Health can be defined as a person's physical, mental and social well-being, while disease disrupts good health through disorders or malfunctions. Good health requires proper shelter, nutrition, hygiene, exercise and access to medical care. Diseases can be acute with sudden onset and short duration, or chronic with long-term effects. Smoking causes several diseases like lung cancer and heart disease by exposing the body to toxic chemicals in cigarettes that damage tissues over time. Statistics on disease patterns help identify causes and transmission routes to improve public health.
cape biology unit 2-_fundamentals_of_the_nervous_systemHilton Ritch
The nervous system is composed of specialized cells called neurons that convey messages using electrical impulses. The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. Neurons are classified as sensory neurons, motor neurons, or interneurons. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the central nervous system. Motor neurons transmit impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system. At rest, neurons maintain a negative membrane potential due to the selective permeability of the cell membrane to sodium and potassium ions. When a threshold is reached due to stimulation, an action potential is generated where the
The document is a student portfolio on depression among teenagers in Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of examining this issue and discussing the author's personal connection. It also includes a table of contents, preface, reflective short story, and analysis. The reflective short story, titled "Beena's Dilemma", depicts the life of a teenager named Beena who is suffering from depression due to bullying at school and abuse at home from her alcoholic father. After being verbally abused by her father one night, Beena attempts suicide by slashing her wrists. She is rushed to the hospital and survives. Her parents realize their role in her depression and seek counselling and therapy to help Beena
This document provides past papers for the CAPE Caribbean Studies examination from 2006 to 2016. It contains questions and suggested answers for Papers 1, 2, and 3/2 from May/June examinations during this period. The past papers are intended to help students prepare for the CAPE Caribbean Studies exam by familiarizing them with the format and types of questions asked.
This portfolio focuses on the theme of social deprivation. It includes an original narrative piece called "The Gully" about a teenage girl from a poor background. It also includes a preface analyzing the purpose and intended audience of the story, and an analysis evaluating the narrative's use of dialects and language registers. Living in poverty-stricken areas can negatively impact one's access to education, jobs, and healthcare. The story illustrates these challenges through the girl's inability to pay school fees and her eventual decision to engage in prostitution. The analysis demonstrates the author's effective use of dialects and language registers to portray different social settings within the narrative.
Cape biology unit 2 -_atp_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_2Hilton Ritch
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in cells. These reactions are organized into metabolic pathways, with intermediates called metabolites. Catabolic reactions like respiration release energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolic reactions like photosynthesis use energy to synthesize molecules. Photosynthesis and respiration are reverse processes that convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored as ATP that powers cellular functions.
cape biology unit 2-_fundamentals_of_the_nervous_systemHilton Ritch
The nervous system is composed of specialized cells called neurons that convey messages using electrical impulses. The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. Neurons are classified as sensory neurons, motor neurons, or interneurons. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the central nervous system. Motor neurons transmit impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system. At rest, neurons maintain a negative membrane potential due to the selective permeability of the cell membrane to sodium and potassium ions. When a threshold is reached due to stimulation, an action potential is generated where the
The document is a student portfolio on depression among teenagers in Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of examining this issue and discussing the author's personal connection. It also includes a table of contents, preface, reflective short story, and analysis. The reflective short story, titled "Beena's Dilemma", depicts the life of a teenager named Beena who is suffering from depression due to bullying at school and abuse at home from her alcoholic father. After being verbally abused by her father one night, Beena attempts suicide by slashing her wrists. She is rushed to the hospital and survives. Her parents realize their role in her depression and seek counselling and therapy to help Beena
This document provides past papers for the CAPE Caribbean Studies examination from 2006 to 2016. It contains questions and suggested answers for Papers 1, 2, and 3/2 from May/June examinations during this period. The past papers are intended to help students prepare for the CAPE Caribbean Studies exam by familiarizing them with the format and types of questions asked.
This portfolio focuses on the theme of social deprivation. It includes an original narrative piece called "The Gully" about a teenage girl from a poor background. It also includes a preface analyzing the purpose and intended audience of the story, and an analysis evaluating the narrative's use of dialects and language registers. Living in poverty-stricken areas can negatively impact one's access to education, jobs, and healthcare. The story illustrates these challenges through the girl's inability to pay school fees and her eventual decision to engage in prostitution. The analysis demonstrates the author's effective use of dialects and language registers to portray different social settings within the narrative.
Cape biology unit 2 -_atp_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_2Hilton Ritch
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in cells. These reactions are organized into metabolic pathways, with intermediates called metabolites. Catabolic reactions like respiration release energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolic reactions like photosynthesis use energy to synthesize molecules. Photosynthesis and respiration are reverse processes that convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored as ATP that powers cellular functions.
Communication Studies IA Checklist - Reflective and Analytical Elements OmziiNella Bell
The document provides guidance for students on the reflective and analytical elements of an IA checklist. It outlines the requirements for a reflective written portfolio including two pieces of creative writing and analysis of one piece. It also summarizes the requirements for an expository presentation on the same theme, including an introduction, rationale, discussion of issues, evaluation of sources, challenges faced, and conclusion. Key aspects like word limits, use of notes, and dress code are also mentioned.
CARIBBEAN STUDIES Impact of societal institutions on caribbean peoplecapesociology
The document discusses different perspectives on the social institution of family and justice system in Caribbean societies. It outlines the functionalist perspective which views families and the justice system as maintaining social order by socializing individuals and punishing deviance. It then describes the conflict perspective, which sees families as sites of oppression under capitalism and views the justice system as a tool used by the powerful to control and discriminate against the poorer classes. In summary, the document presents both functionalist and conflict theories and their differing analyses of how social institutions shape Caribbean people's lives.
Caribbean Studies - CAPE Unit 2 - Internal Assignment/IA 2017John Doe
This document appears to be a research paper or project on the topic of how poverty affects social development in Lengua Village, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the research problem, purpose, objectives and definitions. It also includes a literature review summarizing several sources on the relationship between poverty and social development. For data collection, the author used a questionnaire distributed to households in the village as well as secondary sources like books and articles. The document goes on to present and analyze the collected data, discuss findings, and provide conclusions and recommendations.
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
The document is a research study on bullying among students at Princes Town West Secondary that examines the causes and effects of bullying through a questionnaire. It finds that verbal and physical bullying are most common, negatively impacting students' self-esteem, with 45% of bullied students believing the bullying is true. The study aims to understand bullying's effects to help address the issue and improve students' well-being.
Caribbean Studies Caribbean society and culturecapesociology
This document discusses key concepts related to Caribbean society and culture. It defines society as a collection of people living in the same area over time and sharing a common purpose. Culture is described as the way of life of a people. The social world comprises groups where people hold multiple memberships and social locations. A brief history is provided of social changes from the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution to the modern Information Society defined by information and communication technologies. Sociology is introduced as the study of society and culture, and their relationship. Different views of social structure are outlined, from the Functionalist view of stability to the Marxist view of economic domination.
CAPE Communication Studies IA
Please note that the example of Language/Dialectal Variation used in the Expository piece is "Jamaican Creole" and may not be a suitable example for other countries. Thank you.
This portfolio examines the theme of poor parenting and how it contributes to socio-economic problems in Jamaica. The candidate argues that poor parenting practices, such as failing to instill proper values in children and a lack of father figures, have led to increased crime, violence, and unproductive members of society. However, some experts note that factors like social class also influence juvenile delinquency. The portfolio uses sources from psychologists and journalists to explore both sides of this issue. Through this research, the candidate seeks to bring awareness to the negative impacts of poor parenting and how addressing this could help improve Jamaica's future development.
This paper seeks to serve as a guide to unconscious CAPE students who could use a push or central idea of what a Caribbean Studies internal assessment should look like.
caribbean studies material ... questions along with the answers
hope it comes in handle for persons who are doing the subject make good use of it
*i am not the owner of the material*
Cape biology unit 2 -_circulatory_system_in_humans_and_exerciseHilton Ritch
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system, with the heart having four chambers that separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then narrows into arterioles before reaching capillaries where gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs. Venules collect blood from capillaries which flows back to the heart through increasingly large veins. The heart pumps blood in a repeating cardiac cycle of atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole.
Communication studies Basic Exposition pieceCrissi Daley
The document discusses failing schools in Jamaica and potential solutions. It notes that failing schools contribute to issues like low academic performance, illiteracy, and future crime and violence. Three sources are examined that provide perspectives on why schools fail and how to address it. The first source describes a speech where the former education minister said failing schools should not be allowed to exist and leadership is key. The second source discusses common reasons for failure like poor leadership, teaching, and resources. The third and most comprehensive source provides several solutions, including putting principals on contracts, improving teaching techniques, and reducing class sizes. Overall, the document seeks to understand why schools fail in Jamaica and what can be done to improve academic performance.
Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment (Sample) OmziiNella Bell
The document discusses a study on the impact of dancehall music on students at Black River High School. Data was collected through questionnaires given to students and observation at a school concert. Most students listened to dancehall for entertainment and agreed it promotes negative messages and gang violence. They felt the lyrics and artists' actions influence moods and behavior. While some saw artists as role models, most did not and suggested banning dancehall to reduce its negative effects. The findings indicate dancehall impacts students' emotions and may contribute to misconduct.
1) This document provides guidance for writing a portfolio reflection that analyzes two elements of language.
2) It outlines the sections to include: preface, introduction, analysis, and reflection.
3) The analysis section asks the writer to comment on two of the following forms of language: register, dialectal variation, attitude to language, or communicative behavior.
The document contains past exam questions from the Caribbean Studies CAPE (Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination) relating to issues in Caribbean development. The questions assess understanding of indicators of development, the impact of unequal wealth distribution and lack of cricket competitiveness on development, factors that encourage Caribbean integration and their impact on social, political and economic development, and challenges faced by Caribbean governments in promoting tourism. Other questions address the impact of globalization, discrimination against women, freedom of the press, the tourism industry, productivity, integration challenges due to varying development levels, the role of popular culture and sports, and the impact of imported technology on Caribbean economies.
Sample 21Communication studies I.A / S.B.AAkiem Forgenie
This document is a student's portfolio on global warming. It includes an introduction outlining the portfolio sections, a rationale for choosing the topic, a poem titled "Warmth" reflecting on global warming in the reflective section, and an analysis of the poem. The portfolio was created for a Communication Studies class and addresses the causes and effects of global warming in Trinidad and Tobago.
1) In the 1930s, economic conditions in the Caribbean deteriorated severely, leading to widespread labor protests and strikes. Charismatic labor leaders emerged and transitioned to political leadership, advocating for better working conditions and social welfare. This helped give rise to Caribbean political parties.
2) Initially, the right to vote was restricted based on property ownership and wealth. Over time, suffrage expanded to include more of the male population. Movements in the late 19th century advocated for universal male suffrage.
3) As countries moved toward independence, they gained more control over domestic matters and the ability to self-govern politically and determine their own economic development path.
cape biology unit 2-_transport_systems_in_plantsHilton Ritch
Plants have sophisticated transport systems to move water and nutrients throughout the plant. Water and dissolved minerals are transported up the xylem vessel through root, stem, and into the leaves. Transpiration through leaf stomata creates a pulling force that draws water up the xylem. Sugars produced by photosynthesis are actively transported down the phloem to areas in need, such as roots and growing parts. The mass flow mechanism uses energy from active transport and transpiration to circulate fluids between the xylem and phloem.
This document provides information about the structure and properties of water and carbohydrates. It begins by explaining the chemical structure of water molecules and how hydrogen bonding gives water unique properties important for life, such as being an excellent solvent and having a high heat capacity. It then discusses monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen and cellulose. Starch is the plant storage polysaccharide while glycogen serves the same function in animals. Cellulose forms strong cell walls in plants. Carbohydrates exist as monomers, dimers and polymers joined by glycosidic bonds.
Communication Studies IA Checklist - Reflective and Analytical Elements OmziiNella Bell
The document provides guidance for students on the reflective and analytical elements of an IA checklist. It outlines the requirements for a reflective written portfolio including two pieces of creative writing and analysis of one piece. It also summarizes the requirements for an expository presentation on the same theme, including an introduction, rationale, discussion of issues, evaluation of sources, challenges faced, and conclusion. Key aspects like word limits, use of notes, and dress code are also mentioned.
CARIBBEAN STUDIES Impact of societal institutions on caribbean peoplecapesociology
The document discusses different perspectives on the social institution of family and justice system in Caribbean societies. It outlines the functionalist perspective which views families and the justice system as maintaining social order by socializing individuals and punishing deviance. It then describes the conflict perspective, which sees families as sites of oppression under capitalism and views the justice system as a tool used by the powerful to control and discriminate against the poorer classes. In summary, the document presents both functionalist and conflict theories and their differing analyses of how social institutions shape Caribbean people's lives.
Caribbean Studies - CAPE Unit 2 - Internal Assignment/IA 2017John Doe
This document appears to be a research paper or project on the topic of how poverty affects social development in Lengua Village, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the research problem, purpose, objectives and definitions. It also includes a literature review summarizing several sources on the relationship between poverty and social development. For data collection, the author used a questionnaire distributed to households in the village as well as secondary sources like books and articles. The document goes on to present and analyze the collected data, discuss findings, and provide conclusions and recommendations.
This document is an internal assessment report on solid and sewage waste management in the community of Linstead, Jamaica. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of studying how improper waste disposal impacts residents' health. The literature review discusses how waste pollution negatively affects health and the environment. It also examines Linstead's lack of proper sewage management and irregular solid waste collection. The report will use research findings to evaluate impacts of waste and provide recommendations to alleviate problems.
The document is a research study on bullying among students at Princes Town West Secondary that examines the causes and effects of bullying through a questionnaire. It finds that verbal and physical bullying are most common, negatively impacting students' self-esteem, with 45% of bullied students believing the bullying is true. The study aims to understand bullying's effects to help address the issue and improve students' well-being.
Caribbean Studies Caribbean society and culturecapesociology
This document discusses key concepts related to Caribbean society and culture. It defines society as a collection of people living in the same area over time and sharing a common purpose. Culture is described as the way of life of a people. The social world comprises groups where people hold multiple memberships and social locations. A brief history is provided of social changes from the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution to the modern Information Society defined by information and communication technologies. Sociology is introduced as the study of society and culture, and their relationship. Different views of social structure are outlined, from the Functionalist view of stability to the Marxist view of economic domination.
CAPE Communication Studies IA
Please note that the example of Language/Dialectal Variation used in the Expository piece is "Jamaican Creole" and may not be a suitable example for other countries. Thank you.
This portfolio examines the theme of poor parenting and how it contributes to socio-economic problems in Jamaica. The candidate argues that poor parenting practices, such as failing to instill proper values in children and a lack of father figures, have led to increased crime, violence, and unproductive members of society. However, some experts note that factors like social class also influence juvenile delinquency. The portfolio uses sources from psychologists and journalists to explore both sides of this issue. Through this research, the candidate seeks to bring awareness to the negative impacts of poor parenting and how addressing this could help improve Jamaica's future development.
This paper seeks to serve as a guide to unconscious CAPE students who could use a push or central idea of what a Caribbean Studies internal assessment should look like.
caribbean studies material ... questions along with the answers
hope it comes in handle for persons who are doing the subject make good use of it
*i am not the owner of the material*
Cape biology unit 2 -_circulatory_system_in_humans_and_exerciseHilton Ritch
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system, with the heart having four chambers that separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then narrows into arterioles before reaching capillaries where gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs. Venules collect blood from capillaries which flows back to the heart through increasingly large veins. The heart pumps blood in a repeating cardiac cycle of atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole.
Communication studies Basic Exposition pieceCrissi Daley
The document discusses failing schools in Jamaica and potential solutions. It notes that failing schools contribute to issues like low academic performance, illiteracy, and future crime and violence. Three sources are examined that provide perspectives on why schools fail and how to address it. The first source describes a speech where the former education minister said failing schools should not be allowed to exist and leadership is key. The second source discusses common reasons for failure like poor leadership, teaching, and resources. The third and most comprehensive source provides several solutions, including putting principals on contracts, improving teaching techniques, and reducing class sizes. Overall, the document seeks to understand why schools fail in Jamaica and what can be done to improve academic performance.
Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment (Sample) OmziiNella Bell
The document discusses a study on the impact of dancehall music on students at Black River High School. Data was collected through questionnaires given to students and observation at a school concert. Most students listened to dancehall for entertainment and agreed it promotes negative messages and gang violence. They felt the lyrics and artists' actions influence moods and behavior. While some saw artists as role models, most did not and suggested banning dancehall to reduce its negative effects. The findings indicate dancehall impacts students' emotions and may contribute to misconduct.
1) This document provides guidance for writing a portfolio reflection that analyzes two elements of language.
2) It outlines the sections to include: preface, introduction, analysis, and reflection.
3) The analysis section asks the writer to comment on two of the following forms of language: register, dialectal variation, attitude to language, or communicative behavior.
The document contains past exam questions from the Caribbean Studies CAPE (Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination) relating to issues in Caribbean development. The questions assess understanding of indicators of development, the impact of unequal wealth distribution and lack of cricket competitiveness on development, factors that encourage Caribbean integration and their impact on social, political and economic development, and challenges faced by Caribbean governments in promoting tourism. Other questions address the impact of globalization, discrimination against women, freedom of the press, the tourism industry, productivity, integration challenges due to varying development levels, the role of popular culture and sports, and the impact of imported technology on Caribbean economies.
Sample 21Communication studies I.A / S.B.AAkiem Forgenie
This document is a student's portfolio on global warming. It includes an introduction outlining the portfolio sections, a rationale for choosing the topic, a poem titled "Warmth" reflecting on global warming in the reflective section, and an analysis of the poem. The portfolio was created for a Communication Studies class and addresses the causes and effects of global warming in Trinidad and Tobago.
1) In the 1930s, economic conditions in the Caribbean deteriorated severely, leading to widespread labor protests and strikes. Charismatic labor leaders emerged and transitioned to political leadership, advocating for better working conditions and social welfare. This helped give rise to Caribbean political parties.
2) Initially, the right to vote was restricted based on property ownership and wealth. Over time, suffrage expanded to include more of the male population. Movements in the late 19th century advocated for universal male suffrage.
3) As countries moved toward independence, they gained more control over domestic matters and the ability to self-govern politically and determine their own economic development path.
cape biology unit 2-_transport_systems_in_plantsHilton Ritch
Plants have sophisticated transport systems to move water and nutrients throughout the plant. Water and dissolved minerals are transported up the xylem vessel through root, stem, and into the leaves. Transpiration through leaf stomata creates a pulling force that draws water up the xylem. Sugars produced by photosynthesis are actively transported down the phloem to areas in need, such as roots and growing parts. The mass flow mechanism uses energy from active transport and transpiration to circulate fluids between the xylem and phloem.
This document provides information about the structure and properties of water and carbohydrates. It begins by explaining the chemical structure of water molecules and how hydrogen bonding gives water unique properties important for life, such as being an excellent solvent and having a high heat capacity. It then discusses monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen and cellulose. Starch is the plant storage polysaccharide while glycogen serves the same function in animals. Cellulose forms strong cell walls in plants. Carbohydrates exist as monomers, dimers and polymers joined by glycosidic bonds.
This document provides an overview of Caribbean society and culture. It discusses the geographic location and definitions of the Caribbean region, as well as characteristics of Caribbean society such as cultural diversity and the impact of historical processes like slavery and indentureship. The document also examines social stratification in the Caribbean and the hybridization of cultures. It analyzes the effects of geography, institutions, and global interactions on Caribbean society and culture, as well as Caribbean influences abroad through areas like migration, music, and festivals.
This document summarizes the results of a survey on substance use, mental health, risky behaviors, and service needs among grade 8-10 learners in Western Cape schools in 2011. Some key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis were the most commonly used substances. Two-thirds of learners reported alcohol use, nearly half reported tobacco use, and about a quarter reported cannabis use.
- Males generally reported higher rates of substance use than females. They were more likely to report behaviors like binge drinking, weekly alcohol and tobacco use, and smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day.
- Hard drug use like cocaine, mandrax, ecstasy, heroin, and methamphetamine was relatively low at
This document is David Lawes' CPD planner outlining goals, learning needs, and activities from September 1st 2013 to August 31st 2014. It includes goals such as revising the calculation of variances in standard costing, updating knowledge of audit risk, provisions, and proposed changes to accounting standards. David outlines reading articles and watching videos to meet these goals and updates his own materials. The planner shows David's ongoing efforts to expand his accounting knowledge in preparation for a future career as an auditor or analyst through structured independent learning activities.
This document contains short phrases of advice and encouragement, encouraging the reader to persevere through challenges and difficulties, take responsibility for their own life and happiness, and maintain a positive attitude. It suggests that while others may try to discourage or obstruct you, you have the power to choose how you interpret and respond to situations, and determine your own path forward in life.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Cape biology uni 2 -_ecosystems_population_ecology_and_practical_methods_of_e...Hilton Ritch
This document discusses methods for estimating population sizes and distributions in ecology. It explains that directly counting all individuals in a population is often impossible, so sampling techniques are used instead to estimate population parameters. Common sampling methods described include quadrat sampling, transect sampling, and mark-release-recapture. Factors that influence the accuracy of population estimates, such as sample size and randomization, are also discussed.
Cape biology unit 2 -_matter_and_energy_flow__recycling_in_the_environmentHilton Ritch
The document discusses energy and matter, food chains, and material and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. It defines key terms like producers, consumers, trophic levels, and decomposers. It explains that energy enters ecosystems from the sun and is either passed up food chains, stored in detritus, or lost as heat. Matter cycles between biotic and abiotic parts of ecosystems, with producers taking in simple molecules like CO2 and releasing complex organic molecules, and decomposers breaking these down and releasing simple molecules. Microbes play major roles in nutrient cycles like carbon and nitrogen.
HiLITE CORINTH has spacious and different types of apartments ranging from 1155 to 2096 sqft ( 2 BHK & 3 BHK). This will offer extraordinary lifestyle experiences and incredible investment opportunities under one roof. To know more http://www.hilitebuilders.com/
cape biology unit 2 -_respiration_and_photosynthesis_version_1Hilton Ritch
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in cells. There are thousands of metabolic reactions that are organized into pathways. The two main types are catabolic reactions, which release energy, and anabolic reactions, which use energy. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are key metabolic pathways that involve the interconversion of light energy, chemical energy, and heat energy. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy. It takes place in three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - within the mitochondria. Photosynthesis is the reverse process that uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. It also occurs
On Point PR was hired by The Last Dog Rescue to create and conduct an awareness and fundraising campaign. Through research including surveys, On Point PR found that awareness of The Last Dog Rescue was very low. The strategic plan developed by On Point PR included increasing social media presence, hosting special events like a quarter auction, and establishing new fundraising goals and tactics to increase donations and foster homes for The Last Dog Rescue.
Chronic diseases are defined as non-communicable illnesses that persist for three months or longer and include a wide range of conditions such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis and asthma. Common chronic diseases account for most deaths in the US each year and result in lifelong medical costs and disability for many patients. Management of chronic diseases focuses on prevention, health behavior changes, treatment, self-management, and addressing healthcare access and disparities.
PowerPoint Presentation :-
Topic - 'WHY DO WE FALL ILL'
Made By - NehaRohtagi1
This PPT will help the students of class -9 to understand the significance of 'HEALTH' and types of diseases, their symptoms, treatment, prevention, vaccination, etc.
Medical & social aspects of people’s health. The GP's role in popularization ...Eneutron
The document discusses various aspects of medical and social health, including definitions of health, pre-illness states, and risk factors. It defines health as a complex interaction between biological, social, economic, and environmental factors. It describes pre-illness states as having decreased organ function but still maintaining homeostasis. It categorizes risk factors as modified (can be influenced) and unmodified (cannot be influenced) as well as external and internal. Some examples of risk factors discussed are smoking, stress, diet, physical activity level, and genetics. The document also outlines approaches to reducing risk factors such as encouraging smoking cessation, physical activity, healthy diet, stress management, and disease screening/prevention efforts.
The document discusses several respiratory diseases including asthma, common cold, pneumonia, influenza, and bronchitis. It also discusses several circulatory/cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension, and heart attack. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and transmission of each disease. It concludes with recommendations for preventing respiratory and circulatory diseases such as good nutrition, exercise, hygiene, avoiding smoking and crowds.
A disease is an abnormal condition that negatively impacts the structure or function of an organism. Diseases can cause specific symptoms or signs noticed by the individual or others. Diseases may be acute, occurring suddenly and briefly, or chronic, occurring slowly over a long period of time or life. They can be endemic to a region, epidemic by attacking many people at once and spreading, or pandemic by spreading worldwide. Diseases are caused by pathogens, immune system issues, genetics, lifestyle, or organ/cell malfunctions. Many diseases can be prevented or treated through lifestyle changes, vaccination, medication, surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.
DEFINITION “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”. -WHO (1948)
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
BIOMEDICAL: - Absence of disease. Person free from disease is considered as healthy
ECOLOGICAL: - Dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment = health. Maladjustment of humans to environment = disease
PSYCHOLOGICAL: - Development of social sciences revealed that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors.
HOLISTIC: - Synthesis of all other concepts. Sound mind in a sound body, in a sound family, in sound environment
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• PHYSICAL
• MENTAL
• SOCIAL
• SPIRITUAL
• EMOTIONAL
• VOCATIONAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Human health and disease can be affected by many factors. Physical health involves avoiding disease while maintaining overall well-being through good hygiene, diet, exercise and sleep. Disease is any disorder that negatively impacts health and can be caused by infectious pathogens, genetic predispositions or environmental factors. Examples of major diseases discussed include influenza, malaria, cholera, measles, salmonella, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and muscular dystrophy.
The document discusses communicable and non-communicable diseases. It defines communicable diseases as those that can be transmitted between individuals through various means, including direct contact, vectors/reservoirs, airborne transmission, and indirect contact. Non-communicable diseases include chronic conditions like diabetes and heart disease that are caused by risk factors like lifestyle, environment, and genetics rather than infectious agents. The document provides examples of specific diseases that fall into each category and recommendations for preventing disease transmission and reducing risk factors through healthy habits.
This document discusses infectious diseases and their transmission. It notes that infectious diseases are a major global public health burden driven by socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological factors. The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses originating in wildlife, and over time there has been a significant increase in both the number and incidence of emerging infectious diseases. However, surveillance efforts focus more on countries less likely to be the source of new infectious diseases.
This lecture discusses the history and development of health psychology. It covers how health psychology is unique in emphasizing how behavior influences health and exploring ways to motivate healthy behaviors. Current issues addressed by health psychologists include stress reduction, weight management, smoking cessation, nutrition, and reducing risky behaviors. The early history of health psychology involved debates around the relationship between the mind and body. The field emerged in the 1970s to address changing healthcare needs as infectious diseases declined and chronic lifestyles increased life expectancy.
pathophysiology and psychodynamics of disease causatioon.pptxSavitaHanamsagar
This document discusses key concepts related to health, illness, and disease. It defines health as a state of complete well-being and harmony between body systems, while illness is described as a subjective feeling of not being well and a diminished state of functioning. Disease is defined as a deviation from normal healthy functioning. The document also discusses risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, and the body's aim for dynamic balance as a steady state through the interactions of its subsystems.
pathophysiology and psychodynamics of disease causatioon.pptxSavitaHanamsagar
This document discusses key concepts related to health, illness, and disease. It defines health as a state of complete well-being and harmony between body systems, while illness is described as a subjective feeling of not being well and a diminished state of functioning. Disease is defined as a deviation from normal healthy functioning. The document also discusses risk factors that can increase disease risk, including genetic, behavioral, physiological, demographic, environmental, and psychological factors. It explores the etiology and pathophysiology of diseases, as well as concepts like psychodynamics and the body's aim for a dynamic balance through interactions between subsystems.
Diseases of affluence refer to diseases that result from increasing wealth in a society, in contrast to diseases of poverty. Examples include type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and certain cancers. These diseases are considered non-communicable. Factors that contribute to diseases of affluence include less physical exercise due to more sedentary jobs and transportation, easy access to inexpensive but unhealthy food, processed and pre-cooked foods, prolonged periods of inactivity, greater alcohol and tobacco use, and stress from long work hours and independent living. Public health experts now argue that while risks of diseases of poverty have decreased, diseases of affluence pose a major social and economic burden on societies.
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cape biology unit 2 -_health_and_disease
1. Health and Disease
Health can be defined as a person's physical, mental and social condition.
Good health is more than being free from disease; it is having a positive outlook on life and
feeling good physically. To enjoy good health, a person needs proper shelter, nutrition,
exercise, sleep and rest. Good hygiene and the access to medical and social care are also
important.
Disease is a disorder or malfunction of the mind or body, which destroys good health.
Disease may have a single cause - for example, malaria or be multifactorial, such as heart
disease. Diseases have characteristic symptoms, which may be physical, mental or both. Those
that have a sudden onset with rapid changes, but only last for a short time are called acute,
while the effects of chronic disease may continue for months or years.
Categories of disease
There are nine main categories of disease but some diseases are more difficult to classify and fit into more than
one of them.
Physical disease
These diseases involve temporary or permanent damage to the body and include all the other categories
except mental disease where there is no sign of physical damage to the brain. An example would be leprosy.
Infectious disease
Pathogens are organisms living in or on our bodies, causing disease. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens
such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protoctists, worms and insects, which can be transmitted from person to
person. This may be via normal social contact - for example, chicken pox, or via food and water, sexual contact or
an animal bite.
Carriers are people who can transmit the pathogen but do not have the disease symptoms.
Non-infectious diseases
These are all diseases, which are not caused by pathogens and cannot be passed on by physical contact. An
example would be sickle cell anaemia.
Deficiency diseases
These are nutritional diseases caused by an inadequate or unbalanced diet. One or more essential nutrient is
missing or in short supply - for example, a shortage of Vitamin C causes scurvy.
2. Inherited diseases
These diseases are caused by genes and can therefore be passed from parent to child. They are also sometimes
called genetic diseases or disorders.
In Britain, the most common inherited disease is cystic fibrosis, which is characterised by a build-up of sticky
mucus. This makes breathing difficult and can act as a breeding ground for bacteria, so sufferers need daily
physiotherapy to remove the mucus.
It is caused by a recessive faulty allele and so parents may be carriers for the disease without having any symptoms.
As yet, genetic diseases may be treated but not cured because we cannot replace the faulty gene (gene therapy).
The Human Genome Project involves scientists in many countries and began in 1990.
It aims to:
Determine the sequence of the bases throughout all the DNA in human cells.
Identify the estimated 1000, 000 genes formed by the bases.
Find the location of the genes on the 23 human chromosomes.
Store all this information for research.
Consider the ethical, legal and social issues arising from this information.
The findings have already had a major impact, such as the devising of diagnostic tests to see if parents are carriers
for a particular disease. In the future, drugs that act against the faulty gene causing a disease may be developed,
which will have fewer side effects and be more effective.
The replacement of faulty genes or gene therapy may become commonplace.
Many people are concerned about the implications of genetic testing. In many cases there may be no treatment for a
disease that we can test for. There are also risks of discrimination by employers, insurance companies and others if
they discover an individual has a positive test for a faulty gene.
How reliable will the test be?
How will they be made available to the world's poorest nations?
3. Degenerative diseases
These diseases are characterised by a gradual loss of function, in one or several organs or tissues. In old age, this
is often the result of the failure of the bodies repair mechanisms - for example, loss of mobility due to worn joints.
However, degenerative diseases can strike in ones youth or middle age. They may be the result of poor nutrition in
childhood or due to the immune system attacking the bodies, own cells.
There are three main categories:
Diseases of skeletal, muscular and nervous tissues - for example, osteoarthritis.
Cardiovascular diseases of the circulatory system - for example, coronary heart disease.
Cancers.
Mental disorders
These disorders affect a person's mind, but may be accompanied by physical symptoms. Emotions, thoughts,
memories and personal and social behaviour can be affected.
Some mental diseases are caused by degeneration of brain tissue - for example, Alzheimer's - a progressive
deterioration in memory is followed by a general decline in all mental faculties (dementia). Other mental disorders
seem to be accompanied by changes in the blood flow to the brain - for example, Schizophrenia.
Social diseases
This is a very wide category that can include almost all infectious diseases and multifactorial diseases, which are
influenced by people's living conditions and their personal behaviour. For example, deficiency diseases may be
the result of lack of choice of food, due to shortage of money.
Self-inflicted diseases
These diseases are caused by damage to a person's health by their own decisions and behaviour. Included in this
category would be the choice to smoke or misusing drugs, sunbathing or eating a high fat diet.
Deliberate self-harm, such as attempted suicide, could also be placed here although it is often an indication of poor
mental health.
Terms used to describe diseases
An infectious disease, which is always present in a population, is called endemic.
An epidemic occurs when a disease suddenly spreads rapidly and affects many people. If a disease spreads
over a continent or even the world it will be termed pandemic.
4. Health Statistics
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of diseases and the factors affecting its spread.
Incidence, prevalence and mortality for a disease may be determined. Collecting information on
the distribution of disease helps to identify the underlying causes and if it turns out to be
infectious, may point to how it is transmitted.
Other causes such as the links between smoking and lung cancer may also be determined. The
data on morbidity(numbers ill) and mortality (numbers who have died) for a disease when
expressed in certain ways enables comparisons across cities or countries to be made.
Statistics can be used to monitor the effectiveness of health provisions by both governments
and the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Global patterns of disease
Data collected by WHO shows that in developing countries, the main cause of death is infectious diseases, while in
developed countries, very few deaths are caused by pathogens.
The reasons for this is that the incidence of infectious disease is low in developed countries due to vaccination, good
standards of hygiene and nutrition, and the availability of antibiotics if they do contract one.
Although globally health is improving, there are still many poor people in the world and poverty is responsible for the
highest death rates in some countries. In the richer countries, degenerative diseases are the biggest killers. This is
mainly due to lifestyles that put people at risk of heart disease and cancers.
Smoking and Disease
Tobacco companies do not declare the ingredients in cigarettes, but upon analysis, they contain
over 4000 different chemicals, many of which are toxic.
There are three main ingredients, which damage the gaseous exchange system or
thecardiovascular system.
Chemicals found in cigarettes
Tar
This is a mixture of aromatic substances, which settles on the airway linings and stimulates changes that may lead
to obstructive lung disease and lung cancer.
5. Carbon monoxide
This gas diffuses across the alveoli into the blood and onto the red blood cells, combining with hae moglobin to
formcarboxyhaemoglobin. This stops the haemoglobin from becoming fully saturated and so it carries 5-10% less
oxygen.
This places a strain on the heart as the heart muscle receives less oxygen and carbon monoxide can damage directly,
the linings of arteries.
Nicotine
This drug is absorbed readily into the blood and stimulates the nervous system to reduce the diameter of arterioles
and the adrenal glands to release adrenaline. This increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases the
blood supply to the extremities - for example, the hands and feet.
Another effect is that platelets become stickier which, can lead to an increased risk of blood clots forming.
Diseases
Lung disease
Chronic bronchitis
Tar stimulates goblet cells and mucus glands to enlarge, producing more mucus. It destroys the cilia inhibiting
the cleaning of the airways and mucus (containing dirt, bacteria and viruses) builds up blocking the smallest
bronchioles.
A smoker's cough is the attempt to move the mucus but it damages the epithelia resulting in scar tissue, which
narrows the airways and makes breathing difficult.
Infections like pneumonia may further inflame the linings resulting in a very severe cough and large quantities of
phlegm.
Emphysema
Due to constant infection, phagocytes are attracted to the lungs where they release elastase - an enzyme that
breaks down the elastin in the alveoli walls, to enable them to reach the surface where the bacteria are. Without
adequate elastin, the alveoli cannot stretch, so they recoil and many burst.
Large air spaces appear, reducing the surface area for gas exchange and making sufferers breath more rapidly. As it
progresses, patients become breathless and wheezy - they may need a constant supply of oxygen to stay alive.
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
This very disabling disease is the result of chronic bronchitis and emphysema occurring together.
Troublesome breathlessness often only occurs once half of the lung tissue has been destroyed, which can only rarely
be reversed. Britain has the highest death rate from this disease in the world.
Lung cancer
Tar contains carcinogens, which react with the DNA in epithelial cells and cause mutations, which can lead
totumours.
Although it takes twenty to thirty years to develop, most growth of the tumour occurs prior to any symptoms, which
include coughing up blood due to tissue damage. Once discovered, it's usually well advanced and requires surgery
to remove it, followed up by chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Links Between Smoking and Disease
These can be put into two groups:
Epidemiological evidence looks for patterns in the diseases, which smokers suffer from. It only shows an
association and not a causal link.
Experimental evidence attempts to prove a causal link.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is very rare in non-smokers and 90% of deaths from it can be attributed to
smoking. 98% of people with emphysema smoke and 20% of smokers suffer from it. Deaths from pneumonia and
influenza are twice as high among smokers.
Lung cancer is eighteen times more likely in smokers and one third of all cancer deaths can be attributed to smoking.
25% of smokers die from lung cancer and the risks are higher if they inhale, start young, smoke a large number of
cigarettes a day and smoke over a long period of time.
The risks of developing lung cancer fall as soon as smoking stops but it takes ten years for the risks to fall to that of
a non-smoker.
Experimental evidence includes the development of tumours in animals exposed to smoke and the identification of
carcinogens in tar. Both lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease have been observed in dogs and tar has
caused cancerous growths in the skin of mice.
7. The cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular diseases are degenerative diseases of the heart and circulatory system. They are responsible for
50% of deaths in developed countries and are multifactorial - smoking being one risk factor.
Atherosclerosis
This is caused by a build-up of fatty material in artery walls, which reduces the flow of blood and therefore
oxygen to the tissues. An atheroma is a build up of cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells and platelets and is more
likely to develop upon damage to the artery wall by high blood pressure, carbon monoxide or nicotine.
Blood clots (thrombosis) become more likely and if one develops in the coronary artery a heart attack may be
the result, while if it occurs in an artery supplying the brain, a stroke may result.
Coronary heart disease
This is a disease of the coronary arteries, which branch from the aorta, to supply the heart muscle.
If atherosclerosis, of these vessels occurs, then the heart has to work harder and blood pressure rises. This makes it
difficult for the heart to receive the extra nutrients and oxygen it requires during exercise.
Three forms exist:
Angina is severe chest pains upon exercising caused by a shortage of blood to the heart muscle but causes no death
of heart tissue and stops upon resting.
Heart attacks occur upon the blocking of a moderate branch of the coronary artery by a blood clot and cause
starvation and death of heart tissue.
Heart failure is when the coronary artery starts to block up and results in a gradual weakening of the heart.
Stroke
These occur if an artery in the brain bursts and blood leaks into the brain tissue or when an artery supplying the
brain becomes blocked. The brain tissue becomes starved of oxygen and dies. Strokes can be fatal or very mild and
may affect speech, memory and control of the body.
Links between smoking and cardiovascular disease
Smoking increases the concentration of blood cholesterol, which is a risk factor, so smokers increase the risk
of having heart disease or a stroke. The risks of developing the disease increases with age and men are more at
risk than women.
Being overweight increases the risk as does eating a diet high in saturated fat and salt. Diets with more
antioxidants (vitamins) and soluble fibre decrease the risk as does taking regular exercise. Having diabetes raises the
risks and high alcohol intake is another contributory factor.
8. This is a disease associated with affluence and is avoidable by a change in lifestyle.
Treatments involve:
Drugs to lower blood pressure, decrease risks of clots, reduce retention of fluids and decrease blood cholesterol.
Coronary by-pass surgery involves the use of blood vessels from - for example, a leg to replace a diseased vessel
and carry blood from the aorta to a place beyond the blockage.
Heart transplants are very expensive and it is difficult to obtain matching tissue from donors.
Better than treatment is obviously prevention. This can be achieved via education highlighting the risk factors
and by screening for those most at risk. Unfortunately, bad eating and smoking are hard habits to kick.