A viewfinder is what photographers look through to compose and focus pictures. Optical viewfinders display around 90-95% of the image but LCD screens have advantages like convenience in bright light. Despite LCD benefits, pro photographers prefer viewfinders for steady shots without glare or drained batteries. A lens gathers and focuses light, with different types for purposes like wide angles, telephotos, and macros. An image sensor detects and conveys image information by converting light waves into electronic signals. Common sensor types are CCD, CMOS, and LiveMOS. The aperture is the opening at the rear of the lens that controls how much light reaches the image sensor.

1. Capturing images
Harmeet Kaur

2. View finder(screen)
• What is a view finder?
 In photography, a viewfinder is what the photographer looks through to compose, and, in many cases,
to focus the picture.
• What does it look like?
LCD screens have their advantages, but so do optical viewfinders. When it is time to frame a photo with your DSLR
camera, you will need to decide which side of the Viewfinder vs. LCD debate you come down on.
Optical viewfinders, even on a professional level DSLR, will only display 90-95% of the image. You will lose a small
percentage on the very edges of the image.
Reference: picture off google. Information from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewfinder

3. Despite the obvious qualities of the LCD screen, pro photographers will still use the
viewfinder over the screen.
Here are some reasons why:
 Steady Hands
Holding the camera out at arm's length while looking at the LCD screen -- and then keeping the camera steady while
trying to zoom in on a subject -- takes a lot of effort. By using the LCD screen in this way, you will often end up with a
blurry image.
 Bright Light
• This has to be the biggest problem with LCD screens. Depending on the quality of the screen, you likely cannot use
them in bright sunshine because of problems with glare. All you will be able to see is reflections off of the screen.
 Batteries
• Using the LCD screen to compose your shots drains the batteries in your camera much more quickly than using the
viewfinder.
 The Human Eye
• At the end of the day, as clever as digital cameras are, the human eye is able to resolve more detail than an LCD
screen. Argue all you like about this point, but you will end up with a sharper and more precise view of your image
by using the viewfinder.
• Reviewing Images
• No matter how good your LCD screen is, it is unlikely to give you a completely accurate overview of the image you
have just taken.
Reference: picture off google. Information from Wiki

4. Why to use the LCD to frame shots
 Convenience – Perhaps the main reason that people use the LCD is convenience.
Rather than having to fire up the camera, raise it to your eye, squint through it (on
many point and shoot models it’s quite small) etc… using the LCD means you simply
switch the camera on and from almost any position you can snap a shot.
 Size – As I hinted above – many models of digital cameras have very small view
finders and when compared with the LCD (usually between 1.5 and 2.5 inches these
days) there is really not that much of a comparison.
 Instant Playback – shooting with the LCD means that after you take your shot you
will immediately see the shot you’ve taken flashed onto the screen. You can see this
if you use the viewfinder too by lowering the camera but it adds another action to
the process.
 Creativity – using the LCD opens up all kinds of creative opportunities for your
photography by meaning that you don’t have to have the camera at eye level to be
able to get your framing right. You can instead put it up high or down low and still
be able to line things up well.
 Framing Inaccuracy of Optical Viewfinders on Point and Shoots
 Obstructed View-on some models of point and shoot digital cameras a fully
extended zoom can actually obstruct the view from your viewfinder.
 Glasses Wearers – if you wear glasses you might find using the viewfinder of your
Digital camera more difficult.
Reference: Information from http://digital-photography-
school.com/should-i-use-the-lcd-or-viewfinder-on-my-digital-
camera/

5. Why not to use LCD to frame shots
• Battery Killer – the LCD on your camera chews up battery power
faster than almost any other feature on your camera.
• Camera Shake – when shooting with the LCD as a viewfinder you
need to hold your camera away from your body (often at arms
length).
• Competing Light – one problem that you will often have with
framing your shots using the LCD is that for many cameras,
shooting in bright light will make it difficult to see the LCD –
leaving it looking washed out.
• DSLRs – most DSLRs do not give you the opportunity to use the
LCD as a viewfinder at all.
• Electronic View Finders (EVF) – another type of view finder that
is found on some point and shoot digital cameras is the EVF one.
This overcomes the problem of your viewfinder and camera
seeing slightly different things by giving you an exact picture of
the scene you’re photographing in the viewfinder. This happens
simply by putting a little LCD in the viewfinder.
Reference: Information from http://digital-photography-
school.com/should-i-use-the-lcd-or-viewfinder-on-my-digital-
camera/ Pictures from Google.

6. Lens (functions, types)
 What is a lens?
A camera lens (also known as
photographic lens or photographic
objective) is an optical lens or
assembly of lenses used in
conjunction with a camera body and
mechanism to make images of objects
either on photographic film or on
other media capable of storing an
image chemically or electronically.
Reference: Information:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens
 WHAT DOES A LENS DO?
Any lens, even the simplest one, gathers
and focuses light.
 HOW DOES A LENS WORK?
Light strikes the front surface of
the lens and passes through the
glass element. Since light rays
bend when they enter glass at any
angle other than 90, they change
direction. The effect is called
“refraction.
 WHAT DOES A GOOD
LENS DO?
A good lens allows enough
light to pass through it to
produce properly-illuminated
and sharply defined images
on film with short exposure
times.
Fortunately, there are few
inferior lenses today. If your
lens was made in the last
twenty-five years or so, odds
are it is of good quality since
the science and manufacture
of lenses has become so
advanced.

7. Different types of lenses
 Normal lenses
A “normal lens”, is one that sees in a
similar proportion to the human eye.
These are typically between 35mm
and 50.mm
 Wide-angle lenses
Wide-angle lenses have three classes: Wide, ultra-wide, and fish-eye.
You can tell a fish-eye lens by looking at it because the front element
bows outwards, allowing it to see as wide as 180 degrees. This gives
the signature fish-eye effect which bends all straight lines around the
centre and creates a circular effect in the image.
 Telephoto lenses:
Telephoto lenses are technically defined as anything
exceeding 50mm, though the term is usually used to describe
lenses which are beyond 100mm; the ranges between 50-
100mm are more commonly referred to as “portrait lenses”,
because that is what they excel at and are primarily used for.
Just the opposite of wide-angle lenses, telephotos shorten
the depth of field, enabling you to isolate your subjects from
the background with shallow focus; this is when only a short
plane is sharp, and everything in front of or behind that plane
falls rapidly into blur.
Reference: Information from
http://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/types-of-camera-lenses/
Pictures from Google

8. Different types of lenses
o Zoom lenses
Most consumer-level and camera kit
lenses will have a variable focal length
– you can turn or slide them in order
to zoom in and out.
o Macro
The macro lens has an intense
level of magnification, capable of
picking out the tiniest details and
enhancing them larger than we
can see with our own eyes.
o Aperture
what does it mean to say a lens is f4, or f3.5-5.6?
This number is called the maximum aperture, and
it refers to how large the opening can be that
allows light to pass through the lens – the smaller
the number, the larger the hole; the larger the
hole, the more light is let in; the more light is let
in, the better images you can get in low light.
Reference: Information from
http://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/types-of-camera-lenses/
Pictures from Google

9. Image sensor
 What does image sensor mean?
An image sensor or imaging sensor is
a sensor that detects and conveys the
information that constitutes an image.
It does so by converting the variable
attenuation of waves (as they pass
through or reflect off objects) into
signals, the small bursts of current
that convey the information.
 What does image sensor do?
An image sensor is a solid-state device, the part of
the camera's hardware that captures light and
converts what you see through a viewfinder or LCD
monitor into an image. Think of the sensor as the
electronic equivalent of film
 Digital Image Sensor
Digital image sensors are the vital
part of your digital camera. They are
the light sensitive 'film' that records
the image and allows you to take a
picture.
Reference: Information from
http://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/types-of-camera-lenses/
Pictures from Google

10. Types of Sensor
Reference: Information from
http://www.whatdigitalcamera.co
m/technical-guides/technology-
guides/sensors-explained-11457
CCD sensor Used for a number of years in
video and stills cameras, CCDs
long offered superior image
quality to CMOS sensors, with
better dynamic range and noise
control.
Long seen as an inferior
competitor to the CCD, CMOS
sensors have progressed to
match the CCD standard.
CMOS sensor
LiveMOS sensor
LiveMOS technology has
been used for the Four
Thirds and Micro Four
Thirds range of cameras.
LiveMOS is claimed to
give the image quality of
CCDs with the power
consumption of CMOS
sensors.

11. Aperture
This is an example of Aperture this shows
the sizes of the holes opening though the
amount of light that travels through it.
 About Aperture?
 In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through
which light travels. More specifically, the aperture
and focal length of an optical system determine the
cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus
in the image plane.
 The aperture is the opening at the rear of the lens
that determines how much light travels through the
lens and falls on the image sensor.
 The aperture controls the amount of light that
reaches a digital camera sensor. An aperture acts
much like the pupil of an eye. It opens wider as light
decreases to let in more available light. It gets
smaller when light increases to reduce the amount of
light entering the eye.
Reference: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=shutter+speed&rls=com.microsoft:en-GB:IE-
Address&biw=854&bih=466&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKwaqb_cTKAhVHOxo
KHY_AADEQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=Aperture&imgrc=YkQ4ynMSOGAQ_M%3A

12. Shutter
What does shutter mean?
Your camera's shutter controls how long the sensor is exposed to light. It uses a pair of 'curtains' or blinds. One opens
to start the exposure, and the other is closed to end it. At slower shutter speeds, both curtains on your camera's
shutter are open for some of the exposure.
Reference: Information from google and
https://photographylife.com/what-is-shutter-
speed-in-photography
Shutter Speed is one of the three pillars of photography, the other two being ISO and Aperture. Shutter speed is
where the other side of the magic happens – it is responsible for creating dramatic effects by either freezing
action or blurring motion.
How to find shutter speed
It is typically very easy to find the shutter speed. On
Nikon DSLRs that have a top panel, the shutter speed is
typically located on the top left corner.

13. Memory
 What is a memory card?
A small, flat flash drive used especially in digital
cameras and mobile phones.
 What is Internal Memory?
 The average digital camera sold today may include 8-32 Megabytes of internal
memory. This digital memory space can be used for storage of images; however it is not
removable or expandable, and is located inside your camera. This is a nice feature of
some digital cameras as this space allows you storage of a few photos and can be perfect
for keeping a small photo album in your camera, or for snapping a few extra images if your
expandable memory card fills up.
Resolution / Mega Pixels
Capacity 3.0 MP 5.0 MP 8.0 MP 10 MP 12 MP
256MB 300 240 160 110 71
512MB 600 480 320 225 121
1GB 1200 950 600 400 260
2GB 2400 1900 1200 800 500
4GB* 4000 3000 2000 1500 1000
This is a table of the mega pixels there are in a memory card:
Picture of at DLSR
camera; it shows where
the memory card goes in
it.
Reference: Information from
https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=what+is+a+memroy+card&sourceid=ie7&rls=com.
microsoft:en-GB:IE-
Address&ie;=&oe;=&gfe_rd=cr&ei=31avVsqGDfTS8AfYxI7gCw&gws_rd=ssl#q=what+is+a
+memory+card and http://www.ebay.co.uk/gds/What-is-a-memory-card-does-my-
digital-camera-need-one-/10000000000135113/g.html

14. What Type/Format of Memory Card Should I Use?
SD Card Technology. Secure Digital (SD) card is the
most commonly used card for advanced point and shoot
digital cameras. It can also be used in a variety of other
commonly used digital products such as MP3 music
players, Pocket PCs, and digital video camcorders.
xD Card Technology. The Olympus xD-Picture Card™
are compatible most only with Olympus, and some
Fuji cameras. Ultra-compact size: 20.0 x 25.0 x 1.7
mm.
Memory Stick Technology. Sony Memory Stick™
products are compatible most only with Sony cameras
and devices. Longer thin size: 21.0 x 50.0 x 2.8 mm.
CF Card Technology. These larger sized, larger capacity
cards are better for professional photographers who often
prefer to shoot large image files, such as TIFF and RAW,
and have a need for high-speed, high capacity memory
cards.
Reference: Information from http://www.ebay.co.uk/gds/What-is-a-
memory-card-does-my-digital-camera-need-one-
/10000000000135113/g.html and pictures rom google
Internal memory
Internal storage can mean several different things, but
most often refers to a computer's internal hard drive.
This is the primary storage device used to store a user's
files and applications. If a computer has multiple
internal hard drives, they are all considered part of
the computer's internal storage.

15. Lighting
 What is flash?
shine in a bright but brief, sudden, or intermittent
way.
 The flash is a device that emits light momentarily. You can use
the flash's light to compensate for the lack of brightness when
shooting in dimly lit situations like indoors or night scenes.
Thanks to the instant exposure, using the flash can also be
effective to prevent camera shake and subject blur.
Reference: Information
fromhttps://www.google.co.uk/search?q=flash+from+a+camera&rls=com.microsoft:en-GB:IE-
Address&biw=1184&bih=589&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj89pH01dbKAhUHmx4KHVd7D
nwQ_AUIBSgA&dpr=1#q=what+is+flash+on+a+camera Picture is from Google.
With
flash
Without
flash
 A major purpose of a flash is to illuminate a dark
scene. Other uses are capturing quickly moving
objects or changing the quality of light.

16. Exposure
What does it mean?
A photograph's exposure determines how light or dark an
image will appear when it's been captured by your
camera. Believe it or not, this is determined by just
three camera settings: aperture, ISO and shutter speed
(the "exposure triangle"). Mastering their use is an
essential part of developing an intuition for photography.
In photography, the exposure settings of aperture,
shutter speed and ISO speed are analogous to the width,
time and quantity discussed above. Furthermore, just as
the rate of rainfall was beyond your control above, so
too is natural light for a photographer.
Each setting controls exposure differently:
Aperture: controls the area over which light can enter your camera
Shutter speed: controls the duration of the exposure
ISO speed: controls the sensitivity of your camera's sensor to a given
amount of light
One can therefore use many combinations of the above three settings to
achieve the same exposure. The key, however, is knowing which trade-offs
to make, since each setting also influences other image properties. For
example, aperture affects depth of field, shutter speed affects motion blur
and ISO speed affects image noise.
Reference: Information
fromhttps://www.google.co.uk/search?q=exposer&sourceid=ie7&rls=
com.microsoft:en-GB:IE-
Address&ie;=&oe;=&gfe_rd=cr&ei=v2avVqy6H-
jH8gfxh6W4BQ&gws_rd=ssl#q=what+does+exposure+in+photography
+mean

17. An underexposed image is the sort of photograph that one might consider to be too dark. Here
is a good example of such a photograph:
Under exposure
Note that this particular image was exposed differently
upon capture – I altered its “brightness” using software,
but it is fully representative. It’s clearly very dark and
shows very little detail, only the brightest parts are easy
to make out. Most importantly, it just feels wrong.
Reference: Information from
https://photographylife.com/underexposure-and-overexposure-in-
photography

18. Over exposure
Overexposure is the complete opposite of the previously defined term. An image that is brighter than it should be
can be considered overexposed. When too much light is allowed during exposure, the result is an overly bright
photograph.
Where the previous image sample was much too dark,
this one is much too bright, to a point where it is
unpleasant to look at. It is just as lacking in easily-
distinguishable detail, too, and does no justice to the
highlights or shadows of the objects captured.
Reference: Information from
https://photographylife.com/underexposure-and-overexposure-in-
photography

19. Colour
 What is colour?
 Colour is the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light.
Reference: Information from
https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=wht+is+colur&sourceid=ie7&rls=com.mi
crosoft:en-GB:IE-
Address&ie;=&oe;=&gfe_rd=cr&ei=94C4Vqf2IZLW8AermYi4Cw&gws_rd=ssl#q
=what+is+colour Picture from Google and
http://www.thelightbulb.co.uk/resources/colour_temperature
Colour temperature
 What is colour tempreture?
 Color temperature is conventionally stated in the unit of absolute temperature, the Kelvin, having the unit symbol K. Colour temperatures over 5,000K are called cool
colors (bluish white), while lower color temperatures (2,700–3,000 K) are called warm colour (yellowish white through red).
This is a picture of the Kelvin
colour temperature Scale as
you can see that 10,000k
down towards 5,000k are
really light colours e.g. blue
and white they are also known
as cool colours. Whereas
lower then 5,000k are warm
colours such has yellow and
red.
This grid shows the lighting in a
human timetable. An example
would be from this grid that you
would use 2700k in a restaurant
and Office areas this is because it
is a friendly and personal light.
Another example would be that
you would use 6500k for jewellery
stores this is because this light is
very bright and in Jewellery stores
you need bright light to se the
deigns on specific jewellery such
has diamond ring.

20. White balance
White balance:
• White balance is the process of removing unrealistic colour casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in a photo. Proper camera
white balance has to take into account the "colour temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.
The first picture on the right is a colour cast
picture as you can see that it is a bit blue,
the picture on the left is a example of
white balance lighting as you can see that
there's two old men sitting in the past
times.
The difference between the two pictures is
the background, the background in the
colour cast photo is a light colour which
means the temperate is a cool temperature,
where as the white cast photo has a warm
temperature this is because it looks darker
then the picture on the right hand side.
Colour cast photo White cast photo
Reference: Information from
https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=explanation+of+colour+temperature+chart&rls=com.microsoft:en-
GB:IE-Address&biw=1184&bih=582&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjYosDKj-
jKAhVC7RQKHaiACsYQ_AUIBSgA&dpr=1#q=what+is+white+balancepictures from
http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/white-balance.htm

21. Lights
Artificial
Fluorescent Natural
Tungsten
What is it?
Tungsten is a type of
incandescent lighting
using a bulb with a
filament made of the
metal tungsten, as
opposed to, say, carbon
or platinum.
This is a before and after picture of no
tungsten lighting being used and tungsten
lighting being used. As you can see that the
picture on the right hand side is cooler where
as the picture of the left hand side with the
usage of tungsten light it is warmer and
brighter.
What is it?
An electric current in the gas
excites mercury vapour which
produces short-wave ultraviolet
light that then causes a phosphor
coating on the inside of the lamp
to glow.
As you can see in this picture when you don’t
use fluorescent lighting you don’t get a
bright look you only get it in one specific
place where the light is shinning but with
fluorescent lighting you get a more brighter
colour and it is a warmer colour.
What is it?
Natural lighting is, simply put,
a lighting source that closely
replicates the natural sunlight.
This is a picture of natural lighting
as you can see that in this room
thee is natural lighting coming in
through the windows the natural
lighting is coming from the sun.
This picture shows various colours of
lighting this type of lightings are
usually used in clubs it is more of a
club atmosphere.
What is it?
Lighting or illumination is the
deliberate use of light to achieve a
practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting
includes the use of both artificial
light sources like lamps and light
fixtures, as well as natural
illumination by capturing daylight.
Reference: Information from https://www.wiki and pictures
from Google.

22. Support: Hand held and Tripod
Hand held:
One example of a hand held supporter Is a crane supporter.
What is a crane:
This is a picture
of a crane this
holds the
camera and
moves it around
to angles that
we as humans
can no reach.
This crane is
moved by a
little handle
that we have to
move with our
hands.
Tripods are three legged
devices used to support a
camera to provide stability
and greatly improve the
quality of photographs. A
single-legged tool that serves
the same function is referred
to as a monopod. Because a
tripod can remove almost all
camera motion, the quality of
a tripod is almost as
important as the quality of
the lens. The cost of a tripod
can vary by an amazing
amount. Flimsy tripods are
less stable, durable, flexible,
and may even be heavier than
a high-quality tripod.
Reference: Information from
Reference: Information from
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Digital_Photography/Digital_C
amera_Types_and_Accessories and pictures from google

23. Support: Hand held and Tripod
Tracking Systems and Table Dollies
Super smooth tracking shots! - Tripod Tracking Dolly - Table Dolly - Mini Table Dolly
Micro Camera Dolly - Ladder Dolly - Tracker "Ride-on" Tracking Dolly.
Camera Sliders, Linear Rail Systems
Super smooth slider shots! - Cam-Slide
Accessories and spares for Hague, Glidetrack and Igus
Jibs, Cranes and Booms
Models for all types of cameras - Effortlessly smooth crane movement
Tripod, JIb/Crane & Pedestal Dollies
Libec Pedestals - Hague Pro-dolly & Tripod Dollies
Hague D3 Dolly to support the Hague range of Jibs, Booms & Cranes.
Camera Mounting Brackets & Clamps.
Vehicle Mounts - Headrest Mount - Clamps & Brackets - Phone mounts - Superclamps
Hide Clamps - Wall Brackets etc.
Camera Suction Pads and Vacuum Mounts
Ideal for mounting a camera onto a vehicle.
Camera Shoulder Mounts & Supports - Handheld Steadymounts - Fig Rig etc.
Alternative supports to a tripod when steady shots are required for Sony, Canon, Panasonic,
plus all other handheld cameras & camcorders.
Camcorder & DSLR "Steadicam type" Stabilizers from Hague, Steadicam etc.
Suitable for all handheld cameras. Quick & simple to set up - Smooth camera movement
Eliminates camera shake.
Remote Pan & Tilt Power Heads
Cable remote control - Variable speed - Pan & Tilt Heads, Tripod, Wall or Jib mounted.
Aerial Mast Photography & Video
Ideal way to get those extra high shots - Images are greatly improved when
taken from a higher view point.
Masts and Accessories.
Shoe Adaptors
Our Standard Camera Shoe Adaptors include Double & Triple Shoe Brackets.
Small Shoe Converters for Sony, Canon and Panasonic.
Camera Screws & Conversion Bushes
A range of various Camera Screws and Conversion Bushes.
Connecting Studs, Couplers, Spigots & Sockets
Our range of Studs, Couplers, Spigots & Sockets are based on the 5/8" 16mm size,
used on lighting stands, Superclamps, Magic Arms etc.
Video Accessories
Video Cards - DSLRs Accessories - Follow Focus - Screen Hoods - Connecting Cables etc
Monitors & Mounting Brackets
Our range of quality Colour Monitors are ideal for monitoring your shots whether on loca
or in the studio. We can also supply various monitor mounting brackets.
Ball Levelling Heads, Quick-Release Adaptors and Camera Plates
Ball Levelling Heads
Camera Quick-Release adaptors
Camera Plates
Reference: Information and pictures from http://www.b-
hague.co.uk/camera%20supports%20systems.htm

24. File Storage
What is file storage?
File storage, also called file-level storage, or file-
based storage is a type of storage that stores data
in a hierarchical structure. The data, which is
saved in files and folders, is presented to both
the system storing it and the system retrieving it
in the same way.
Different types of formats:
 JPEG 2000:
JPEG 2000is a compression standard enabling both lossless and lossy
storage. The compression methods used are different from the ones
in standard JFIF/JPEG; they improve quality and compression ratios,
but also require more computational power to process.
BPG:
 BPG (Better Portable Graphics) is a new image format. Its purpose
is to replace the JPEG image format when quality or file size is an
issue.
PNG:
 The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as
a free, open-source alternative to GIF.
RAW IMAGE FILE:
 A camera raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image
sensor of either a digital camera, image scanner, or motion picture film
scanner.
What is a file size?
 File size measures the size of a computer file. Typically it is measured in bytes or
bits
These are sizes you get in different
type of JPEGS and a PNG file.
Reference: Information and pictures from
http://users.wfu.edu/matthews/misc/graphics/formats/forma
ts.html
This is the sizes of RAW images files. As you can
see that they come in different sizes, Raw 12
bit compressed being the smallest and RAW 14-
bit compressed being the largst.