Carbohydrates are biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can be monosaccharides (single sugar units), oligosaccharides (2-10 sugar units bonded by glycosidic bonds), or polysaccharides (over 10 sugar units bonded together). Common examples of polysaccharides include starch for storing food in plants, glycogen for storing food in animals, cellulose which forms the structural component of plants, and chitin which forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. Monosaccharides include simple sugars and can further be classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group.

1. Introduction to Carbohydrates
By Syed Mansoor

2. Carbohydrates:(Biological molecule(
carbon water
Bc first found in wet form.
“polyhydroxy derivatives of aldehydes and ketone is called
carbohydrate”
*Having aldehyde and ketone functional group.
*Also called saccharide,from latin word
sacchurum mean sugar(sweet taste )
*Made of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen.
*Abundant compound in nature.
Note:
Ratio of C,H,O is 1:2:1
OSE at end of carbohydrates.

3. TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharide
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharides

4. Monosaccharide:
• Carbohydrate having one sugar unit.
• Sweet in taste.
• Soluble in water.
• Cannot hydrolized further.
• Contain 3 to 7 carbons.
• General formula Cn(H2O)n.
one sugar

5. Erythrose
A
aldotetrose
Erythrolose
ketotetrose

6. L,D are given on the basis of different spectrophotometry
Dextro rotatory and levo rotatory sterioisomerism

9. (
few
-
oligo
)
Oligosaccharide:
• When monosaccharide combine together by
condensation reaction to form 2 to 10 sugar unit
is called oligosaccharide.
• Properties.
• Less sweet in taste.
• Less soluble in water.
• Hydrolized into 2 to 10 monosaccharide.On the
basis of which it can disaccharide,trisaccharide
and so on.
• Bonded toghether by glycosidic bond.

10. Disaccharide:
• Oligosaccharide which hydrolized in to 2 simple
unit.
• Disaccharide are most common oligosaccharide.
• Example.
1-Glucose+Fructose Sucrose
• Found in sugar cane.
2-Glucose+Galactose Lactose
• Found in milk also known is milk sugar
3-Glucose+Glucose Maltose
• Found in fruits,juice,digestive tract

11. Lactose

12. Trisaccharide:
• Oligosaccharide which hydrolize into 3 simple unit.
• Example:
• Raffinose
#-Tetrasaccharide:
• Composed of 4
• monosaccharide unit.
• Example:
• Stachyose
#-Pentasaccharide:
• Example:
• Heparin

13. Polysaccharide:(poly-many)
• When more than 10 monomers combine upto
million or billions by condensation rxn through
glycosidic bond is called polysaccharide.
• Properties:
• Insoluble in water.
• Swetless in taste.
• Can hydrolyzed into many simple sugar unit.

14. Examples:
1-Starch(store food in plant)
• Unbranched
• 1-4,1-6 glycosidic linkage.
2-Glycogen(store food in animal)
• Branced.
• 1-4,1-6 linkage
3-Cellulose(structural component of plant.
• Unbranced
• 1-4, 1-6 absent
4-Chitin(exoskeleton of arthropods)
• Unbranced