Its boiling point is 78 °C.
iii. It is soluble in water in all proportions.
iv. Aqueous solution of ethanol is neutral.
Consumption of alcohol is harmful for the health.
Consumption of even a small quantity of pure ethanol (called absolute alcohol) can be lethal.
Ethanol being good solvent, it is used in medicines and tonics.
38
Important carbon compounds
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

39. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
i. Reaction with sodium:
Chemical properties of ethanol:
2CH3CH2OH + 2Na 2CH3CH2O–
Na+
+ H2
Ethanol Sodium Sodium
ethoxide
Hydrogen

ii. Dehydration reaction:
CH3CH2OH Conc.H SO
2 4
o
170 C

 CH2 = CH2 + H2O
Ethanol Ethene Water
i. It is a colourless, corrosive liquid and has a pungent smell at ordinary temperature.
Properties of ethanoic acid:
ii. Its boiling point is 118 °C.
iii. The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 17 °C.
iv. Aqueous solution of ethanoic acid is acidic.
v. It is a weaker acid as compared to HCl.
39
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

40. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
i. Reaction with bases:
Chemical properties of ethanoic acid:
Ethanoic acid gives neutralization reaction with a strong base sodium hydroxide to form a salt and water.
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa
Ethanoic
acid
Sodium
hydroxide
Sodium
ethanoate
Water
+ H2O
Strong bases:
40
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

41. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form a salt,
named sodium ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide gas.
Weak bases:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3  2CH3COONa
Ethanoic
acid
Sodium
carbonate
Sodium
ethanoate
Water
Carbon
dioxide
+ CO2 + H2O
CH3COOH + NaHCO3  CH3COONa
Ethanoic
acid
Sodium
bicarbonate
Sodium
ethanoate
Water Carbon
dioxide
+ H2O + CO2 
41
Reaction of ethanoic acid and
sodium carbonate
Delivery tube
Test tube
Sodium
carbonate
Thistle funnel
Stand
Ethanoic acid Lime water
Test tube
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

42. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
ii. Esterification reaction:
When ethanoic acid is heated with ethanol in a water bath
in the presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated sulphuric
acid), ethyl ethanoate and water are formed.
Esterification reaction
Test tube
Water
Beaker
Wire gauze
Tripod
stand
Burner
Mixture of
ethanoic acid,
ethanol and
conc. sulphuric
acid
Esters are used for making fragrances and flavouring
agents.
42
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethanol Ethanoic
acid
Ethyl
ethanoate
Water
Conc.
H SO
2 4


43. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 43
When an ester is heated with dilute sodium hydroxide (an alkali) solution, it gets converted back to the
original alcohol and sodium salt of the original carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification.
This reaction is used for preparation of soap from fats.
Ethylethanoate
CH3  C  O  CH2  CH3 + NaOH
O
Sodium hydroxide
CH3  CH2  OH + CH3  C  ONa
O
Ethanol Sodium ethanoate
Heat
9.5 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
Ester + Sodium hydroxide Sodium carboxylate + Alcohol
Heat



44. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 44
The gas which is liberated during the reaction of ethanol with sodium.
Q
Hydrogen gas
CheckYour Grasp
Which of the following is an example of addition reaction?
Q
Ethene to ethane
A Ethanol to ethanoic acid
B
Ester + Sodium hydroxide → ?
The products formed are:
Q
Carboxylic acid + Water
A
Sodium Carboxylate + Alcohol
B
Sodium Carboxylate + Ketone
C
Sodium alkoxide + Carboxylic acid
D

45. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
45
Combustion of coal in air is a _______ reaction. [July 2019] [1 Mark]
Q
combination
A displacement
B
decomposition
C double displacement
D
The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is _______. [Dec 2020] [1 Mark]
Q
17°C
A 19°C
B
15°C
C 27°C
D

46. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Previously Asked Board Questions
46
Match the pairs: [July 2019] [2 Marks]
Q
(i – b), (ii – c)
Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’
i. Ethanol a. Hydrogen peroxide
ii. Methane b. Tincture iodine
c. Biogas
d. Non-stick cookware
What is meant by vinegar and gasohol? What are their uses? [July 2019] [3 Marks]
Q
Keywords: Vinegar: 5-8% aqueous solution of ethanoic acid
Use: preservative
Gasohol: petrol + ethanol
Use: fuel

47. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Macromolecules and Polymers
9.6
The giant carbon molecules formed from hundreds of thousands of atoms are called macromolecules.
Natural macromolecules Manmade macromolecules
Obtained naturally Synthesized in laboratory or factory
Examples: Polysaccharides, proteins,
nucleic acids
Examples: Plastic, elastomers, etc.
Macromolecules formed by regular repetition of a small unit are called polymers.
The smallest unit which repeats regularly to form a polymer is called monomer.
Example: Tetrafluoroethylene (CF2 = CF2) is monomer in teflon polymer.
The reaction by which monomer molecules are converted into a polymer is called polymerization.
47

48. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.6 Macromolecules and Polymers
Monomers may be of same type or of different types.
Synthesis of polyethylene:
Structure of polymers can be: Linear, branched or cross-linked
Polymerization
H H
– C – C – C – C – C – C –
Polyethylene
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
+
Ethylene monomer
H
C = C
H
H
H
H
C = C
H
H
H
H
C = C
H
H
H
+ +.......
Homopolymer
Copolymer
Homopolymer Copolymer
Polymer which is formed from
two or more types of monomers
Example: PET (polyethylene
terephthalate)
Polymer which is formed by
repetition of single type of
monomer
Example: Polyethylene
48

49. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.6 Macromolecules and Polymers
Some polymers and their structure:
Polymer Polystyrene
Polyvinyl
chloride
(PVC)
Polyacrylonitrile Teflon Polypropylene
Monomer
Structure
of
polymer
Styrene Vinyl chloride Acrylonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene Propylene
 C  C 
H
H H n
H
 C  C 
H
H Cl n
 CH2  CH 
n
C  N
F
 C  C 
F n
F
F
CH3
 CH  CH2 
n
49

50. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
9.6 Macromolecules and Polymers
Some natural polymers and their monomers:
Polymer Monomer
Starch Glucose
Cellulose Glucose
Rubber Isoprene
Proteins Alpha amino acids
D.N.A Nucleotides
R.N.A Nucleotides
CH2 = C – CH = CH2
CH3
Isoprene
50

51. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 51
Complete the analogy:
Cellulose : Glucose :: Rubber : _______.
Q
Isoprene
CheckYour Grasp
The monomer which undergoes polymerization to form PVC is:
Q
Vinyl chloride
A Tetrafluoroethylene
B
Starch and cellulose are _______.
Q
proteins
A polysaccharides
B

52. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds 52
State whether True or False.
i. Teflon is used to make winter clothing.
Q
False
CheckYour Grasp
ii. The structure of natural and manmade macromolecules is formed by joining several small units in a
regular manner.
True

53. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chapter at a Glance
53
Hydrocarbons
Contain just carbon and hydrogen
General formula  CnH2n
E.g. Ethene (CH2 = CH2)
Propene (CH3 – CH = CH2)
Hydrocarbons containing at least one double
or triple bond between carbon atoms
Based on carbon-carbon bonds
Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds
between carbon atoms
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
General formula  CnH2n + 2
E.g. Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
General formula  CnH2n – 2
E.g. Ethyne (H – C ≡ C – H)
Propyne (CH3 – C ≡ C – H)
Saturated hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes Alkynes

54. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chapter at a Glance
54
Based on the arrangement of carbon atoms
Branched chain
carbon compounds
Straight chain carbon
compounds
Carbon atoms are linked
to form a continuous
straight chain.
E.g.
Carbon atoms are linked
to form different branches
in the structure.
E.g.
Carbon Compounds
Carbon atoms are linked
to form a ring structure.
E.g.
Cyclic carbon
compounds
H  C = C  C  H
H H H
H
Propene (C3H6)
H  C  C  C  H
H
H
H
H
H  C  H
Isobutylene (C4H8)
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
C
C
H
C
H
Cyclohexene (C6H10)

55. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chapter at a Glance
55
Name of the functional
group
Hetero atom present
Formula of the functional
group
Examples
Chloro Chlorine –Cl CH3Cl
Bromo Bromine –Br CH3Br
Iodo Iodine –I CH3I
Alcohol Oxygen –OH CH3 – OH
Aldehyde Oxygen
Ketone Oxygen
Carboxylic acid Oxygen
Ether Oxygen  O  CH3  O  CH3
Ester Oxygen
Amine Nitrogen CH3NH2
– C – H
O
H – C – H
O
– C –
O
CH3 – C – CH3
O
– C – OH
O
H – C – OH
O
– C – O 
O
CH3 – C – O  CH3
O
– N – H
H

56. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chapter at a Glance
56
Type of reaction Example
Combustion
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + light
Oxidation reaction
Addition reaction
Substitution reaction
Methane Oxygen Carbon
dioxide
Water
H – C = C – H + H2
Ni/Pt

 H – C – C – H
H H H H
H H
Ethene
Ethane
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
Methane Chlorine Chloro-
methane
Hydrogen
chloride
CH3CH2OH
Ethanol
CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid
Acidic KMnO Heat
4 


Sunlight


57. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chapter at a Glance
57
Name of polymer Constituent monomer
Structural formula of the
polymer
Uses
Polyethylene
Ethylene
CH2 = CH2
Sports wear
Polystyrene
Styrene
Thermocol articles
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Vinyl chloride
Cl – CH = CH2
Pipes, door mats, tubes and
bags in hospital kits
H
–– C – C ––
H
H H n
 C  C 
H
H H n
H  C = CH2
H
 C  C 
H
H Cl n

58. Std 10th Science I_09 Carbon compounds
Chapter at a Glance
58
Name of polymer Constituent monomer
Structural formula of the
polymer
Uses
Polyacrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile
CH2 = CH – C  N
Winter clothing, blankets
Teflon
Tetrafluoroethylene
CF2 = CF2
Nonstick cookwares
Polypropylene
Propylene
CH3 – CH = CH2
Injection syringe, furniture
 CH2  CH 
n
C  N
F
 C  C 
F n
F
F
CH3
 CH  CH2 
n

59. 59
THANK YOU