This document provides an overview of carbon and organic compounds containing carbon. It discusses that carbon is tetravalent and can form single, double, and triple bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and others. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which includes hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are classified as aliphatic or aromatic, with aliphatic hydrocarbons further divided into saturated and unsaturated types like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes are saturated and have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the formula CnH2n. Alkynes have a

1. Carbon:
Its Nature and
Compounds

2. Organic
• Refers to not just something related
to life but has become more
associated with the element typically
present in organic compounds –
carbon.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
• The study of carbon and its
compounds.

3. Organic Compounds
• Proteins
• Sugars
• Starches
• Fats
• Vitamins

4. What is so special about
Carbon?
• It has its own branch of study for its
compounds.
• There are more carbon compounds
than all the compounds of all other
elements combined.
• About 95% of compounds known
today contain carbon.

5. The Uniqueness of
Carbon
• It has an ability to bond with each
other to form molecules in straight
chains and branched chains and to
form rings or cyclic structures.

6. Carbon
• Its Lewis structure can be written as:
C
TETRAVALENT

7. Carbon
• The bonding of carbon atoms may be
in single (C–C), double (C=C) or triple
(C=C) bonds.
• Carbon mostly bond with nonmetals
such as H, O, N, S, Cl, Br, I, F, P and Si.

8. Hydrocarbons

9. Hydrocarbon
• Compounds containing only carbon
and hydrogen
• It is the simplest organic compound.
• It is classified into two main types:
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

10. Aromatic Hydrocarbon
• Those that
contain
benzene rings
or similar
structures.

11. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
• Those that do not contain benzene
rings.
• Their carbon skeletons may be
saturated or unsaturated.
Saturated Hydrocarbons – consist of
single bonds
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – consist of
atleast one double or triple bond
between carbon atoms.

12. Aliphatic
Hydrocarbon
Saturated
Alkanes Cycloalkanes
Unsaturated
Alkenes Alkynes

13. Saturated
Hydrocarbons

14. Alkanes
• have the general molecular formula
CnH2n+2
• The simplest one, methane (CH4), is
also the most abundant and major
component of biogas.

15. Isomers
• Came from: Iso = “same” and mer =
“part”
• These are substances that have the same
number and kind of atoms – that is, the
same molecular formula – but with
different structural forms.
NOTE: butane can exist in as n-butane
(straight chained) or isobutane (branched
chain)

16. Isomers
• Because their structures are different,
isomers are different substances and
have different properties.

17. Facts to be remember:
1.Methane, Ethane and Propane, the first
three alkanes, need not to be designated
as n-alkanes since they have no
corresponding isomers.
2. Starting from pentane. . . The name is
derived from the Greek prefixes followed
by the ending –ane.
Example: C6H14 (six carbons)
Hex + ane = Hexane

18. Facts to be remember:
3. The condensed structural formulas
are “shortcuts” or abbreviated
structural formula.
Example: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 or
CH3(CH2)3CH3
4. The boiling point of alkanes
increases as molecular size or the
number of carbon atoms increases.

19. QUIZ
Complete the table:
Name
Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Condensed
Structural
Formula
n - hexane
n - heptane
n – octane

20. Cycloalkanes
• Hydrocarbons with only single bonds
that form a cyclic structure
• Have the general formula CnH2n
where n = 3, 4, 5 . . .

21. Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons

22. Alkenes
• Have the general formula CnH2n
where n = 2, 3, 4 . . .
• They are unsaturated because they
contain atleast one carbon-carbon
double bond
• Alkenes serve as primary materials in
the production of polymers used in
manufacture of plastics and similar

23. Example of Alkenes
Alkene
Molecular
Formula
Condensed
Structural Formula
Ethene C2H4 CH2=CH2
1 - butene C4H8 CH2=CHCH2CH3
2 - butene C4H8 CH3CH=CHCH3
2 - pentene C5H10 CH3CH=CHCH2CH3

24. Naming of Alkenes
Greek prefix (no. of carbons) + ene
NOTE: It is necessary to indicate the
position of the carbon-carbon
double bond.
 The numbering of carbons in the chain
should be such, that the lowest possible
number is assigned to the position of
C=C bond.

25. Naming of Alkenes
Numbering of C atoms in 2-pentene:
CH2CH=CHCH2CH3
CH2CH=CHCH2CH3
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
X

26. QUIZ
Name the following Alkenes:
1. CH3CH=CHCH2CH2CH3
2. CH3CH2CH=CH2
3. CH3CH2CH=CH2CH2CH2CH3
4. CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3
5. CH3CH2CH2CH2=CH2CH2CH2CH3

27. QUIZ
Name the following Alkenes:
6.
CH3CH2CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH3
7. CH3CH2CH=C=CH2
8. CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2CH2CH2CH3
9. CH2=CHCH2CH=CHCH3
10. CH3CH=CHCH2=CH2CH2CH2CH3

28. Alkynes
• Have the general formula CnH2n-2
where n = 2, 3, 4 . . .
• They are unsaturated because they contain
atleast one carbon-carbon triple bond
• The simplest alkyne is ethyne better known
as acetylene (C2H2)

29. Naming of Alkynes
Greek prefix (no. of carbons) + yne
NOTE: It is necessary to indicate the
position of the carbon-carbon
triple bond.
 The numbering of carbons in the
chain should be such, that the lowest
possible number is assigned to the
position of triple bond.

30. Example of Alkynes
Alkyne
Molecular
Formula
Condensed
Structural Formula
Ethyne C2H2 CH=CH
Propyne C3H4 CH=CCH3
2 -butyne C4H6 CH3C=CCH3

31. Complete the table below, supply the
needed data.
Alkyne Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Condensed
structural
formula
2-butyne
Pentyne

32. Seatwork
Name the following Alkynes:
6. CH3CH2CH2C=CCH2C=CCH3
7. CH3C=C=CCH2
8. CH=CCH2C=CCH2C=CCH3
9. CH=CCH2C=CCH2CH3
10. CH3C=CCH2C=CCH2C=CH